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Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems

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Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Ca. 30m Ca.200m TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 172 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems 0 í J INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1 976 EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND ECOSYSTEMS The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES ALBANIA HUNGARY POLAND ALGERIA ICELAND PORTUGAL ARGENTINA INDIA REPUBLIC OF AUSTRALIA INDONESIA SOUTH VIET-NAM AUSTRIA IRAN ROMANIA BANGLADESH IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA BELGIUM IRELAND SENEGAL BOLIVIA ISRAEL SIERRA LEONE BRAZIL ITALY SINGAPORE BULGARIA IVORY COAST SOUTH AFRICA BURMA JAMAICA SPAIN BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET JAPAN SRI LANKA SOCIALIST REPUBLIC JORDAN SUDAN CAMBODIA KENYA SWEDEN CANADA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SWITZERLAND CHILE KUWAIT SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LEBANON THAILAND COSTA RICA LIBERIA TUNISIA CUBA LIBYAN ARAB REPUBLIC TURKEY CYPRUS LIECHTENSTEIN UGANDA CZECHOSLOVAKIA LUXEMBOURG UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S MADAGASCAR REPUBLIC REPUBLIC OF KOREA MALAYSIA UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST DENMARK MALI REPUBLICS DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ECUADOR MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT EGYPT MONACO BRITAIN AND NORTHERN EL SALVADOR MONGOLIA IRELAND ETHIOPIA MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC OF FINLAND NETHERLANDS CAMEROON FRANCE NEW ZEALAND UNITED REPUBLIC OF GABON NIGER TANZANIA GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC NIGERIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NORWAY URUGUAY GHANA PAKISTAN VENEZUELA GREECE PANAMA YUGOSLAVIA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ZAIRE HAITI PERU ZAMBIA The Agency's Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is "to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world". © IAEA, 1976 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be obtained by writing to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Kärntner Ring 11, P.O. Box 590, A-1011 Vienna, Austria. Printed by the IAEA in Austria March 1976 TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 172 EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND ECOSYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 1976 EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND ECOSYSTEMS IAEA, VIENNA, 1976 STI/DOC /10/172 ISBN 92-0-125076-2 FOREWORD In recent years ecologists and environmentalists have shown a growing concern for conser- vation of ecosystems, especially marine ecosystems, in addition to the well established regard for the protection of human health. This concern was echoed at the UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, June 1972, which recognized that the over-all object of pollution control is to protect and enhance human well-being and that within this framework one of the principal objectives should be the protection of biotic populations other than man. As part of the IAEA's environmental protection programme, a panel was convened in Vienna in November 1970 to consider the principles for limiting the introduction of radioactive waste into the sea. The panel members noted that one important area in which research is required is the assessment of the effects of ionizing radiation on aquatic organisms, with special regard to effects at the genetic, population and ecosystem level. With this in mind, the IAEA assembled a group of experts from the fields of aquatic ecology and radiobiology to discuss the effects of ionizing radiation in the aquatic environment. At two panel meetings held in Vienna in November 1971 and April 1974, the experts assessed radiation exposure to aquatic organisms from a wide range of toxonomic groups and proposed models for calculating estimates.of dose rates which would be received by these organisms as a consequence of natural background radi- ation, fallout from nuclear tests and radioactive waste disposal practices. In addition, the panel reviewed existing literature dealing with the somatic and genetic effects of ionizing radiation on aquatic organisms from various toxonomic groups. As a third objective the panel reviewed and discussed scientific thought on the effects on aquatic populations and ecosystems resulting from radiation dose received by individuals. The present book contains the results of the deliberations of both panels. It is hoped that it will prove to be of general interest, especially to those groups involved with radioecological studies and environmental assessments of radioactive discharges. The views expressed represent the common opinions of the panel members acting in their capacity as individual scientists, and thus do not