Comparison of Lightweight Stream Ciphers: MICKEY 2.0, WG-8, Grain and Trivium
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A Differential Fault Attack on MICKEY
A Differential Fault Attack on MICKEY 2.0 Subhadeep Banik and Subhamoy Maitra Applied Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata, 203, B.T. Road, Kolkata-108. s.banik [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. In this paper we present a differential fault attack on the stream cipher MICKEY 2.0 which is in eStream's hardware portfolio. While fault attacks have already been reported against the other two eStream hardware candidates Trivium and Grain, no such analysis is known for MICKEY. Using the standard assumptions for fault attacks, we show that if the adversary can induce random single bit faults in the internal state of the cipher, then by injecting around 216:7 faults and performing 232:5 computations on an average, it is possible to recover the entire internal state of MICKEY at the beginning of the key-stream generation phase. We further consider the scenario where the fault may affect at most three neighbouring bits and in that case we require around 218:4 faults on an average. Keywords: eStream, Fault attacks, MICKEY 2.0, Stream Cipher. 1 Introduction The stream cipher MICKEY 2.0 [4] was designed by Steve Babbage and Matthew Dodd as a submission to the eStream project. The cipher has been selected as a part of eStream's final hardware portfolio. MICKEY is a synchronous, bit- oriented stream cipher designed for low hardware complexity and high speed. After a TMD tradeoff attack [16] against the initial version of MICKEY (ver- sion 1), the designers responded by tweaking the design by increasing the state size from 160 to 200 bits and altering the values of some control bit tap loca- tions. -
Statistical Attack on RC4 Distinguishing WPA
Statistical Attack on RC4 Distinguishing WPA Pouyan Sepehrdad, Serge Vaudenay, and Martin Vuagnoux EPFL CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland http://lasecwww.epfl.ch Abstract. In this paper we construct several tools for manipulating pools of bi- ases in the analysis of RC4. Then, we show that optimized strategies can break WEP based on 4000 packets by assuming that the first bytes of plaintext are known for each packet. We describe similar attacks for WPA. Firstly, we de- scribe a distinguisher for WPA of complexity 243 and advantage 0.5 which uses 240 packets. Then, based on several partial temporary key recovery attacks, we recover the full 128-bit temporary key by using 238 packets. It works within a complexity of 296. So far, this is the best attack against WPA. We believe that our analysis brings further insights on the security of RC4. 1 Introduction RC4 was designed by Rivest in 1987. It used to be a trade secret until it was anony- mously posted in 1994. Nowadays, RC4 is widely used in SSL/TLS and Wi-Fi 802.11 wireless communications. 802.11 [1] used to be protected by WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) which is now being replaced by WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) due to security weaknesses. WEP uses RC4 with a pre-shared key. Each packet is encrypted by a XOR to a keystream generated by RC4. The RC4 key is the pre-shared key prepended with a 3- byte nonce IV. The IV is sent in clear for self-synchronization. There have been several attempts to break the full RC4 algorithm but it has only been devastating so far in this scenario. -
Security in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Cryptographic Techniques
American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2014 American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN : 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936 Volume-03, Issue-01, pp-50-56 www.ajer.org Research Paper Open Access Security in Wireless Sensor Networks using Cryptographic Techniques Madhumita Panda Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology(SUIIT)Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, India. Abstract: -Wireless sensor networks consist of autonomous sensor nodes attached to one or more base stations.As Wireless sensor networks continues to grow,they become vulnerable to attacks and hence the need for effective security mechanisms.Identification of suitable cryptography for wireless sensor networks is an important challenge due to limitation of energy,computation capability and storage resources of the sensor nodes.Symmetric based cryptographic schemes donot scale well when the number of sensor nodes increases.Hence public key based schemes are widely used.We present here two public – key based algorithms, RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and found out that ECC have a significant advantage over RSA as it reduces the computation time and also the amount of data transmitted and stored. Keywords: -Wireless Sensor Network,Security, Cryptography, RSA,ECC. I. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK Sensor networks refer to a heterogeneous system combining tiny sensors and actuators with general- purpose computing elements. These networks will consist of hundreds or thousands of self-organizing, low- power, low-cost wireless nodes deployed to monitor and affect the environment [1]. Sensor networks are typically characterized by limited power supplies, low bandwidth, small memory sizes and limited energy. This leads to a very demanding environment to provide security. -
