DOCSLIB.ORG

Determination of N-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient for DDT-Related

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Determination of N-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient for DDT-Related Chemosphere 83 (2011) 131–136 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemosphere journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere Determination of n-octanol/water partition coefficient for DDT-related compounds by RP-HPLC with a novel dual-point retention time correction ⇑ ⇑ Shu-ying Han a, Jun-qin Qiao a, Yun-yang Zhang a, Li-li Yang b, Hong-zhen Lian a, , Xin Ge a, , Hong-yuan Chen a a Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China b Nanjing Environmental Monitoring Center, 175 Huju Road, Nanjing 210013, China article info abstract Article history: n-Octanol/water partition coefficients (P) for DDTs and dicofol were determined by reversed-phase high Received 22 June 2010 performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on a C18 column using methanol–water mixture as Received in revised form 18 December 2010 mobile phase. A dual-point retention time correction (DP-RTC) was proposed to rectify chromatographic Accepted 5 January 2011 retention time (tR) shift resulted from stationary phase aging. Based on this correction, the relationship between log P and log kw, the logarithm of the retention factor extrapolated to pure water, was investi- gated for a set of 12 benzene homologues and DDT-related compounds with reliable experimental P as Keywords: model compounds. A linear regression log P = (1.10 ± 0.04) log k – (0.60 ± 0.17) was established with n-Octanol/water partition coefficient (P) w correlation coefficient R2 of 0.988, cross-validated correlation coefficient R2 of 0.983 and standard devi- RP-HPLC cv Dual-point retention time correction (DP- ation (SD) of 0.156. This model was further validated using four verification compounds, naphthalene, 0 RTC) biphenyl, 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane (p,p -DDD) and 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1- DDTs dichloroethene (p,p0-DDE) with similar structure to DDT. The RP-HPLC-determined P values showed good Dicofol consistency with shake-flask (SFM) or slow-stirring (SSM) results, especially for highly hydrophobic POPs compounds with log P in the range of 4–7. Then, the P values for five DDT-related compounds, 2-(2-chlo- rophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (o,p0-DDT), 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)- 1,1-dichloroethane (o,p0-DDD), 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene (o,p0-DDE), and 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol (dicofol) and its main degradation product 4,40-dichlorobenzophenone (p,p0-DBP) were evaluated by the improved RP-HPLC method for the first time. The excellent precision with SD less than 0.03 proved that the novel DP-RTC protocol can significantly increases the determination accuracy and reliability of P by RP-HPLC. Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction et al., 1974; Platts et al., 2006). Therefore, there is a continuing de- mand for acquiring accurate and reliable P values. n-Octanol/water partition coefficient (P) provides direct infor- By now, a variety of methods have been in use to obtain P, mation on hydrophobicity that describes the tendency of distribu- which are divided into two major classes: experimental measure- tion of a solute from aqueous phase into organic constituents of ment and theoretical calculation. Traditional experimental meth- environmental compartments (Kenaga, 1980; Karickhoff, 1981; ods are shake-flask method (SFM) (OECD, 1981) and slow-stirring Bodor et al., 1989), and even into biological membranes (Kubinyi, method (SSM) (Brooke et al., 1986). Although basically correct, 1979; Sangster, 1989; Bechalany et al., 1991). This has made it SFM and SSM have some drawbacks concerning the consumption one of the most commonly reported physico-chemical properties of time and labor. Moreover, it is unreliable by using SFM for sub- of drugs, pesticides and other chemicals (Leo, 1991; Lambert, stances having high lipophilicity (log P > 5) due to the formation of 1993). Furthermore, P is frequently used to predict water solubil- emulsions between octanol and water phases during the shaking ity, soil (sediment)/water partition coefficient, bioconcentration (Finizio et al., 1997). A large number of theoretical methods also factor and nonreactive toxicity, etc. (Gobas et al., 1988; Neely have been developed for calculation of P. Among them, the most fa- mous one is fragmental constant approach proposed by Leo et al. ⇑ (1971). However, theoretical calculation is inclined to be inaccu- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 25 83686075; fax: +86 25 83325180 (H.