necessarily reflect the attitudes of any body or authority with which these scientists may normally be associated in the course of their employment. CONTENTS GENERAL SCOPE AND OUTLINE OF THE REPORT 1 CHAPTER 1. CONCENTRATIONS OF RADIONUCLIDES IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND THE RESULTANT RADIATION DOSE RATES RECEIVED BY AQUATIC ORGANISMS 5 1.1. Concentrations of natural radionuclides in aquatic environments 5 1.1.1. Sea water 1.1.2. Seabed 1.1.3. Marine organisms 1.1.4. Fresh water 1.1.5. Fresh-water sediments 1.1.6. Fresh-water organisms 1.2. Concentrations of artificial radionuclides in aquatic environments 9 1.2.1. Concentrations of fallout radionuclides in aquatic environments 1.2.2. Concentrations of artificial radionuclides in aquatic environments from waste disposal operations 1.2.3. Considerations for the future 1.3. Radiation dose rates to aquatic organisms from environmental radioactivity 21 1.3.1. Dose rates from incorporated radionuclides 1.3.2. Dose rates from radionuclides in the water 1.3.3. Dose rates from radionuclides in the sediment 1.4. Discussion 31 1.5. Measurement of radiation dose rates in aquatic environments 36 1.6. Summary 41 Appendix A Alpha-particle energy deposition within a small spherical volume 46 Appendix B Beta-particle absorbed dose rate within a small spherical volume 49 Appendix C Beta-particle absorbed dose rate within a small cylindrical volume 50 Appendix D Example of a dose rate calculation 51 CHAPTER 2. EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS 57 2.1. Introduction 57 2.2. Somatic effects 57 2.2.1. Acute exposure 2.2.2. Chronic exposure 2.3. Genetic effects 74 2.4. Repair 79 2.5. Behaviour and metabolic stimulation 81 2.6. Influence of environmental factors on radiation effects 83 2.7. Summary 86 CHAPTER 3. EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON AQUATIC POPULATIONS AND ECOSYSTEMS 89 3.1. Introduction 89 3.2. Somatic effects 90 3.2.1. Possible effects of irradiation on recruitment to marine fish populations 3.2.2. Possible effects of irradiation on the exploited part of fish stocks 3.2.3. Possible effects of irradiation on other species 3.2.4. Observations on irradiated populations 3.2.5. Stability of ecosystems 3.3. Genetic effects 97 3.3.1. Population genetics 3.3.2. Effects of increased mutation rates on populations 3.3.3. Radiation induced mutation rate in fish 3.3.4. Predicted effects RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 101 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 103 REFERENCES 105 GLOSSARY 121 SECRETARIAT OF THE PANEL 127 PARTICIPANTS AND OBSERVERS OF THE PANELS IN 1971 AND 1974 128 GENERAL SCOPE AND OUTLINE OF THE REPORT As outlined during the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment, the overall objective of pollution control is to protect and enhance human well-being; however, within this framework one prime objective should be the protection of organisms and populations other than man. The need for assessing criteria concerning the protection of biotic populations other than man and the conservation of aquatic ecosystems, especially those which are important to man, has also been stressed in several recent international meetings. In 1958 the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea recommended that the IAEA be given the responsibility of promulgating standards and drafting internationally acceptable regulations to prevent marine pollution by amounts of radioactive materials which could adversely affect man and his resources. Since that time the IAEA has sponsored a number of meetings on various matters related to the disposal of radioactive wastes into the sea as well as into rivers, lakes and estuaries. In November 1970 the IAEA convened a panel of experts to assess the principles for limiting the introduction of radioactive waste into the sea. This panel, in its conclusions, recommended pursuing some general areas of research, one of which was the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on organisms and their sensitive life stages with special regard to effects at the genetic, population and ecosystem level. From 15 to 19 November 1971 a panel of experts was convened by the IAEA to specifically consider the effects of ionizing radiation on aquatic organisms and ecosystems and to formulate more detailed suggestions for research in this area. The composition of the panel was not such that it could effectively evaluate radiation effects on population dynamics in eco- systems, so a supplementary panel meeting was held in October 1972 to review in depth several topics that would lead to an evaluation of possible effects of radiation exposure on population dynamics in ecosystems. Both panel meetings concluded that, on the basis of the present state of knowledge, it was impossible to demonstrate or predict radiation effects on populations and ecosystems at the low dose rates attributable to radioactive waste
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