The WG Stream Cipher
The WG Stream Cipher Yassir Nawaz and Guang Gong Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CANADA [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. In this paper we propose a new synchronous stream cipher, called WG ci- pher. The cipher is based on WG (Welch-Gong) transformations. The WG cipher has been designed to produce keystream with guaranteed randomness properties, i.e., bal- ance, long period, large and exact linear complexity, 3-level additive autocorrelation, and ideal 2-level multiplicative autocorrelation. It is resistant to Time/Memory/Data tradeoff attacks, algebraic attacks and correlation attacks. The cipher can be imple- mented with a small amount of hardware. 1 Introduction A synchronous stream cipher consists of a keystream generator which produces a sequence of binary digits. This sequence is called the running key or simply the keystream. The keystream is added (XORed) to the plaintext digits to produce the ciphertext. A secret key K is used to initialize the keystream generator and each secret key corresponds to a generator output sequence. Since the secret key is shared between the sender and the receiver, an identical keystream can be generated at the receiving end. The addition of this keystream with the ciphertext recovers the original plaintext. Stream ciphers can be divided into two major categories: bit-oriented stream ci- phers and word-oriented stream ciphers. The bit-oriented stream ciphers are usually based on binary linear feedback shift registors (LFSRs) (regularly clocked or irregu- larly clocked) together with filter or combiner functions. They can be implemented in hardware very efficiently. -
Grain-128A: a New Version of Grain-128 with Optional Authentication
Grain-128a: a new version of Grain-128 with optional authentication Ågren, Martin; Hell, Martin; Johansson, Thomas; Meier, Willi Published in: International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing DOI: 10.1504/IJWMC.2011.044106 2011 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Ågren, M., Hell, M., Johansson, T., & Meier, W. (2011). Grain-128a: a new version of Grain-128 with optional authentication. International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing, 5(1), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWMC.2011.044106 Total number of authors: 4 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Grain-128a: A New Version of Grain-128 with Optional Authentication Martin Agren˚ 1, Martin Hell1, Thomas Johansson1, and Willi Meier2 1 Dept. -
Stream Ciphers
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by HAL-CEA Stream ciphers: A Practical Solution for Efficient Homomorphic-Ciphertext Compression Anne Canteaut, Sergiu Carpov, Caroline Fontaine, Tancr`edeLepoint, Mar´ıa Naya-Plasencia, Pascal Paillier, Renaud Sirdey To cite this version: Anne Canteaut, Sergiu Carpov, Caroline Fontaine, Tancr`edeLepoint, Mar´ıaNaya-Plasencia, et al.. Stream ciphers: A Practical Solution for Efficient Homomorphic-Ciphertext Compression. FSE 2016 : 23rd International Conference on Fast Software Encryption, Mar 2016, Bochum, Germany. Springer, 9783 - LNCS (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), pp.313-333, Fast Software Encryption 23rd International Conference, FSE 2016, Bochum, Germany, March 20- 23, 2016, <http://fse.rub.de/>. <10.1007/978-3-662-52993-5 16>. <hal-01280479> HAL Id: hal-01280479 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01280479 Submitted on 28 Nov 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Stream ciphers: A Practical Solution for Efficient Homomorphic-Ciphertext Compression? -
Cryptography Using Random Rc4 Stream Cipher on SMS for Android-Based Smartphones
