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Combining Solar Energy and UPS Systems Combining Solar Energy and UPS Systems Tobias Bengtsson Håkan Hult Master of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology EGI-2014-067MSC Division of Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Master of Science Thesis EGI 2014:067 Combining Solar Energy and UPS Systems Tobias Bengtsson Håkan Hult Approved Examiner Supervisor Date Per Lundqvist Björn Palm Commissioner Contact person 2 ABSTRACT Solar Power and Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) are two technologies that are growing rapidly. The demand for solar energy is mainly driven by the trend towards cheaper solar cells, making it eco- nomically profitable for a larger range of applications. However, solar power has yet to reach grid pari- ty in many geographical areas, which makes ways to reduce the cost of solar power systems important. This thesis investigates the possibility and potential economic synergies of combining solar power with UPS systems, which have been previously researched only from a purely technical point of view. This thesis instead evaluates the hypothesis that a combined solar and UPS system might save additional costs compared to regular grid-tied systems, even in a stable power grid. The primary reason is that on- line UPS systems rectifies and inverts all electricity, which means that solar energy can be delivered to the DC part of the UPS system instead of an AC grid, avoiding the installation of additional inverters in the solar power system. The study is divided into three parts. The first part is a computer simulation using MATLAB, which has an explorative method and aims to simulate a combined system before experimenting physically with it. The second part consists of experiments on a physical prototype system based on basic UPS and solar power components. The third part is an economical assessment of investment costs and energy balances, comparing two separate systems (UPS and solar power separate) to one combined (UPS & solar power). The results from the prototype system show that adding solar power to an UPS system does not interfere with the UPS functionality in any major way, however for optimal perfor- mance some additional integration may be necessary. On the contrary, the additional power terminal that the solar panels constitute, can increase system performance during certain operational conditions. The result of the economic analysis shows that a combined system has potential for both a lower in- vestment cost due to cheaper components and increased energy savings through lower conversion losses. The conclusion from the study is that a combined solar energy and UPS system is technically feasible. Furthermore, a combined system has clear economic advantages over two separate systems. This means that a combined system might be economically profitable even in situations where a separate system is not. 3 SAMMANFATTNING Solenergi och avbrottsfri kraftförsörjning (UPS) är två tekniker som växer snabbt. Efterfrågan på solenergi ökar huvudsakligen på grund av den snabba utvecklingen mot billigare solceller, vilket lett till att solenergi blivit lönsamt i en större mängd applikationer. I många områden är solenergi dock fortfarande inte kostnadsmässigt konkurrenskraftigt jämfört med traditionella energikällor, vilket gör en fortsatt sänkning av kostnaderna för solenergi till en viktig fråga för solenergiindustrin. Detta examensarbete har som syfte att undersöka om det är tekniskt möjligt att kombinera solenergi med UPS-system samt potentialen för ekonomiska synergier med denna kombination. Tidigare forskning inom området har endast undersökt denna kombination från en rent teknisk synvinkel. Detta examensarbete driver istället hypotesen att ett kombinerat solenergi- och UPS-system kan leda till större kostnadsbesparingar jämfört med ett traditionellt nätanslutet solenergisystem, även i ett stabilt elnät som i Sverige. En on-line UPS skyddar en känslig last genom att kontinuerligt likrikta och sedan åter växelrikta inkommande ström för att därmed både isolera lasten från nätet samt höja strömkvalitén. I UPS-systemet finns därmed en likströmsdel dit solpanelerna direkt kan kopplas istället för att skicka den genererade solenergin ut på elnätet. Därmed undviks inköp och installation av sol-växelriktare i solenergisystemet. Studien är uppdelad i tre delar. Första delen är en datorsimulering i MATLAB och syftar till att explorativt undersöka det kombinerade systemet för en optimerad design innan fysiska experiment utförs. Den andra delen av studien utgörs av experiment på ett fysiskt prototypsystem baserat på ett principiellt UPS- och solenergisystem. Den tredje delen av studien är en ekonomisk analys av både investeringskostnader och energibalanser som jämför ett kombinerat system (UPS & sol) med två separata system (UPS & sol separat). Resultaten från prototypsystemet visar att påkopplandet av solceller i en principiell UPS har mycket låg påverkan på UPS-systemets funktionalitet, samt att solcellerna som en extra energikälla under vissa driftförhållanden kan ha en positiv påverkan på UPS- systemet. För optimal prestanda kan dock en viss integration av systemen krävas. Resultatet från den ekonomiska analysen visar att ett kombinerat system har potential att sänka investeringskostnaden genom billigare komponenter. Ett kombinerat system kan även leda till en högre energibesparing jämfört med ett nätanslutet solenergisystem eftersom konverteringsförlusterna i UPS-systemet sjunker i det kombinerade systemet. Slutsatsen av studierna är att ett kombinerat solenergi- och UPS-system är tekniskt möjligt. Dessutom finns betydande ekonomiska synergier med ett kombinerat system. Detta innebär att ett kombinerat system kan vara lönsamt även i fall där ett separat solelsystem inte är det. 4 FOREWORD This Master’s thesis has been conducted as the final project in the Industrial Engineering and Man- agement Master’s program with a specialization in Energy Systems. The project has been carried out in cooperation with a manufacturer of batteries and a company specializing in thin film solar technology. The physical experiments have been conducted at the Department of Energy Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). This thesis would not have been possible without the knowledge and support of others. We would like to offer our sincere thanks and gratitude to the following persons: Our sponsor Marcus Wigren at Nilar International AB – for supporting us with everything from the initial idea to the final version of this thesis report. Peter Hill, Benny Sjöberg and Karl-Åke Lundin at the Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration – for lending us the technical expertise, measurement equipment and tools necessary for the construction of the experimental system. Our supervisor Björn Palm – for academic support and feedback. Anders Malmquist at the department of Heat and Power Technology – for technical expertise and for helping us to structure our initial idea into a project. Light Energy – for expertise regarding solar energy. Our professor Per Lundqvist – for overall support and for teachings during four years of study in the field of energy systems. And finally we wish to thank our families, friends and everyone else who has supported us during this semester. Håkan Hult & Tobias Bengtsson 5 Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 13 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Problem statement & Implications .................................................................................................. 13 1.3 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.4 Delimitations ........................................................................................................................................ 15 1.5 Outline .................................................................................................................................................. 15 2 Literature: Solar Power ................................................................................................................................ 19 2.1 General information ........................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 The technology of different types of solar cells ........................................................................... 20 2.3 Applications – influencing factors.................................................................................................... 22 2.4 System components ............................................................................................................................ 25 2.5 Economy of Solar Power Systems ................................................................................................... 26 3 Literature: Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) .................................................................................... 28 3.1 Functionality and applications .......................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Types of UPS ......................................................................................................................................
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