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Memorial Tablets*
Memorial Tablets* Gregori Aminoff 1883-1947 Born 8 Feb. 1883 in Stockholm; died 11 Feb. 1947 in Stockholm. 1905 First academic degree, U. of Uppsala, after studying science in Stockholm. 1905 to about 19 13 studied painting in Florence and Italy. 1913 Returned to science. 1918 Ph.D. ; appointed Lecturer in Mineralogy and Crystallo- graphy U. of Stockholm. Thesis: Calcite and Barytes from Mzgsbanshiitten (Sweden). 1923-47 Professor and Head of the Department of Mineralogy of the Museum of Natural History in Stockholm. 1930 Married Birgit Broome, herself a crystallographer. see Nature (London) 1947, 159, 597 (G. Hagg). Dirk Coster 1889-1950 Born 5 Oct. 1889 in Amsterdam; died 12 Feb. 1950 in Groningen. Studied in Leiden, Delft, Lund (with Siegbahn) and Copenhagen (with Bohr). 1922 Dr.-ing. Tech. University of Delft. Thesis: X-ray Spectra and the Atomic Theory of Bohr. 1923 Assistant of H. A. Lorentz, Teyler Stichting in Haarlem. 1924-50 Prof. of Physics and Meteorology, U. of Groningen. Bergen Davis 1869-1951 Born 31 March 1869 in White House, New Jersey; died 1951 in New York. 1896 B.Sc. Rutgers University. 1900 A.M. Columbia University (New York). 1901 Ph.D. Columbia University. 1901-02 Postgraduate work in GMtingen. 1902-03 Postgraduate work in Cambridge. * The author (P.P.E.) is particularly aware of the incompleteness of this section and would be gratefid for being sent additional data. MEMORIAL TABLETS 369 1903 Instructor 1 1910 Assistant Professor Columbia University, New York. 1914 Associate Professor I 1918 Professor of Physics ] Work on ionization, radiation, electron impact, physics of X-rays, X-ray spectroscopy with first two-crystal spectrometer. -
The Manhattan Project and Its Legacy
Transforming the Relationship between Science and Society: The Manhattan Project and Its Legacy Report on the workshop funded by the National Science Foundation held on February 14 and 15, 2013 in Washington, DC Table of Contents Executive Summary iii Introduction 1 The Workshop 2 Two Motifs 4 Core Session Discussions 6 Scientific Responsibility 6 The Culture of Secrecy and the National Security State 9 The Decision to Drop the Bomb 13 Aftermath 15 Next Steps 18 Conclusion 21 Appendix: Participant List and Biographies 22 Copyright © 2013 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. All rights reserved. No part of this book, either text or illustration, may be reproduced or transmit- ted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, reporting, or by any information storage or retrieval system without written persmission from the publisher. Report prepared by Carla Borden. Design and layout by Alexandra Levy. Executive Summary The story of the Manhattan Project—the effort to develop and build the first atomic bomb—is epic, and it continues to unfold. The decision by the United States to use the bomb against Japan in August 1945 to end World War II is still being mythologized, argued, dissected, and researched. The moral responsibility of scientists, then and now, also has remained a live issue. Secrecy and security practices deemed necessary for the Manhattan Project have spread through the govern- ment, sometimes conflicting with notions of democracy. From the Manhattan Project, the scientific enterprise has grown enormously, to include research into the human genome, for example, and what became the Internet. Nuclear power plants provide needed electricity yet are controversial for many people. -
Conference on the History of Quantum Physics Max-Planck-Institut Für Wissenschaftsgeschichte Berlin, 2–6 July 2007 Abstract
Conference on the history of quantum physics Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte Berlin, 2–6 July 2007 Abstract Title: Walther Nernst, Albert Einstein, Otto Stern, Adriaan Fokker, and the rotational specific heat of hydrogen Author: Clayton A. Gearhart (St. John’s University, Minnesota, USA) In 1911, the German physical chemist Walther Nernst argued that the new quantum theory promised to clear up long-standing puzzles in kinetic theory, particularly in understanding the discrepancies between the predictions of the equipartition theorem and the measured specific heats of gases. Nernst noted that hydrogen gas would be a good test case. The first measurements were published by his assistant Arnold Euken in 1912, and showed a sharp drop in the specific heat at low temperatures, corresponding to rotational degrees of freedom “freezing out.” In his 1911 paper, Nernst also developed a theory for a quantum rotator (a tiny rotating dumbbell representing a diatomic gas). Remarkably, he did not quantize rotational energies. Instead, the specific heat fell off because the gas reached equilibrium by exchanging harmonic oscillator quanta with quantized Planck resonators. Nernst’s theory was flawed. But Einstein adopted a corrected version at the 1911 Solvay Conference, and in 1913, he and Otto Stern published a detailed treatment. Following Nernst, Einstein and Stern did not quantize the rotators. But they did explore the new zero- point energy that Max Planck had introduced in his “second quantum theory” in 1911. Einstein and Stern calculated the specific heat of hydrogen for two cases, one that assumed a zero-point energy for a rotator and one that did not. -