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 9, No. 12, 2018 Cryptography using Random Rc4 Stream Cipher on SMS for Android-Based Smartphones Rifki Rifki1, Anindita Septiarini2, Heliza Rahmania Hatta3 Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Mulawarman University, Jl. Panajam Kampus Gn. Kelua, Samarinda, Indonesia. Abstract—Messages sent using the default Short Message image/graphic is 160 characters using 7 bits or 70 characters Service (SMS) application have to pass the SMS Center (SMSC) using 16 bits of character encoding [5]. to record the communication between the sender and recipient. Therefore, the message security is not guaranteed because it may Cryptographic methods are divided based on key-based read by irresponsible people. This research proposes the RC4 and keyless [6]. Several conventional keyless cryptographic stream cipher method for security in sending SMS. However, methods have implemented for improving data security such RC4 has any limitation in the Key Scheduling Algorithm (KSA) as Caesar ciphers [7], Vigenere ciphers [8], [9], Zigzag ciphers and Pseudo Random Generation Algorithm (PRGA) phases. [10], and Playfair cipher [11]. Those methods are more Therefore, this research developed RC4 with a random initial complex and consume a significant amount of power when state to increase the randomness level of the keystream. This applied in the resource-constrained devices for the provision SMS cryptography method applied the processes of encryption of secure communication [12]. Another method that has used against the sent SMS followed by decryption against the received is key-based with Symmetric Cryptography. The type of SMS. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated encryption that used is to provide end-to-end security to SMS based on the time of encryption and decryption as well as the messages. -
A Somewhat Historic View of Lightweight Cryptography
Intro History KATAN PRINTcipher Summary A Somewhat Historic View of Lightweight Cryptography Orr Dunkelman Department of Computer Science, University of Haifa Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Weizmann Institute of Science September 29th, 2011 Orr Dunkelman A Somewhat Historic View of Lightweight Cryptography 1/ 40 Intro History KATAN PRINTcipher Summary Outline 1 Introduction Lightweight Cryptography Lightweight Cryptography Primitives 2 The History of Designing Block Ciphers 3 The KATAN/KTANTAN Family The KATAN/KTANTAN Block Ciphers The Security of the KATAN/KTANTAN Family Attacks on the KTANTAN Family 4 The PRINTcipher The PRINTcipher Family Attacks on PRINTcipher 5 Future of Cryptanalysis for Lightweight Crypto Orr Dunkelman A Somewhat Historic View of Lightweight Cryptography 2/ 40 Intro History KATAN PRINTcipher Summary LWC Primitives Outline 1 Introduction Lightweight Cryptography Lightweight Cryptography Primitives 2 The History of Designing Block Ciphers 3 The KATAN/KTANTAN Family The KATAN/KTANTAN Block Ciphers The Security of the KATAN/KTANTAN Family Attacks on the KTANTAN Family 4 The PRINTcipher The PRINTcipher Family Attacks on PRINTcipher 5 Future of Cryptanalysis for Lightweight Crypto Orr Dunkelman A Somewhat Historic View of Lightweight Cryptography 3/ 40 Intro History KATAN PRINTcipher Summary LWC Primitives Lightweight Cryptography ◮ Targets constrained environments. ◮ Tries to reduce the computational efforts needed to obtain security. ◮ Optimization targets: size, power, energy, time, code size, RAM/ROM consumption, etc. Orr Dunkelman A Somewhat Historic View of Lightweight Cryptography 4/ 40 Intro History KATAN PRINTcipher Summary LWC Primitives Lightweight Cryptography ◮ Targets constrained environments. ◮ Tries to reduce the computational efforts needed to obtain security. ◮ Optimization targets: size, power, energy, time, code size, RAM/ROM consumption, etc. -
Stream Cipher Designs: a Review
SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences March 2020, Vol. 63 131101:1–131101:25 . REVIEW . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-018-9929-x Stream cipher designs: a review Lin JIAO1*, Yonglin HAO1 & Dengguo FENG1,2* 1 State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing 100878, China; 2 State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China Received 13 August 2018/Accepted 30 June 2019/Published online 10 February 2020 Abstract Stream cipher is an important branch of symmetric cryptosystems, which takes obvious advan- tages in speed and scale of hardware implementation. It is suitable for using in the cases of massive data transfer or resource constraints, and has always been a hot and central research topic in cryptography. With the rapid development of network and communication technology, cipher algorithms play more and more crucial role in information security. Simultaneously, the application environment of cipher algorithms is in- creasingly complex, which challenges the existing cipher algorithms and calls for novel suitable designs. To accommodate new strict requirements and provide systematic scientific basis for future designs, this paper reviews the development history of stream ciphers, classifies and summarizes the