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TSC-MT 12-010 Regional development via high-speed rail: a study of the Stockholm-Mälaren region and possibilities for Melbourne- regional Victoria Master thesis June 2012 Michael Bayley Division of Transportation and Logistics KTH Railway Group Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to examine, based on a study of the regional high-speed corridors in the Stockholm-Mälaren Region, the possibilities for regional high-speed rail in Melbourne- regional Victoria (Australia) to improve accessibility, and achieve regional development and balanced growth between the capital and its surrounding regions. It deals with the concept of 'regional' high-speed rail, a variant of classic high-speed rail that serves centres along regional corridors stemming from a large city and whose travel purpose includes a high share of daily commuting and occasional business and leisure travel with journey times of up to two hours. The literature review reveals an emerging market for regional high-speed rail, which also has the potential to stimulate regional development and give rise to a complementary polycentric structure, subject to appropriate supporting conditions. The link between high-speed rail and regional development is based on the assumption that increased accessibility expands labour markets and offers people and firms wider location choices by permitting longer commuting. The Stockholm-Mälaren region analysis includes a review of the past-studied Svealand line, a comparative study of city groups and case studies. Key outcomes are summarised as follows: • Regional centres have in general strongly benefited from a high-speed rail connection, a finding supported by steadily increasing commuting, and population and job growth. • Cities within one hour of Stockholm experienced the greatest increase in commuting that was matched by consistently positive population and emerging job growth; these centres have benefited the most from high-speed, which reinforced ongoing activities. • Small-medium cities greater than one hour from Stockholm suffering population and job decline experienced recovery to neutral or positive growth with the introduction of high-speed; these centres depend on supportive strategies to fully capture its benefits, particularly those that foster inter-city exchange and the formation of city networks. • Supportive strategies for high-speed rail include: public transport coordination, station redevelopment, establishment of public offices and measures for inter-city exchange. Regional high-speed rail is proposed in Melbourne-regional Victoria based on the application of speed enhancements (to 160, 200 and 250 km/h) on existing rail corridors, which reduce travel times between Melbourne and regional centres, facilitating increased commuting and stimulating regional development. The key outcomes are summarised as follows: • The improvement of inner lines to 200-250 km/h and outer lines to 160 km/h achieves an efficient balance between improved accessibility and economy in the short-medium term; future enhancements include peripheral links and higher speeds on outer lines. • Upgrading lines to true ‘high-speed’ status requires electrification, modern signalling and track improvements, which deliver improved run times for the higher investment. • Estimated demand growth factors range from 1.4 to 2.0 depending on speed and route. • Positive regional development effects are expected if appropriate supportive strategies are applied, especially ones that support economic specialisation and city networking. Sammanfattning Syftet med detta examensarbete är att analysera möjligheterna, baserat på en studie av snabb- tågssystemet i Stockholm-Mälarregionen, för regionala höghastighetståg i region Melbourne i Australien. Att förbättra tillgängligheten och uppnå regional utveckling och balanserad till- växt mellan huvudorten och den omgivande regionen. Det handlar om höghastighetståg, som försörjer orter längs regionala korridorer utgående från en större stad där resorna innehåller en hög andel dagpendling samt affärs- och fritidsresor med upp till två timmars restid. Litteraturstudien visar på en framväxande marknad för regionala höghastighetståg som har möjlighet att stödja den regionala utvecklingen och ge upphov till en kompletterande nät- verksstruktur mellan omgivande mindre orter. Kopplingen mellan höghastighetstrafik och regional utveckling bygger på antagandet att ökad tillgänglighet expanderar arbetsmarknaden och erbjuder människor och företag större lokalisering genom att tillåta längre pendling. Analysen av Stockholm-Mälarregionen omfattar en studie av Svealandsbanan och en jäm- förande studie av den regionala utvecklingen. De viktigaste