The Second-Order Correction to the Energy and Momentum in Plane Symmetric Gravitational Waves Like Spacetimes
S S symmetry Article The Second-Order Correction to the Energy and Momentum in Plane Symmetric Gravitational Waves Like Spacetimes Mutahir Ali *, Farhad Ali , Abdus Saboor, M. Saad Ghafar and Amir Sultan Khan Department of Mathematics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan; [email protected] (F.A.); [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (M.S.G.); [email protected] (A.S.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 December 2018; Accepted: 22 January 2019; Published: 13 February 2019 Abstract: This research provides second-order approximate Noether symmetries of geodetic Lagrangian of time-conformal plane symmetric spacetime. A time-conformal factor is of the form ee f (t) which perturbs the plane symmetric static spacetime, where e is small a positive parameter that produces perturbation in the spacetime. By considering the perturbation up to second-order in e in plane symmetric spacetime, we find the second order approximate Noether symmetries for the corresponding Lagrangian. Using Noether theorem, the corresponding second order approximate conservation laws are investigated for plane symmetric gravitational waves like spacetimes. This technique tells about the energy content of the gravitational waves. Keywords: Einstein field equations; time conformal spacetime; approximate conservation of energy 1. Introduction Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time produced by some of the most violent and energetic processes like colliding black holes or closely orbiting black holes and neutron stars (binary pulsars). These waves travel with the speed of light and depend on their sources [1–5]. The study of these waves provide us useful information about their sources (black holes and neutron stars). -
The Physical Tourist Physics and New York City
Phys. perspect. 5 (2003) 87–121 © Birkha¨user Verlag, Basel, 2003 1422–6944/05/010087–35 The Physical Tourist Physics and New York City Benjamin Bederson* I discuss the contributions of physicists who have lived and worked in New York City within the context of the high schools, colleges, universities, and other institutions with which they were and are associated. I close with a walking tour of major sites of interest in Manhattan. Key words: Thomas A. Edison; Nikola Tesla; Michael I. Pupin; Hall of Fame for GreatAmericans;AlbertEinstein;OttoStern;HenryGoldman;J.RobertOppenheimer; Richard P. Feynman; Julian Schwinger; Isidor I. Rabi; Bronx High School of Science; StuyvesantHighSchool;TownsendHarrisHighSchool;NewYorkAcademyofSciences; Andrei Sakharov; Fordham University; Victor F. Hess; Cooper Union; Peter Cooper; City University of New York; City College; Brooklyn College; Melba Phillips; Hunter College; Rosalyn Yalow; Queens College; Lehman College; New York University; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences; Samuel F.B. Morse; John W. Draper; Columbia University; Polytechnic University; Manhattan Project; American Museum of Natural History; Rockefeller University; New York Public Library. Introduction When I was approached by the editors of Physics in Perspecti6e to prepare an article on New York City for The Physical Tourist section, I was happy to do so. I have been a New Yorker all my life, except for short-term stays elsewhere on sabbatical leaves and other visits. My professional life developed in New York, and I married and raised my family in New York and its environs. Accordingly, writing such an article seemed a natural thing to do. About halfway through its preparation, however, the attack on the World Trade Center took place. -
Wolfgang Pauli Niels Bohr Paul Dirac Max Planck Richard Feynman
Wolfgang Pauli Niels Bohr Paul Dirac Max Planck Richard Feynman Louis de Broglie Norman Ramsey Willis Lamb Otto Stern Werner Heisenberg Walther Gerlach Ernest Rutherford Satyendranath Bose Max Born Erwin Schrödinger Eugene Wigner Arnold Sommerfeld Julian Schwinger David Bohm Enrico Fermi Albert Einstein Where discovery meets practice Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQ ST in Baden-Württemberg . Introduction “But I do not wish to be forced into abandoning strict These two quotes by Albert Einstein not only express his well more securely, develop new types of computer or construct highly causality without having defended it quite differently known aversion to quantum theory, they also come from two quite accurate measuring equipment. than I have so far. The idea that an electron exposed to a different periods of his life. The first is from a letter dated 19 April Thus quantum theory extends beyond the field of physics into other 1924 to Max Born regarding the latter’s statistical interpretation of areas, e.g. mathematics, engineering, chemistry, and even biology. beam freely chooses the moment and direction in which quantum mechanics. The second is from Einstein’s last lecture as Let us look at a few examples which illustrate this. The field of crypt it wants to move is unbearable to me. If that is the case, part of a series of classes by the American physicist John Archibald ography uses number theory, which constitutes a subdiscipline of then I would rather be a cobbler or a casino employee Wheeler in 1954 at Princeton. pure mathematics. Producing a quantum computer with new types than a physicist.” The realization that, in the quantum world, objects only exist when of gates on the basis of the superposition principle from quantum they are measured – and this is what is behind the moon/mouse mechanics requires the involvement of engineering. -