design principles of typical stream ciphers in groups, briefly discusses the advantages and weakness of various stream ciphers in terms of security and implementation. Finally, it tries to foresee the prospective design directions of stream ciphers. Keywords stream cipher, survey, lightweight, authenticated encryption, homomorphic encryption Citation Jiao L, Hao Y L, Feng D G. Stream cipher designs: a review. Sci China Inf Sci, 2020, 63(3): 131101, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-018-9929-x 1 Introduction The widely applied e-commerce, e-government, along with the fast developing cloud computing, big data, have triggered high demands in both efficiency and security of information processing. -
AEGIS: a Fast Authenticated Encryption Algorithm⋆ (Full Version)
AEGIS: A Fast Authenticated Encryption Algorithm? (Full Version) Hongjun Wu1, Bart Preneel2 1 School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University [email protected] 2 Dept. Elektrotechniek-ESAT/COSIC KU Leuven and iMinds, Ghent [email protected] Abstract. This paper introduces a dedicated authenticated encryption algorithm AEGIS; AEGIS allows for the protection of associated data which makes it very suitable for protecting network packets. AEGIS- 128L uses eight AES round functions to process a 32-byte message block (one step). AEGIS-128 uses five AES round functions to process a 16-byte message block (one step); AES-256 uses six AES round functions. The security analysis shows that these algorithms offer a high level of secu- rity. On the Intel Sandy Bridge Core i5 processor, the speed of AEGIS- 128L, AEGIS-128 and AEGIS-256 is around 0.48, 0.66 and 0.7 clock cycles/byte (cpb) for 4096-byte messages, respectively. This is substan- tially faster than the AES CCM, GCM and OCB modes. Key words: Authenticated encryption, AEGIS, AES-NI 1 Introduction The protection of a message typically requires the protection of both confiden- tiality and authenticity. There are two main approaches to authenticate and encrypt a message. One approach is to treat the encryption and authentication separately. The plaintext is encrypted with a block cipher or stream cipher, and a MAC algorithm is used to authenticate the ciphertext. For example, we may apply AES [17] in CBC mode [18] to the plaintext, then apply AES-CMAC [22] (or Pelican MAC [6] or HMAC [19]) to the ciphertext to generate an authen- tication tag. -
On the Design and Analysis of Stream Ciphers Hell, Martin
On the Design and Analysis of Stream Ciphers Hell, Martin 2007 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Hell, M. (2007). On the Design and Analysis of Stream Ciphers. Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 On the Design and Analysis of Stream Ciphers Martin Hell Ph.D. Thesis September 13, 2007 Martin Hell Department of Electrical and Information Technology Lund University Box 118 S-221 00 Lund, Sweden e-mail: [email protected] http://www.eit.lth.se/ ISBN: 91-7167-043-2 ISRN: LUTEDX/TEIT-07/1039-SE c Martin Hell, 2007 Abstract his thesis presents new cryptanalysis results for several different stream Tcipher constructions. -
MICKEY 2.0. 85: a Secure and Lighter MICKEY 2.0 Cipher Variant With
S S symmetry Article MICKEY 2.0.85: A Secure and Lighter MICKEY 2.0 Cipher Variant with Improved Power Consumption for Smaller Devices in the IoT Ahmed Alamer 1,2,*, Ben Soh 1 and David E. Brumbaugh 3 1 Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia; [email protected] 2 Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk 7149, Saudi Arabia 3 Techno Authority, Digital Consultant, 358 Dogwood Drive, Mobile, AL 36609, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-431-292-034 Received: 31 October 2019; Accepted: 20 December 2019; Published: 22 December 2019 Abstract: Lightweight stream ciphers have attracted significant attention in the last two decades due to their security implementations in small devices with limited hardware. With low-power computation abilities, these devices consume less power, thus reducing costs. New directions in ultra-lightweight cryptosystem design include optimizing lightweight cryptosystems to work with a low number of gate equivalents (GEs); without affecting security, these designs consume less power via scaled-down versions of the Mutual Irregular Clocking KEYstream generator—version 2-(MICKEY 2.0) cipher. This study aims to obtain a scaled-down version of the MICKEY 2.0 cipher by modifying its internal state design via reducing shift registers and modifying the controlling bit positions to assure the ciphers’ pseudo-randomness. We measured these changes using the National Institutes of Standards and Testing (NIST) test suites, investigating the speed and power consumption of the proposed scaled-down version named MICKEY 2.0.85.