-z. rate for compounds possessing several functional groups with Lian), tel.: +86 25 83592466; fax: +86 25 83592723 (X. Ge). E-mail addresses: [email protected] (H.-z. Lian), [email protected] (X. Ge). interactions not sufficiently defined. For relatively complex 0045-6535/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.013 132 S.-y. Han et al. / Chemosphere 83 (2011) 131–136 molecules, such as some pesticides, the breakdown of the molecule where tR and tR represent the retention time and average retention can produce, in a few cases, large or unusual fragments for which time, respectively, of oligonucleotides. In fact, it is a dual-point fragmental values are not available in the list provided by the (DP)-RTC method. The essence of this DP-RTC is considered as rec- method or in the software library (Finizio et al., 1997). Reversed- tifying tR measured at different column situations to the one ob- phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) (Garst tained on an ‘‘imaginary average column’’ that is expressed as and Wilson, 1984) is another commonly adopted method for deter- tR,normalized. However, this normalization procedure have to be taken mining P for a wide range of compounds (OECD, 1989; Kurz and out after all experiments have been finished for the acquisition of Ballschmiter; 1999; Paschke et al., 2001), which is proved to show final tR data only by a selected mobile phase composition at which more reliable results than theoretical calculation (Finizio et al., all investigated oligonucleotides were completely separated for 1997). It profits from the relationship between the chromato- retention behavior study. In this present work, we proposed a novel graphic retention on a reversed-phase column and P of analytes. DP-RTC protocol to obtain reliable tR by assigning a real LC column Compared to SFM and SSM, RP-HPLC is more rapid and easy-to- used on a certain day (usually the day a column first used) as ‘‘stan- operate because it does not require any quantification of concen- dard column’’ instead of ‘‘imaginary average column’’ suggested by tration, and only retention time (tR) needs to be measured. Notice- Kohlbacher et al. Two specific standard compounds are employed as ably, determination of P by RP-HPLC is highly dependent on ‘‘anchor compounds’’. This normalization is able to rectify tR ob- accurate solute retention. Even though retention factor (k) is re- tained every day to that obtained on the certain day, thus reflects lated to P, for a given solute and a given stationary phase, it will de- the truest retention behavior of analytes. pend on the composition of the hydroorganic mobile phase Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have drawn more and more (Sangster, 1997). Therefore, kw, the hypothetical retention factor attentions because of their highly bioaccumulative, carcinogenic, corresponding to 100% water, instead of k at a specific organic mutagenic and environmental endocrine disruptor effects. P is a modifier content, is employed (Snyder et al., 1979; Braumann, key physico-chemical property of POPs not only for evaluating their 1986). In this case, the retention is independent of any organic fate and distribution in the environment (Cohen et al., 1990; modifier effects, and the determined P is more similar to SFM/ Mackay, 1991), but also for assessing their accumulation and toxic- SSM-measured one. Some papers pointed out that the reliability ity in organism tissues (Mackay, 1982;USEPA, 1992). Nevertheless, for P determination of RP-HPLC is in the range of log P 0–6 (OECD, till now P data reported for POPs are still deficient and sometimes 1989). Problematic with more hydrophobic substances is the long- incorrect, and even discrepant each other for a compound. This is er retention during chromatographic elution, which may cause because their strong hydrophobicity is unsuitable for SFM measure- uncertainty of tR owing to peak broadening. Gradient elution has ment, or because their high structure complexity is difficult for soft- been tried to solve this problem (Krass et al., 1997; Verbruggen ware calculation. Therefore, RP-HPLC has been considered as a et al., 1999), but it actually takes more run time for system equilib- promising alternative for estimating P values of POPs in recent years rium before next injection, and