I. I. Rabi Papers [Finding Aid]. Library of Congress. [PDF Rendered Tue Apr
I. I. Rabi Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 1992 Revised 2010 March Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms998009 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm89076467 Prepared by Joseph Sullivan with the assistance of Kathleen A. Kelly and John R. Monagle Collection Summary Title: I. I. Rabi Papers Span Dates: 1899-1989 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1945-1968) ID No.: MSS76467 Creator: Rabi, I. I. (Isador Isaac), 1898- Extent: 41,500 items ; 105 cartons plus 1 oversize plus 4 classified ; 42 linear feet Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Physicist and educator. The collection documents Rabi's research in physics, particularly in the fields of radar and nuclear energy, leading to the development of lasers, atomic clocks, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to his 1944 Nobel Prize in physics; his work as a consultant to the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and as an advisor on science policy to the United States government, the United Nations, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during and after World War II; and his studies, research, and professorships in physics chiefly at Columbia University and also at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. -
The Ring on the Parking Lot
The ring on the parking lot Thirty years ago, a handful of tenacious physicists put up a $5 million storage ring on a parking lot at SLAC. Shawna Williams reflects on its glorious past and its promising future. Progress in the construction of SPEAR on the parking lot in 1971 is shown in these views from 8 October (left) and 12 December. In 1972, only 20 months after its construction had finally been could be built out of SLAC's normal operating budget. agreed, the SPEAR electron-positron collider went into service on a Richter's team had hoped to build the collider in two years; they parking lot at SLAC, and by spring 1973 had started to deliver its finished four months ahead of schedule. "It certainly was the most first physics data. From its humble beginnings, the machine went on fun I'd ever had building a machine," says John Rees, one of the to revolutionize particle physics, with two of the physicists who used accelerator physicists involved. Moreover, the funding delay had it receiving Novel prizes. It also pioneered the use of synchrotron actually worked to SLAC's advantage in some ways, since they now radiation in a variety of fields in scientific research. In March this had other colliding-beam storage rings to look to. "By that time, year, technicians began upgrading SPEAR, and now only the hous we'd learned enough from other people to be able to build the best ing and control room remain of the original machine. Burt Richter, machine," explains Perl. -
Gerson Goldhaber 1924–2010
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES GERSON GOLDHABER 1 9 2 4 – 2 0 1 0 A Biographical Memoir by G EOR G E H. TRILLING Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 2010 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON, D.C. GERSON GOLDHABER February 20, 1924–July 19, 2010 BY GEOR G E H . TRILLING ERSON GOLDHABER, WHOSE “NOSE FOR DISCOVERY” led to Gremarkable research achievements that included leader- ship roles in the first observations of antiproton annihilation, and the discoveries of charm hadrons and the acceleration of the universe’s expansion, died at his Berkeley home on July 19, 2010, after a long bout with pneumonia. He was 86. His father, originally Chaim Shaia Goldhaber but later known as Charles Goldhaber, was born in 1884 in what is now Ukraine. He left school at age 14, and was entirely self- educated after that. He traveled (mostly on foot) through Europe and in 1900 ended up on a ship bound for East Africa. Getting off in Egypt, he developed an interest in archeology, and eventually became a tour guide at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. He returned from Egypt to his parents’ home in Ukraine every Passover, and, in 1909, married there. His wife, Ethel Goldhaber, bore three children (Leo, Maurice, and Fredrika, always known as Friedl) in 1910, 1911, and 1912, respectively. After the end of World War I, the family moved to Chemnitz, Germany, where they operated a silk factory business, and where Gerson was born on February 20, 1924. -
The HP Garage—The Birthplace of Silicon Valley 367 Addison Avenue, Palo Alto, California
