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Reproduction Aspects of Marine Worms Perinereis Cultrifera (Grube, 1840) in Langgur Waters, Lesser Kei Islands, Southeast Maluku Regency, Indonesia

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Reproduction Aspects of Marine Worms Perinereis Cultrifera (Grube, 1840) in Langgur Waters, Lesser Kei Islands, Southeast Maluku Regency, Indonesia International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:13 No:01 31 Reproduction Aspects of Marine Worms Perinereis cultrifera (Grube, 1840) in Langgur Waters, Lesser Kei Islands, Southeast Maluku Regency, Indonesia Martha Rettob, Diana Arfiati, Luchman Hakim, Lawrence Lumingas Abstract— Marine worm class Polychaeta, Perinereis cultrifera I. INTRODUCTION (Grube, 1840), is used by many local residents in the Langgur SOUTHEAST Maluku regency geographically consists of two waters as food. But in the collection the fishermen capture them island groups namely the Kei and Aru islands. Ecologically, the before the spawn. The practices might decline in catches since Kei islands cluster was dominated by coral reefs of hard rocky the purpose of the worms to surface is to release gametes. substrate. The Kei islands consist of the Greater Kei Islands Therefore, the catching period needs to be regulated based on and the Lesser Kei Islands (Nuhuroa and Dullah Island). The bio-ecological aspects. The purpose of this study was to observe area of the Greater Kei Islands is 581 km² while area of the the dynamics of P. cultrifera worm catches, to analyze Lesser Kei Islands is 3,468 km² [1]. Langgur waters are located distribution of egg diameter, fecundity, and spawning peaks and in the Lesser Kei Islands with recede distance ± 50-300 m. to establish catching regulation. Sampling was carried out every One of biological aquatic resources in Langgur waters is month in June 2010 through May 2011 in the Langgur waters marine worms of Polychaeta class known by the locals as using a line transect sampling method along the shoreline. At "lawar" or in the Keian language is called "S'u". This marine any time of collection, samples were weighed to determine the worm (Perinereis cultrifera (Grube, 1840)) is in the Nereidae biomass, then 5% of the samples preserved in 50% alcohol solution. From the samples preserved were taken 10 and 40 family. The P. cultrifera worms can be found in clean and clear individuals respectively for egg diameter measurement and waters, algae covered rocky corals, hollow corals, and in fecundity determination. The highest biomass was obtained in undamaged reefs. September of 6346 g that indicated the spawning peak. The P. cultrifera worm is used by the Langgur community as one largest eggs were 110 μm and the highest fecundity of 27,000 of the popular traditional food for generations. Until now this eggs was obtained in October. The dynamics of the catch showed marine worm is used as the nutritious side dishes with a fairly that mature gametes can be found throughout the year. Juvenile complete composition of nutrients (Table I). individuals were available only from June to August. Thus, the The worms are also sold to supplement the family income correct closing period for catching the P. cultrifera worms would with an average price IDR 50,000/kg. With these advantages, P. be from June to October. cultrifera worm has a potency to be exploited and developed in order to meet the needs of human beings. For instance, it is Index Term— polychaeta, Perinereis cultrifera, bio-ecology, used as a raw material for food and pharmaceutical industries marine worm catching. such as supplement foods or fortified ingredients in food products [2]. The reproduction process of marine worms is very diverse and has almost every type of sexual and asexual reproductions. M. Rettob is with the State Fishery Polytechnics at Tual, Jl. Jend. Asexual reproduction includes budding, parthenogenesis and Soedirman, Sathean 97611, South East Maluku, Indonesia (corresponding epitoky, supported by a soft body and a segmented body parts author, phone: +62-85331063938; e-mail: [email protected]). so easily separated. P. cultrifera marine worm also has sexual D. Arfiati is with the Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, reproduction where gametes are produced by proliferation Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran 2, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia. L. Hakim is with the Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and (fertilization) of peritoneum cells. These cells are released into Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran 2, Malang 65145, the coelomic cavity as primary gametocytes. Gamete formation East