DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethnic Germans in the Soviet Union: the People of Chortitza

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethnic Germans in the Soviet Union: the People of Chortitza ETHNIC GERMANS IN THE SOVIET UNION: THE PEOPLE OF CHORTITZA, 1939-1949 A Thesis by ERIKA LEE WEIDEMANN Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Chair of Committee, Walter Kamphoefner Committee Members, Adam Seipp Olga Cooke Head of Department, David Vaught May 2016 Major Subject: History Copyright 2016 Erika L Weidemann ABSTRACT During the Second World War, Nazi and Soviet governments had distinctly different ideologies as well as different reasons for targeting the Soviet Union's German population for relocation. While the Soviets saw ethnic Germans as a national security threat, the Nazis desired to use them to pursue plans for racial social engineering. Using Einwandererzentralstelle and International Red Cross Tracing Service records, the case study of the inhabitants of the ethnic German settlement of Chortitza explore key moments in the population's navigation of the Second World War from Soviet deportation to German occupation to resettlement and life in post-war Germany. These moments reveal that ethnic Germans had continuously shaped their ethnic identity during their time in Russia and the Soviet Union. In the 1920s and 1930s, ethnic Germans began to adapt their German culture to the surrounding Ukrainian and Russian ways of life in an effort to lessen chances of deportation by the NKVD. This malleable ethnic identity became especially fluid during World War II as ethnic Germans struggled to survive the war. Evidence of changes in their ethnic identity include being noticeably different from Germans living in the Reich. Therefore, to an extent, their ethnicity was invented and dependent upon circumstances (varying borders, loyalties, and survival). Their collective identity became instrumental in successfully navigating war as a village unit. As their identity became manipulative, ethnic Germans used their German ethnicity as well as their Soviet roots to survive the war. Therefore, this master's thesis argues that the Chortitza Germans had agency to highlight their ethnicity as Germans or to ii emphasize their citizenship as Soviet-Germans depending upon whose control (Nazi or Soviet) they fell under. Using the Chortitza Germans as a case study enables us to look beyond Soviet and Nazi ideology to show how ethnic Germans struggled to fulfill Nazi or Soviet expectations in order to escape dire consequences. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Kamphoefner, and my committee members, Dr. Seipp and Dr. Cooke, for their guidance and support throughout the course of this research. To my colleagues and the department faculty and staff in the Texas A&M University History Department, please know that you are appreciated. I also want to extend my gratitude to the individuals who inspired me to do this research and were willing to share their stories. Ileana Douglas - professor, mentor, and friend - your guidance has carried me through. Those closest to me, I thank God for you each day. Finally, I would like to thank my mother and father for their belief in the importance of education. Omi, this is for you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 Historiography ............................................................................................. 3 Ethnicity ....................................................................................................... 8 Case for the Case Study ............................................................................... 9 Thesis ......................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER II BEGINNINGS OF HOPE, YEARS OF DISAPPOINTMENT ................ 13 Push and Pull Factors ................................................................................. 13 Growth of Chortitza ................................................................................... 14 Disappearing Freedoms ............................................................................. 17 CHAPTER III REESTABLISHING GERMANNESS: THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF CHORTITZA ............................................................ 27 Historiography ........................................................................................... 27 Before the German Invasion ...................................................................... 31 After the Soviet Retreat ............................................................................. 38 Religion ...................................................................................................... 39 Language .................................................................................................... 41 Complicity ................................................................................................. 43 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 47 CHAPTER IV RETURNED TO THE REICH ................................................................ 49 Historiography ........................................................................................... 50 The German Experience ............................................................................ 54 The Soviet Experience ............................................................................... 58 Resettlement Plans ..................................................................................... 61 Transported to the Reich ............................................................................ 64 Proving Germanness (Again)..................................................................... 73 Conclusion...................................................................................................81 v CHAPTER V SOVIET ADVANCE AND REPATRIATION: A TIME OF CHANGING IDENTITY .......................................................................... 84 Historiography ........................................................................................... 85 Soviet Advancement .................................................................................. 89 Legal Definition of Ethnic Germans .......................................................... 96 Soviet Repatriation Goals .......................................................................... 99 The Process of Repatriation ..................................................................... 101 Escape from Repatriation......................................................................... 105 Use of the Past ......................................................................................... 106 Physical Movement.................................................................................. 109 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................... 113 Post-war Life............................................................................................ 113 Immigration Plans .................................................................................... 115 Aussiedler................................................................................................. 