Brochure A home for innovation The HP Garage—the Birthplace of Silicon Valley 367 Addison Avenue, Palo Alto, California HP Corporate Archives Brochure A home for innovation Tucked away on a quiet, tree-lined residential street near Stanford University, the HP Garage stands today as the enduring symbol of innovation and the entrepreneurial spirit. It was in this humble 12x18-foot building that college friends Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard first pursued the dream of a company of their own. Guided by an unwavering desire to develop innovative and useful products, the two men went on to blaze a trail at the forefront of the electronics revolution. The history of the HP Garage The HP Garage in 1939 (top) and The garage stands behind a two-story Shingle restored in 2005 (bottom). Style home built for Dr. John C. Spencer about 1905. The exact construction date of the garage is unknown, but while there is no evidence of its presence on insurance maps dated 1908, by 1924 it is clearly denoted on updated documents as a private garage. In 1938, Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard decided to “make a run for it” in business. Dave left his job at General Electric in Schenectady, New York, and returned to Palo Alto while Bill scouted rentals. The garage was dedicated as the Birthplace of Silicon Valley in 1989, and HP acquired the He found one perfect for their needs on Addison property in 2000. HP is proud to have worked Avenue. Chosen specifically because of a garage closely with the City of Palo Alto to return the he and Dave could use as their workshop, the house, garage, and shed to conditions much property also offered a three-room, ground- as they were in 1939. -
Science & ROGER PENROSE
Science & ROGER PENROSE Live Webinar - hosted by the Center for Consciousness Studies August 3 – 6, 2021 9:00 am – 12:30 pm (MST-Arizona) each day 4 Online Live Sessions DAY 1 Tuesday August 3, 2021 9:00 am to 12:30 pm MST-Arizona Overview / Black Holes SIR ROGER PENROSE (Nobel Laureate) Oxford University, UK Tuesday August 3, 2021 9:00 am – 10:30 am MST-Arizona Roger Penrose was born, August 8, 1931 in Colchester Essex UK. He earned a 1st class mathematics degree at University College London; a PhD at Cambridge UK, and became assistant lecturer, Bedford College London, Research Fellow St John’s College, Cambridge (now Honorary Fellow), a post-doc at King’s College London, NATO Fellow at Princeton, Syracuse, and Cornell Universities, USA. He also served a 1-year appointment at University of Texas, became a Reader then full Professor at Birkbeck College, London, and Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics, Oxford University (during which he served several 1/2-year periods as Mathematics Professor at Rice University, Houston, Texas). He is now Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor, Fellow, Wadham College, Oxford (now Emeritus Fellow). He has received many awards and honorary degrees, including knighthood, Fellow of the Royal Society and of the US National Academy of Sciences, the De Morgan Medal of London Mathematical Society, the Copley Medal of the Royal Society, the Wolf Prize in mathematics (shared with Stephen Hawking), the Pomeranchuk Prize (Moscow), and one half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics, the other half shared by Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez. -
Kansas Inventors and Innovators Fourth Grade
Kansas Inventors and Innovators Fourth Grade Developed for Kansas Historical Society at the Library of Congress, Midwest Region Workshop “It’s Elementary: Teaching with Primary Sources” 2012 Terry Healy Woodrow Wilson School, USD 383, Manhattan Overview This lesson is designed to teach students about inventors and innovators of Kansas. Students will read primary sources about Jack St. Clair Kilby, Clyde Tombaugh, George Washington Carver, and Walter P. Chrysler. Students will use a document analysis sheet to record information before developing a Kansas Innovator card. Standards History: Benchmark 1, Indicator 1 The student researches the contributions made by notable Kansans in history. Benchmark 4, Indicator 4 The student identifies and compares information from primary and secondary sources (e.g., photographs, diaries/journals, newspapers, historical maps). Common Core ELA Reading: Benchmark RI.4.9 The student integrates information from two texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgably. Benchmark RI.4.10. By the end of year, read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technical texts, in the grades 4–5 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range. Objectives Content The student will summarize and present information about a Kansas inventor/innovator. 1 Skills The student will analyze and summarize primary and secondary sources to draw conclusions. Essential Questions How do we know about past inventions and innovations? What might inspire or spark the creation of an invention or innovation? How do new inventions or innovations impact our lives? Resource Table Image Description Citation URL Photograph of Jack Photograph of Jack http://kshs.org/kans Kilby (Handout 1) Kilby, Kansapedia, apedia/jack-st-clair- from Texas Kansas Historical kilby/12125 Instruments Society (Topeka, Kansas) Photo originally from Texas Instruments.