normally gives poorer reproducibil- (Ayouni et al., 2005; Demare et al., 2007). DDT, one of the most well- ity in tR measurement than isocratic elution. In addition, whatever known synthetic organochlorine pesticides, belongs to POPs. The isocratic or gradient mode is used, some P data obtained by RP- term DDTs (total DDT) is often used to refer to the sum of all DDT HPLC still have large discrepancy with those of SFM/SSM. (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), DDD (dichlorodiphenyldichlo- As we know, silica-based stationary phase collapses unavoid- roethane) and DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), as well as ably by continual flushing of aqueous mobile phase during the their isomers. DDE and DDD are also the major metabolites and course of usage. This column aging causes shift of tR for an analyte breakdown products of DDT in the environment. In addition, under the same chromatographic conditions in different measuring 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol (dicofol) is an orga- periods.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Material Safety Data Sheet Hexamethylbenzene MSDS
    Material Safety Data Sheet Hexamethylbenzene MSDS# 96291 Section 1 - Chemical Product and Company Identification MSDS Name: Hexamethylbenzene Catalog Numbers: AC120570000, AC120570050, AC120570100, AC120570250 Synonyms: None known. Acros Organics BVBA Company Identification: Janssen Pharmaceuticalaan 3a 2440 Geel, Belgium Acros Organics Company Identification: (USA) One Reagent Lane Fair Lawn, NJ 07410 For information in the US, call: 800-ACROS-01 For information in Europe, call: +32 14 57 52 11 Emergency Number, Europe: +32 14 57 52 99 Emergency Number US: 201-796-7100 CHEMTREC Phone Number, US: 800-424-9300 CHEMTREC Phone Number, Europe: 703-527-3887 Section 2 - Composition, Information on Ingredients ---------------------------------------- CAS#: 87-85-4 Chemical Name: Hexamethylbenzene %: 99+ EINECS#: 201-777-0 ---------------------------------------- Hazard Symbols: None listed Risk Phrases: None listed Section 3 - Hazards Identification EMERGENCY OVERVIEW Caution! The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated. May cause eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation. Target Organs: None known. Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled. Chronic: No information found. Section 4 - First Aid Measures Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower Eyes: eyelids. If irritation develops, get medical aid. Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and Skin: shoes. Get medical aid if irritation develops or persists. Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting.
    [Show full text]
  • Chlorinated and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Riverine and Estuarine Sediments from Pearl River Delta, China
    Environmental Pollution 117 (2002) 457–474 www.elsevier.com/locate/envpol Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments from Pearl River Delta, China Bi-Xian Maia,*, Jia-Mo Fua, Guo-Ying Shenga, Yue-Hui Kanga, Zheng Lina, Gan Zhanga, Yu-Shuan Mina, Eddy Y. Zengb aState Key Lab Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 1130, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People’s Republic of China bSouthern California Coastal Water Research Project, 7171 Fenwick Lane, Westminster, CA 92683, USA Received 5 January 2001; accepted 3 July 2001 ‘‘Capsule’’: Sediments of the Zhujiang River and Macao Harbor have the potential to be detrimental to biological systems. Abstract Spatial distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons [chlorinated pesticides (CPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] and poly- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured in riverine and estuarine sediment samples from Pearl River Delta, China, collected in 1997. Concentrations of CPs of the riverine sediment samples range from 12 to 158 ng/g, dry weight, while those of PCBs range from 11 to 486 ng/g. The CPs concentrations of the estuarine sediment samples are in the range 6–1658 ng/g, while concentrations of PCBs are in the range 10–339 ng/g. Total PAH concentration ranges from 1168 to 21,329 ng/g in the riverine sediment samples, whereas the PAH concentration ranges from 323 to 14,812ng/g in the sediment samples of the Estuary. Sediment samples of the Zhujiang River and Macao harbor around the Estuary show the highest concentrations of CPs, PCBs, and PAHs. Possible factors affecting the distribution patterns are also discussed based on the usage history of the chemicals, hydrologic con- dition, and land erosion due to urbanization processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Iridium-Catalyzed Borylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes Via C–H Activation*
    Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 78, No. 7, pp. 1369–1375, 2006. doi:10.1351/pac200678071369 © 2006 IUPAC Iridium-catalyzed borylation of arenes and heteroarenes via C–H activation* Tatsuo Ishiyama and Norio Miyaura‡ Division of Chemical Process Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan Abstract: Direct C–H borylation of aromatic compounds catalyzed by a transition-metal complex was studied as an economical protocol for the synthesis of aromatic boron deriva- tives. Iridium complexes generated from Ir(I) precursors and 2,2'-bipyridine ligands effi- ciently catalyzed the reactions of arenes and heteroarenes with bis(pinacolato)diboron or pinacolborane to produce a variety of aryl- and heteroarylboron compounds. The catalytic cycle involves the formation of a tris(boryl)iridium(III) species and its oxidative addition to an aromatic C–H bond. Keywords: iridium catalyst; arylboron compounds; C–H activation; pinacolborane; bis(pina- colato)diboron. INTRODUCTION Aromatic boron derivatives are an important class of compounds, the utility of which has been amply demonstrated in various fields of chemistry. Traditional methods for their synthesis are based on the re- actions of trialkylborates with aromatic lithium or magnesium reagents derived from aromatic halides [1]. Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of aromatic halides with tetra(alkoxo)diborons or di(alkoxo)boranes is a milder variant where the preparation of magnesium and lithium reagents is avoided [2,3]. Alternatively, transition-metal-catalyzed aromatic C–H borylation of aromatic compounds by pina- colborane (HBpin, pin = O2C2Me4) or bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) is highly attractive as a con- venient, economical, and environmentally benign process for the synthesis of aromatic boron com- pounds without any halogenated reactant, which has been studied extensively by Hartwig, Marder, and η4 Smith [4–6].
    [Show full text]
  • (Pahs) in Urban Street Dust of Huanggang, Central China: Status, Sources and Human Health Risk Assessment
    Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 19: 221–233, 2019 Copyright © Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research ISSN: 1680-8584 print / 2071-1409 online doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2018.02.0048 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Street Dust of Huanggang, Central China: Status, Sources and Human Health Risk Assessment Jia Liu1, Jiaquan Zhang2*, Changlin Zhan2, Hongxia Liu2, Li Zhang2, Tianpeng Hu3, Xinli Xing3, Chengkai Qu4 1 School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China 2 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China 3 State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China 4 College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China ABSTRACT Twenty-one street dust samples were collected in Huanggang City, Hubei Province, Central China. Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). –1 –1 –1 Concentrations of ∑16PAHs ranged from 622.97 µg kg to 4340.67 µg kg with an average of 1862.10 µg kg . Among these PAHs, high-molecular-weight PAHs (four to six rings), which are the predominant PAH contributors in street dust, accounted for 55%–73% of the total PAHs. Mean concentrations of the PAHs among the four functional districts followed the order: education district > traffic area > business district > residential area. However, the individual PAH concentrations exhibited weak correlations with the total organic carbon. Based on the isomer ratios of the PAHs, biomass and coal combustion, and petroleum input were two key factors controlling PAH levels in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • The Absorption Spectra of Some Aromatic Compounds
    THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF SOME AROMATIC COMPOUNDS. Part L--Hydrocarbons. BY P. K. SESHAN. (From the lndia~z Association for the Cultivation of Scietzce, Calcutta.) Received December 29, 1935, (Communicated by Prof. K. S. Krishnan, msc.) 1. Introduction. TxE absorption spectra of benzene and some of its simple derivatives have been studied in great detail by I-Ienri x and his collaborators, and they yield much useffd information regarding the optical and other constants of the mole- cules. For molecules containing more than one benzene ring, the analysis of the spectrum is naturally more difficult. Some of the molecular constants, however, are easily obtained, as for example, the electronic frequencies of the molecule, and its vibration frequencies in the normal and in the excited states. It would be of interest to follow the progressive variation of these constants and of the general characteristics of the absorption bands, with the addition of extra benzene rings, both of the condensed and uncondensed types, in dif- ferent positions, and to interpret these variations in relation to the structure of these molecules. The present paper concerns itself with such a study. Several aromatic hydrocarbons are studied for their absorption spectra in the vapour state, and among them are (1) naphthalene, anthracene, and naphtha- ten4, with linear condensed benzene rings; (9~) phenauthrene, chrysene, and dibenzanthracene, with side condensed rings; (3) pyrene and perylene, with close-packed rings ; (6) acenaphthene, fluorene and fhtoranthene, with incom- plete rings; (5) diphenyl, terphenyl, diphenylmethane, dibenzyl, triphenyl- methane and triphenylbenzene, with uncondensed benzene rings ; and (8) durene and hexamethylbenzene. The results are discussed in relation to the struc- ture of the molecules and their characteristic electronic and vibrational frequencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs), Iron and Black Carbon Within Street Dust from a Steel Industrial City, Central China
    Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 16: 2452–2461, 2016 Copyright © Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research ISSN: 1680-8584 print / 2071-1409 online doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2016.02.0085 Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Iron and Black Carbon within Street Dust from a Steel Industrial City, Central China Jiaquan Zhang1,2*, Changlin Zhan1,2, Hongxia Liu1, Ting Liu1, Ruizhen Yao1, Tianpeng Hu1,3, Wensheng Xiao1, Xinli Xing3,4, Hongmei Xu5, Junji Cao2** 1 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, HubeiKeyLaboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Controland Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China 2 KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China 3 SKLBEGE, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China 4 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom 5 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China ABSTRACT Twenty-two street dust samples collected from a small steel city, central China, were analyzed for 16 USEPA priority PAHs to investigate the concentration, spatial distribution relationship with black carbon (BC) and Iron (Fe), and the source apportionment and to assess the health risk of these compounds. The mean contents of PAHs, BC and Fe were 4.43 µg g–1, 12837.97 mg kg–1, 70205.70 mg kg–1, respectively. The highest spot was in the surrounding of the E’zhou Steel Plant and the Steel Rolling Mill of E’zhou. The correlation analysis indicated that there was no obvious relationship between Fe with each other, the PAHs significantly correlated to black carbon (BC), which might be caused by the continuous emission sources of iron and steel production.
    [Show full text]
  • Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2020.06.0337 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Aerosol and Air Quality PM2.5 during Winter Haze in Huang-gang, Central Research China: Characteristics, Sources and Health Risk Assessment 1 1 2 1 1 Mingming Shi , Tianpeng Hu , Yao Mao , Cheng Cheng , Weijie Liu , 1 1 1,2* 1,2 Qian Tian , Zhanle Chen , Xinli Xing , Shihua Qi 1 School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China ABSTRACT Levels, compositions, sources and health risk of PM2.5-bound PAHs were measured at a regional monitoring site of Huang-gang in the winter of 2018. Samples were collected every morning, afternoon, evening and late night (LN). The average concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs were 110.4 –3 –3 ± 48.3 µg m and 25.6 ± 12.0 ng m , respectively. The concentration of PM2.5 was in the order of evening > morning > afternoon > LN, while PAHs concentration was in the order of evening > LN > morning > afternoon. According to PM2.5 concentration and its changing trend, the haze can be divided into three stages: early (low concentration, January 13–15, EHZ), medium (high concentration, January 16–22, MHZ) and late (concentration decreased rapidly, January 23–24, LHZ). A positive correlation (P < 0.01) was observed between PM2.5 and ∑16PAHs concentration only in MHZ. Besides, PAHs concentration was positively related to NOx concentration, CO concentration and temperature but negatively correlated with RH, independent of O3 concentration.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimations of Octanol Solubility, Vapor Pressure, Octanol- Air Partition Coefficient, and Air-Water Partition Coefficient