121 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 123 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 125 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION "Volksdeutsche," "Germans from Russia," "Soviet-Germans," "Ethnic Germans" - the many names mirror their varying identities.1 Emigrating from the German states to the Ukraine and Russia in the late eighteenth century, these immigrants were invited by Catherine the Great; they settled the spaces that later became part of the Soviet Union. In 1789, Mennonites from Danzig, West Prussia founded the settlement of Chortitza along the west bank of the Dnieper River. Chortitza and its surrounding villages became the largest Mennonite settlement within Russia and Ukraine. Despite its size, geographic location, and history, few historians have researched the ethnic population that lived there from 1789 to 1943. Historians and the public alike who are familiar with the term "Germans from Russia" often think of either the Volga Germans or of immigration to the American Midwest in the early 1900s. This thesis, however, explores the lives of individuals who lived in Chortitza in the 1930s and early 1940s before being resettled by the German government. The story of ethnic Germans in Russia begins with the Russian government's xenophobia.2 Even ethnic Germans living in the Soviet Union 130 years after original settlement were not exempt from being targeted as an ethnic group. Ethnic Germans were deemed a possible fifth column, individuals who maintained traitorous ties to Germany. These attitudes toward ethnic Germans resulted in the Soviet government's 1 This thesis will primarily use the term ethnic Germans to describe this group of people. 2 Yet, it is also true that Russia and later the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World Directory of Minorities
    World Directory of Minorities Europe MRG Directory –> Russian Federation –> Russian or Volga Germans Print Page Close Window Russian or Volga Germans Profile According to the 2002 national census, there are 597,212 Russian or Volga Germans in the Russian Federation. Volga Germans are primarily Lutheran and Mennonite in religion. Their number has fallen by almost half since 1989, as many have taken advantage of naturalization opportunities in Germany. Historical context Large-scale German settlement in Russia first occurred in the sixteenth century following Catherine the Great's decree of 1763 granting steppe land along the Volga River to Germans. In 1924 the Soviet regime created the Volga German ASSR with German as its official language. The republic was disbanded during the war and its German population (895,637) deported to Siberia and Central Asia. The Germans were not allowed to resettle in the region despite being rehabilitated in 1965. They settled instead in Siberia, the Ural mountains and the republics of Central Asia, especially Kazakhstan. From the late 1980s, a number of German organizations were established: Revival (Wiedergeburt, Vozrozhdenie); Freedom (Freiheit, Svoboda); and the Interstate Organization of Russian Germans (Zwischenstaathischer Verein der Russlanddeutschen). These organizations have campaigned for the restoration of their homeland but have faced strong opposition from the local populations of the Saratov and Volgograd oblasts. The German Government has allocated significant funds for the creation of German cultural centres and schools in Central Asia and Russia. This has not, however, deterred hundreds of thousands of Germans from emigrating to Germany. Ethnic Germans, their spouses and their descendants have been able to naturalize as German citizens through the Law of Return, in spite of often lacking even rudimentary knowledge of the German language.
    [Show full text]
  • French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 Elana
    The Cultivation of Friendship: French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 Elana Passman A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History Chapel Hill 2008 Approved by: Dr. Donald M. Reid Dr. Christopher R. Browning Dr. Konrad H. Jarausch Dr. Alice Kaplan Dr. Lloyd Kramer Dr. Jay M. Smith ©2008 Elana Passman ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT ELANA PASSMAN The Cultivation of Friendship: French and German Cultural Cooperation, 1925-1954 (under the direction of Donald M. Reid) Through a series of case studies of French-German friendship societies, this dissertation investigates the ways in which activists in France and Germany battled the dominant strains of nationalism to overcome their traditional antagonism. It asks how the Germans and the French recast their relationship as “hereditary enemies” to enable them to become partners at the heart of today’s Europe. Looking to the transformative power of civic activism, it examines how journalists, intellectuals, students, industrialists, and priests developed associations and lobbying groups to reconfigure the French-German dynamic through cultural exchanges, bilingual or binational journals, conferences, lectures, exhibits, and charitable ventures. As a study of transnational cultural relations, this dissertation focuses on individual mediators along with the networks and institutions they developed; it also explores the history of the idea of cooperation. Attempts at rapprochement in the interwar period proved remarkably resilient in the face of the prevalent nationalist spirit. While failing to override hostilities and sustain peace, the campaign for cooperation adopted a new face in the misguided shape of collaborationism during the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • Displaced Persons and the Politics of International Categorisation(S)
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences & Humanities 1-1-2012 Displaced persons and the politics of international categorisation(s) Jayne Persian University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Persian, Jayne, "Displaced persons and the politics of international categorisation(s)" (2012). Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers. 110. https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/110 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Displaced persons and the politics of international categorisation(s) Abstract Between 1947 and 1952 170,000 Displaced Persons (DPs) arrived in Australia as International Refugee Organisation (IRO)-sponsored refugees. This article sets out the international historical and political context for the migration of DPs to Australia, and interrogates the "bureaucratic labelling" inherent in the category "Displaced Persons". The post-war refugees were presented internationally as "Displaced Persons"; "refugees"; "political refugees"; and eventually, in an effort to solve the population crisis, as potential "workers" and "migrants". This article will describe the historical origin of the terms "Displaced Persons" "refugees", "political exiles" and "migrants"- terms which were, and continue to be, relevant and problematic. Keywords persons, categorisation, displaced, international, politics Disciplines Arts and Humanities | Law Publication Details Persian, J. (2012). Displaced persons and the politics of international categorisation(s). Australian Journal of Politics and History, 58 (4), 481-496.
