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First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES)

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First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES) First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES): Results from Eel Ground First Nation, New Brunswick Atlantic AFN Regions (New Brunswick/Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia/Newfoundland) University of Ottawa Université de Montréal Assembly of First Nations Final report April 2017 “Healthy Environment and Healthy Foods for Healthy First Nations” Funding for this study was provided by Health Canada. The information and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors/researchers and do not necessarily reflect the official views of Health Canada. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... ii GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. 1 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR EEL GROUND FIRST NATION................................ 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... 11 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 12 METHODS ................................................................................................................ 15 1. Household Interviews .......................................................................................... 20 2. Tap Water Sampling ............................................................................................ 25 3. Surface Water Sampling for Pharmaceuticals ..................................................... 27 4. Mercury in Hair Sampling .................................................................................... 28 5. Food Sampling for Contaminants .......................................................................... 30 RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 32 1. Household Interviews ............................................................................................ 32 a) Sample Characteristics ...................................................................................... 32 b) Socio-Demographic Characteristics ................................................................... 36 c) Health and Lifestyle Practices ............................................................................ 41 d) Food Security ..................................................................................................... 50 e) Traditional Food Use and Gardening ................................................................. 56 f) Nutrient Intake ..................................................................................................... 77 g) Concerns about Climate Change ....................................................................... 93 2. Tap Water Sampling Results ................................................................................. 95 3. Surface Water Sampling for Pharmaceuticals ..................................................... 109 4. Mercury in Hair Results ....................................................................................... 111 5. Food Contaminant Results .................................................................................. 117 Heavy Metals ....................................................................................................... 118 Persistent Organic Pollutants ............................................................................... 122 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................... 130 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 135 i Appendix A. Summary of contaminant information ................................................. 140 Appendix B. Body Mass Index (BMI) ....................................................................... 144 Appendix C. List of foods used to calculate the cost of a nutritious food basket. .... 146 Appendix D. Types of fruits and vegetables consumed from personal or community gardens in the Atlantic ............................................................................................. 147 Appendix E. Conversion of Grams to Usual Household Measures ......................... 149 Appendix F. Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide First Nations, Inuit and Métis . 150 Appendix G. List of common foods and beverages avoided because of intolerance153 Appendix H. List of nutritional supplements taken by First Nations participants in the Atlantic .................................................................................................................... 155 Appendix I. Map of Surface Water Sampling Sites .................................................. 156 Appendix J. Traditional Food Sample Harvest Locations ........................................ 157 Appendix K. Top traditional foods eaten compared against those collected for contaminant analysis ............................................................................................... 159 Appendix L. What participants said about traditional food ....................................... 160 Appendix M. Healthy Food Guidelines for First Nation Community Events ............. 161 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. List of participating First Nations communities in the Atlantic and number of participants .................................................................................................................... 34 Table 2. Number of households surveyed and participation rate in Eel Ground First Nation compared to First Nations in the Atlantic* .......................................................... 35 Table 3. Average age of participants ............................................................................ 38 Table 4. Household size and education, Eel Ground First Nation compared to all First Nations in the Atlantic .................................................................................................... 39 Table 5. Percent of participants who responded affirmatively to food security questions (in the last 12 months) in Eel Ground First Nation ......................................................... 53 Table 6. Percent of on-reserve First Nations in the Atlantic consuming traditional foods in the past year, Eel Ground First Nation compared to all First Nations in the Atlantic (listed in descending order, by category) ....................................................................... 61 Table 7. Seasonal frequency of top ten consumed traditional food items for consumers and non-consumers combined, Eel Ground First Nation (n=61) ................................... 65 Table 8. Mean daily portion sizes of traditional food categories, by gender and age group, based on 24hr recalls from First Nations in the Atlantic living on-reserve .......... 66 Table 9. Estimated average intake of major traditional foods (g/person/day), based on traditional food frequency results, Eel Ground First Nation compared to all First Nations in the Atlantic ................................................................................................................. 67 Table 10. Average number of food guide servings consumed per day by First Nations men (n=355) and women (n=624) in the Atlantic compared to Canada’s Food Guide (CGF) recommendations (unweighted) ......................................................................... 86 Table 11. Top 5 contributors to Canada’s Food Guide (% of total group intake), for First Nations women and men, living on-reserve in the Atlantic ............................................ 87 Table 12. Ten most important food contributors to nutrients for First Nations living on- reserve in the Atlantic region ......................................................................................... 88 Table 13. Comparison of nutrient intake (mean ± SE) on days with and without traditional food (TF), for on-reserve First Nations adults in the Atlantic ......................... 91 Table 14. Top 10 consumed store-bought food (grams/person/day), ranked by overall decreasing amount of consumption, Eel Ground First Nation compared to all First Nations in the Atlantic region ......................................................................................... 92 Table 15. Public Works Questionnaire Results .......................................................... 100 Table 16. Characteristics of homes and plumbing in Eel Ground First Nation and for all First Nations in the Atlantic. ......................................................................................... 102 Table 17. Results of testing for levels of trace metals in drinking water that would affect health, Eel Ground First Nation ................................................................................... 107 Table 18. Results of testing for levels of trace metals in drinking water that would affect its appearance, taste, odour, or colour, Eel Ground First Nation ................................. 108 Table 19. Pharmaceuticals measured in surface water near Eel
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