    Estimations of Octanol Solubility, Vapor Pressure, Octanol- air Partition Coefficient, and Air-water Partition Coefficient Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Sepassi, Kia Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 06:55:37 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194699 ESTIMATIONS OF OCTANOL SOLUBILITY, VAPOR PRESSURE, OCTANOL -AIR PARTITION COEFFICIENT, AND AIR -WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT By Kia Sepassi ___________________________ Copyright © Kia Sepassi 2007 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMEN T OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2007 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committe e, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Kia Sepassi entitled Estimations of Octanol Solubility, Vapor Pressure, Octanol -air Partition Coefficient, and Air -water Partition Coefficient and recommend that it be accepted as fulfill ing the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 01 -23 -2007 Samuel H. Yalkowsky, Ph.D. ___________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • "Hydrocarbons," In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
    Article No : a13_227 Hydrocarbons KARL GRIESBAUM, Universit€at Karlsruhe (TH), Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany ARNO BEHR, Henkel KGaA, Dusseldorf,€ Federal Republic of Germany DIETER BIEDENKAPP, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Federal Republic of Germany HEINZ-WERNER VOGES, Huls€ Aktiengesellschaft, Marl, Federal Republic of Germany DOROTHEA GARBE, Haarmann & Reimer GmbH, Holzminden, Federal Republic of Germany CHRISTIAN PAETZ, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Federal Republic of Germany GERD COLLIN, Ruttgerswerke€ AG, Duisburg, Federal Republic of Germany DIETER MAYER, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany HARTMUT Ho€KE, Ruttgerswerke€ AG, Castrop-Rauxel, Federal Republic of Germany 1. Saturated Hydrocarbons ............ 134 3.7. Cumene ......................... 163 1.1. Physical Properties ................ 134 3.8. Diisopropylbenzenes ............... 164 1.2. Chemical Properties ............... 134 3.9. Cymenes; C4- and C5-Alkylaromatic 1.3. Production ....................... 134 Compounds ...................... 165 1.3.1. From Natural Gas and Petroleum . .... 135 3.10. Monoalkylbenzenes with Alkyl Groups 1.3.2. From Coal and Coal-Derived Products . 138 >C10 ........................... 166 1.3.3. By Synthesis and by Conversion of other 3.11. Diphenylmethane .................. 167 Hydrocarbons . .................. 139 4. Biphenyls and Polyphenyls .......... 168 1.4. Uses ............................ 140 4.1. Biphenyl......................... 168 1.5. Individual Saturated Hydrocarbons ... 142 4.2. Terphenyls......................
    [Show full text]
  • Pahs) in 2 Urban and Rural Areas of Southern Italian Soils
    Manuscript revised without track changes Click here to download Manuscript Manuscript_revised.docx Click here to view linked References 1 Source patterns and contamination level of Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 2 urban and rural areas of Southern Italian soils 3 Matar Thiombane1*, Marcello Di Bonito2, Stefano Albanese1, Annamaria Lima1, Daniela Zuzolo3, 4 Roberto Rolandi1, Shihua Qi4, Benedetto De Vivo5 5 1. Department of Earth, Environment and Resources Sciences (DiSTAR), University of Naples “Federico II”, 6 Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cintia snc, 80126 Naples, Italy. 7 2. School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Brackenhurst Campus Southwell NG25 0QF Nottingham 8 Trent University, Unites Kingdom. 9 3. Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via dei Mulini 59/A, 82100 Benevento, Italy. 10 4. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 430074 11 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China. 12 5. Pegaso University, Piazza Trieste e Trento 48, 80132 Naples & Benecon Scarl, Dip. Ambiente e Territorio, Via 13 S. Maria di Costantinopoli 104, 80138 Naples, Italy 14 * Corresponding author: Matar Thiombane, [email protected] 15 16 Abstract 17 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They 18 have been identified as a type of carcinogenic substance and are relatively widespread in environment 19 media such as air, water and soils, constituting a significant hazard for human health. In many parts of 20 the world, PAHs are still found in high concentrations despite improved legislation and monitoring, and it 21 is therefore vital defining their profiles, and assessing their potential sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Table S1: Chemical Species Used for Calculating Speciated OH Reactivity