    [Show full text]
  • Jantzen on Wempe. Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations
    H-German Jantzen on Wempe. Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations. Discussion published by Jennifer Wunn on Wednesday, May 26, 2021 Review published on Friday, May 21, 2021 Author: Sean Andrew Wempe Reviewer: Mark Jantzen Jantzen on Wempe, 'Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations' Sean Andrew Wempe. Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. 304 pp. $78.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-19-090721-1. Reviewed by Mark Jantzen (Bethel College)Published on H-Nationalism (May, 2021) Commissioned by Evan C. Rothera (University of Arkansas - Fort Smith) Printable Version: https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=56206 Demise or Transmutation for a Unique National Identity? Sean Andrew Wempe’s investigation of the afterlife in the 1920s of the Germans who lived in Germany’s colonies challenges a narrative that sees them primarily as forerunners to Nazi brutality and imperial ambitions. Instead, he follows them down divergent paths that run the gamut from rejecting German citizenship en masse in favor of South African papers in the former German Southwest Africa to embracing the new postwar era’s ostensibly more liberal and humane version of imperialism supervised by the League of Nations to, of course, trying to make their way in or even support Nazi Germany. The resulting well-written, nuanced examination of a unique German national identity, that of colonial Germans, integrates the German colonial experience into Weimar and Nazi history in new and substantive ways.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Identity Op Mennonite Brethren Immigrants in Canada, 1930-1960
    THE GERMAN IDENTITY OP MENNONITE BRETHREN IMMIGRANTS IN CANADA, 1930-1960 by BENJAMIN WALL REDEKOP B.A., Fresno Pacific College, 1985 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF HISTORY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September 1990 ©BENJAMIN WALL REDEKOP, 1990 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of l4i£4p/' The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date DE-6 (2/88) ii ABSTRACT Little scholarly research has been done on the function of Germanism among Mennonites who immigrated to Canada from Russia in the 1920's, and what has been done often relies on an oversimplified "desire for separation" to explain the phenomenon. At the same time, it has been argued that the enthusiasm for Nazi Germany among Mennonite immigrants in Canada is to be understood as part of a larger "Volks-German awakening". In fact, the Mennonite experience of brutal treatment during the Bolshevik Revolution, the economic conditions of the Great Depression, and assinflationist pressures from Canadian society put them in a naturally receptive position for the cultural, political and ethnic ideas associated with the "new Germany".
    [Show full text]
  • The Northern Black Sea Region in Classical Antiquity 4
    The Northern Black Sea Region by Kerstin Susanne Jobst In historical studies, the Black Sea region is viewed as a separate historical region which has been shaped in particular by vast migration and acculturation processes. Another prominent feature of the region's history is the great diversity of religions and cultures which existed there up to the 20th century. The region is understood as a complex interwoven entity. This article focuses on the northern Black Sea region, which in the present day is primarily inhabited by Slavic people. Most of this region currently belongs to Ukraine, which has been an independent state since 1991. It consists primarily of the former imperial Russian administrative province of Novorossiia (not including Bessarabia, which for a time was administered as part of Novorossiia) and the Crimean Peninsula, including the adjoining areas to the north. The article also discusses how the region, which has been inhabited by Scythians, Sarmatians, Greeks, Romans, Goths, Huns, Khazars, Italians, Tatars, East Slavs and others, fitted into broader geographical and political contexts. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Space of Myths and Legends 3. The Northern Black Sea Region in Classical Antiquity 4. From the Khazar Empire to the Crimean Khanate and the Ottomans 5. Russian Rule: The Region as Novorossiia 6. World War, Revolutions and Soviet Rule 7. From the Second World War until the End of the Soviet Union 8. Summary and Future Perspective 9. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Literature 3. Notes Indices Citation Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • GERMANS from RUSSIA Why Did They Come to North Dakota?