resultaten är enligt följande: • Regionala centra har i allmänhet starkt gynnats av snabba tågförbindelser, ett konsta- terande som stöds av stadig ökande pendling samt ökad befolkning och sysselsättning. • Städer inom en timmes restid från Stockholm upplevde den största ökningen av pend- ling som matchas av befolkningsökning och nya arbetstillfällen. Dessa städer har gynnats mest av den kortare restiden, vilket förstärkte den pågående förändringen. • Små- och medelstora städer, längre än en timme från Stockholm med minskande befolkning och arbetstillfällen vänder till neutral eller ökande tillväxt med införandet av höghastighetståg. Stödjande strategier behövs för att dessa orter ska kunna maximera sin utveckling, särskilt de som aktivt stödjer regionalt samverkan och skapandet av nätverk mellan städerna. • Stödjande strategier för höghastighetståg är: samordning av allmänna transporter, upprustning av resecentra, etablering av arbetsplatser, effektiv regional samverkan. Regionala höghastighetståg föreslås i Melbourne-region med höjd hastighet (till 160, 200 och 250 km/t) i befintliga järnvägskorridorer vilket minskar restiderna mellan Melbourne och kringliggande regionala centra. Detta underlättar en ökad pendling och stimulerar till en regional utveckling. De viktigaste resultaten sammanfattas enligt följande: • En förbättring av inre linjer till 200-250 km/t och yttre linjer till 160 km/t ger balans mellan ökad tillgänglighet och ekonomi på kort och medellång sikt, framtida förbätt- ringar kan vara satsningar på sekundära linjer och högre hastigheter på yttre linjer. • Uppgradering av linjer till "höghastighetstrafik" kräver elektrifiering, nya signal- system och bättre spår. Detta ger ytterligare förkortade restider för investeringarna. • Beräknad tillväxtfaktor för efterfrågan varierar mellan 1,4 och 2,0 pga hastighet och linje. • Positiva regionala utvecklingseffekter kan förväntas om stödjande strategier tillämpas, särskilt de som stöder den ekonomiska specialisering och regional samverkan. PREFACE My motivation for this thesis stems from a growing interest in railway systems that developed prior to and during the 3½ years I worked at the Association of European Railway Industries in Brussels, Belgium and subsequently in my Master studies at KTH in Stockholm, Sweden, as well as interest in sustainable regional planning. The two aspects seemed compatible and I have been impressed with the many ongoing developments in Europe and around the world in high-speed rail. Taking high-speed rail as a base, I wanted to explore how it could be applied on a regional scale and how it might provide improved connections between smaller regional centres and a large city and act as a facilitator for development of those regions. It seemed to me to be of relevance at a time when larger cities are under pressure from population growth and novel transport and planning solutions could be considered that lead to a more regionally dispersed structure as a sustainable alternative to the expanding megacity. I was fortunate to have the opportunity to study in a region where regional development is being pursued via high-speed rail, and hence the Stockholm-Mälaren region was an inspiration for this thesis. It is not possible to cover all aspects of this broad subject in a Master thesis but it is hoped this work can lead to further research and discussion on regional development via high-speed rail. Aside from my own motivation for this thesis, there are several people to whom I owe sincere thanks for their support, encouragement and advice throughout this thesis work. First of all to my supervisors, Oskar Fröidh and Joel Franklin, without whose support from the inception of this thesis it would not have been possible to complete; I wish to express my gratitude to you for assisting me in shaping the topic and scope of the thesis and offering support throughout its writing. Oskar Fröidh’s previous work on regional high speed trains was an inspiration to this thesis work. I would also like to thank Professor Bo-Lennart Nelldal and Anders Lindahl for their valuable input and guidance, Gustaf Lindström for his input as opponent, as well as other members of the KTH Railway Group and the Transport and Location Analysis division whose work and input contributed to this thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and friends who provided moral support and encouragement through the often demanding periods in the months of research and writing of this thesis. Michael Bayley 18 June 2012 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem definition ......................................................................................................

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