    Table S1: Chemical species used for calculating speciated OH reactivity Compound/ Chemi- kM+OH [cm³ Instrument Compounds attributed to If no unambiguous Literature reference for Max. OH Comment protonated mass cal molecules-1 protonated mass compound reaction rate coefficent reactivity -1 (grey shaded formula s ] identification: during compounds are gas reaction rate AQABA standard calibrated coefficient derived [s-1] with low uncertainty) from… Alkanes Methane CH4 6.45E-15 Picarro Cavity IUPAC preferred value 0.35 ring-down spectroscopy instrument Ethane C2H6 2.40E-13 GC-FID IUPAC preferred value 0.26 Propane C3H8 1.10E-12 GC-FID IUPAC preferred value 1.33 2-Methylpropane C4H10 2.12E-12 GC-FID Atkinson and Arey, 2003 0.68 n-Butane C4H10 2.35E-12 GC-FID IUPAC preferred value 1.42 2-Methylbutane C5H12 3.60E-12 GC-FID Atkinson and Arey, 2003 0.92 n-pentane C5H12 3.80E-12 GC-FID Atkinson and Arey, 2003 1.03 2-Methylpentane C6H14 5.20E-12 GC-FID Atkinson and Arey, 2003 0.11 n-hexane C6H14 5.20E-12 GC-FID Atkinson and Arey, 2003 0.16 2,2,4- C8H18 3.34E-12 GC-FID Atkinson and Arey, 2003 0.004 Trimethylpentane n-heptane C7H16 6.76E-12 GC-FID Atkinson and Arey, 2003 0.06 Octane C8H18 8.11E-12 GC-FID Atkinson and Arey, 2003 0.04 Alkenes and Alkynes Ethene C2H4 7.50E-12 GC-FID IUPAC preferred value 2.26 Propene C3H6 2.90E-11 GC-FID IUPAC preferred value 1.11 trans-2-butene C4H8 6.40E-11 GC-FID IUPAC preferred value 0.11 1-Butene C4H8 3.14E-11 GC-FID IUPAC preferred value 0.26 1-Pentene C5H10 3.14E-11 GC-FID Atkinson and Arey, 2003 0.10 Isoprene C5H8 1.00E-10 GC-FID IUPAC preferred value 0.76 27.023 C2H2 7.50E-13 PTR-ToF-MS Ethyne IUPAC preferred value 0.001 41.0386 C3H4 6.95E-13 PTR-ToF-MS Propyne; 1,2-Propadiene average Warnatz, 1984; Atkinson and 0.27 Arey, 2003 67.0543 C5H6 5.16E-11 PTR-ToF-MS 1,3-Cyclopentadiene; 3- average Grosjean and Williams, 1992; 0.35 penten-2-yne Boodaghians et al., 1987 69.0699 C5H8 5.10E-11 PTR-ToF-MS 1-Pentyne; 1,2-Pentadiene; average Boodaghians et al., 1987; 1.92 C5 dienes.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics of Spilled Oils, Fuels, and Petroleum Products: 1. Composition and Properties of Selected Oils
    EPA/600/R-03/072 July 2003 Characteristics of Spilled Oils, Fuels, and Petroleum Products: 1. Composition and Properties of Selected Oils Zhendi Wang, B.P. Hollebone, M. Fingas, B. Fieldhouse, L. Sigouin, M. Landriault, P. Smith, J. Noonan, and G. Thouin Emergencies Science and Technology Division Environmental Technology Centre Environment Canada 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario James W. Weaver Project Officer Ecosystems Research Division Athens, Georgia 30605 National Exposure Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development United States Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 Notice The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development funded and managed the research described here under contract (1D-5859-NAFX) to Environment Canada. It has been subjected to the Agency’s peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii Foreword The National Exposure Research Laboratory’s Ecosystems Research Division (ERD) in Athens, Georgia, conducts research on organic and inorganic chemicals, greenhouse gas biogeochemical cycles, and land use perturbations that create direct and indirect, chemical and non-chemical stresses, exposures, and potential risks to humans and ecosystems. ERD develops, tests, applies and provides technical support for exposure and ecosystem response models used for assessing and managing risks to humans and ecosystems, within a watershed / regional context. The Regulatory Support Branch (RSB) conducts problem-driven and applied research, develops technology tools, and provides technical support to customer Program and Regional Offices, States, Municipalities, and Tribes. Models are distributed and supported via the EPA Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling (CEAM) and through access to Internet tools (www.epa.gov/athens/onsite).
    [Show full text]