    GERMANS FROM RUSSIA Why did they come to North Dakota? The region surrounding the Black Sea port of Odessa, Russia, figures heavily in North Dakota’s history. In the early 1900s, thousands of German Russians immigrated to the U.S., with large numbers settling in the state. SHSND 0169-03 It all began with German-born Catherine the Great, who married the future tsar of Russia, Peter the Third, when she was 16. When she became empress of Russia in 1762, Catherine issued a manifesto to her native Germany offering free land, financial help, and freedom from military service for Germans who would come to Russia to develop the land. Hundreds of thousands of Germans answered the call, to leave the crop failures in Germany, as well as lack of living space and high taxes. By the end of the 1800s, the Germans had created thriving agricultural colonies. When Alexander II became tsar, he wanted Germans to become Russian. The lives of Germans living in Russia were increasingly threatened. When Germans were forced to enter the Russian military to fight their native country, a new mass migration began – this time to the United States. Free land provided by the Homestead Act enticed many to move to the United States, especially SHSND 2005-P-021-00004 the Great Plains states. By 1910 about 60,000 Germans from Russia (immigrants and their American-born children) lived in North Dakota. Nearly all German-Russian settlers in North Dakota came here from colonies near the Black Sea, in what is now the Ukraine. They mostly homesteaded in the central part of the state with heaviest populations in Emmons, McIntosh, and Logan counties.
    [Show full text]
  • American Historical Society of Germans from Russia
    American Historical Society Of Germans From Russia Work Paper No. 25 Winter, 1977 Price $2.50 TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE RuthM. Amen ................................…………………………………………………………...............…................... i TWO POEMS Nona Uhrich Nimnicht .................................…………………………………………………………….........……............... .ii PASSAGE TO RUSSIA: WHO WERE THE EMIGRANTS? Lew Malinowski Translated by Dona B. Reeves. ................………………………………….................……................ 1 THE FIRST STATISTICAL REPORT ON THE VOLGA COLONIES - February 14, 1769. Prepared for Empress Catherine II by Count Orlov Translated by Adam Giesinger.....................................……………………………………………………………...............…4 EARLY CHRONICLERS AMONG THE VOLGA GERMANS Reminiscences ofHeinrich Erfurth, S. Koliweck, and Kaspar Scheck Translated by Adam Giesinger. ...............................……………………………………………………..................... 10 A VOLHYNIAN GERMAN CONTRACT Adam Giesinger. ...................................................…………………………………………………………............. 13 THE REBUILDING OF GERMAN EVANGELICAL PARISHES IN THE EAST An Appeal of 17 January 1943 to the Nazi authorities by Pastor Friedrich Rink Translated by Adam Giesinger. ..................................……………………………………………………................... 15 A BIT OF EUROPE IN DAKOTA: THE GERMAN RUSSIAN COLONY AT EUREKA W. S. Harwood ..........................................…………………………………………………………….................... .17 A VOICE FROM THE PAST: The Autobiography of Gottlieb Isaak Introduced
    [Show full text]
  • Locality Guide for German Research in the Beresan Enclave, Odessa Region, Russia (Now Ukraine) by Carolyn Schott April 2021
    Locality Guide for German Research in the Beresan enclave, Odessa region, Russia (now Ukraine) By Carolyn Schott April 2021 Historical Background The land where the Beresan enclave is located was ceded to Russia from Turkey in 1792 through the Treaty of Jassy. The land was very sparsely settled at that time. Tsar Alexander I, following the example of his grandmother, Catherine the Great, published a manifesto on 20 February 1804, inviting European settlers (primarily Germans) to settle the steppes of “New Russia.” These German colonists were promised: • Religious freedom • Exemption from taxes for 10 years • Exemption from military service and billeting troops (unless they were en route to a battle) • Loans, payable in 10 years, to get established Image of Beresan colonies from Germans from and purchase seed, food, etc. for their families Russia Settlement Locations, • Exemption from paying duty on personal www.germansfromrussiasettlementlocations.org/ possessions that they brought into Russia p/maps.html : accessed 10 March 2020. • Exemption from serfdom • Ability for craftsmen to join guilds/associations, and practice their trade freely • Land (30-60 dessiatin, which equals about 80-160 acres) German families from Württemberg, Baden, the Rhineland/Pfalz, and Alsace responded to this manifesto, beginning in 1803. Immigrants reported first to a quarantine station in Dubossari on the Dniester River, and then were assigned to their colonies. The first arriving colonists were settled in colonies near Odessa, in Molotschna, and in Crimea. The first colonies in the Beresan enclave were settled in 1808—Rohrbach and Worms (Lutheran). Additional mother colonies (both Lutheran and Catholic) were settled from 1809 through 1819.
    [Show full text]
  • Reise: the Emigration of the Germans to the Russian Empire Julie Reiten
    Reise: The Emigration of the Germans to the Russian Empire Julie Reiten Modern Germany Although they tend to be ignored by persons other than their descendants, the story of the Germans from Russia is nevertheless a significant one. The Germans from Russia were a part of a great emigration movement from Germany though they went east instead of west to America like their better known cousins. The descendants of the Germans from Russia today have a unique sense of identity as is evinced by the many historical societies they have set up in America and their continued transmission of traditions and culture. In Russia, the German colonists were isolated in a foreign land and so they created a little Germany around them and did the same when they moved to the United States, or at least that is what they like to believe. There is evidence, however, that the Germans in the Russian Empire did not hold themselves completely separate as they exchanged culture and probably some genes with the people native to their new home. A study of the German-Russians provokes questions concerning such cultural interaction as well as many others including why this mass movement took place and what became of the Germans in Russia. The term 'Germans from Russia' is somewhat misleading as relatively few Germans settled within the modern boarders of Russia. Instead the distinct areas of German settlement were the Volga region, the Volhynia region, southern Ukraine, the Crimea, Bessarabia and the Caucasus. The Volga Germans settled on both sides of the Volga river around the town of Saratov.1 The Volhynia region was once a border land siting astride the border between the Ukraine in the Russian Empire and Poland.2 Nowadays, the whole of the Volhynia region is inside Ukraine, west of Kiev.
    [Show full text]
  • The High German of Russian Mennonites in Ontario by Nikolai
    The High German of Russian Mennonites in Ontario by Nikolai Penner A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in German Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2009 © Nikolai Penner 2009 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract The main focus of this study is the High German language spoken by Russian Mennonites, one of the many groups of German-speaking immigrants in Canada. Although the primary language of most Russian Mennonites is a Low German variety called Plautdietsch, High German has been widely used in Russian Mennonite communities since the end of the eighteenth century and is perceived as one of their mother tongues. The primary objectives of the study are to investigate: 1) when, with whom, and for what purposes the major languages of Russian Mennonites were used by the members of the second and third migration waves (mid 1920s and 1940-50s respectively) and how the situation has changed today; 2) if there are any differences in spoken High German between representatives of the two groups and what these differences can be attributed to; 3) to what extent the High German of the subjects corresponds to the Standard High German. The primary thesis of this project is that different historical events as well as different social and political conditions witnessed by members of these groups both in Russia (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • German’ Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War
    EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1 The Expulsion of the ‘German’ Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War Edited by STEFFEN PRAUSER and ARFON REES BADIA FIESOLANA, SAN DOMENICO (FI) All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author(s). © 2004 Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees and individual authors Published in Italy December 2004 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50016 San Domenico (FI) Italy www.iue.it Contents Introduction: Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees 1 Chapter 1: Piotr Pykel: The Expulsion of the Germans from Czechoslovakia 11 Chapter 2: Tomasz Kamusella: The Expulsion of the Population Categorized as ‘Germans' from the Post-1945 Poland 21 Chapter 3: Balázs Apor: The Expulsion of the German Speaking Population from Hungary 33 Chapter 4: Stanislav Sretenovic and Steffen Prauser: The “Expulsion” of the German Speaking Minority from Yugoslavia 47 Chapter 5: Markus Wien: The Germans in Romania – the Ambiguous Fate of a Minority 59 Chapter 6: Tillmann Tegeler: The Expulsion of the German Speakers from the Baltic Countries 71 Chapter 7: Luigi Cajani: School History Textbooks and Forced Population Displacements in Europe after the Second World War 81 Bibliography 91 EUI WP HEC 2004/1 Notes on the Contributors BALÁZS APOR, STEFFEN PRAUSER, PIOTR PYKEL, STANISLAV SRETENOVIC and MARKUS WIEN are researchers in the Department of History and Civilization, European University Institute, Florence. TILLMANN TEGELER is a postgraduate at Osteuropa-Institut Munich, Germany. Dr TOMASZ KAMUSELLA, is a lecturer in modern European history at Opole University, Opole, Poland.
    [Show full text]