Java, Indonesia. can occur along the cavity of the body or only in certain areas L. Lumingas is with the Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Sam called reproductive segment. In Polychaeta the fertilization Ratulangi University, Jl. Kampus Kleak, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. occurs outside the body, sperm and eggs are released into the 128805-1301-9494-IJBAS-IJENS @ February 2013 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:13 No:01 32 water simultaneously. Upon fertilization planktonic larvae will are iteroparous, sexual reproduction is often accompanied by be formed [3]. transitional epitokous forms. Epitoky consists of morphological T ABLE I changes in the Nereid, shape changes for swimming to the NUTRITIONAL CONTENTS OF P. CULTRIFERA WORM surface and conduct spawning [3]. Compositio Content Production of gametes during spawning requires a lot of n energy to gonad and body contractions since spawning may Protein 13.5% Fat 0.11% occur by way of the body wall cracking on the body segments Ash 2.40% that carry mature gametes. High energy also is needed, Water 76.71% especially in the epitokous species, because 75% of the total Ca 1814.45 energy is used for the production of gamete tissue and in P. ppm cultrifera it is 79% [4]. The life cycle of P. cultrifera species is Fe 21.65 ppm 3 years with 4 phases of egg development [5]. Essential Histidine 0.34% By the time the sexual cells are matured, P. cultrifera worms’ amino acids body is changing, such as enlarged eyes, the middle seta and Threonine 0.57% Tyrosine 0.34% parapodia are modified as swimming organs. In addition to Methionine 0.23% many living in the water, many worms swim to the surface at Valine 0.68% night to release eggs and sperm [6]. Phenylalanine 0.53% Catching the worms before spawning may result in the Isoleucine 0.62% decline in catches. Moreover, this worm has not been Leucine 0.81% cultivated due to lack of knowledge in reproductive aspect. Lysine 0.77% Therefore, it is necessary to study the biological aspects of Unsaturated palmitoleate acid (C16: 16 mg reproduction for reference in determining the period of catch fatty acids 1, n-7) oleic acid (C18: 1 n-9) 56 mg suspension and for providing data for P. cultrifera worm linoleic acid (C18: 2, n- farming. Thus, keeping the sustainability of the worm for 15 mg 6) human benefits. alpha-linolenic acid In this paper we discuss the dynamics of the P. cultrifera 14 mg (C18: 3, n-3) catches, the results of the analysis of the distribution of egg 11-eichosanoat acid 14 mg diameter, fecundity, and spawning peaks. The results of this (C20: 1, n-9) study are used to recommend worm fishing management for arachidonic acid (C20: 4, 164 mg their sustainability. n-6) EPA (C20:5, n-3) 58 mg DHA (C22:6, n-3) 21 mg II. RESEARCH METHOD AND MATTERS The sampling method employed was line transects, 700 m In general, sexual reproduction of marine worm is related to long, along the shoreline. There were two transects 10 m from age (months) and the tidal period. This is related to the release the shoreline and 20 m apart. 14 points in 100-m separations of epitoky (the segment that brings mature gametes) which were determined as sampling stations in each transect. only happens once a year. In this way Polychaeta can P. cultrifera worms were caught at night at 18.30 till 20.00 at reproduce in mass and abundance in the water. Epitoky the time of the new moon when the water begins to receding ± phenomenon of sexual reproduction involves the so-called 3-4 m from the shoreline and the water depth was ± 30-40 cm. "individual epitoke". In asexual reproduction it is called The catch was made once a month starting in June 2010 up to "atokous" through shape transformation of individual worms. May 2011 using a 2-L spherical fishing net. The catch was kept The newly formed individuals are photopositive and swim to in a container and weighed to determine the biomass. Then 5% the surface. The photonegative individuals are asexual and are of the samples were preserved in 50% alcohol solution. 10 in the bottom. There are two mechanisms of epitoky, epigamy worms were taken from the preserved samples for egg diameter and schizogamy. In epigamy all parts of the body turns into measurement and 40 worms were taken for fecundity epitoky, and in schizogamy only the posterior part of the calculation. sexually mature worms escape anteriorly. There are two main Egg diameter measurement began by opening the worm's reproductive systems in Polychaeta based on the spawning, body above the parapodia from the anterior to the posterior to the semelparous and iteroparous systems. In semelparous release their eggs. The eggs were put in a Petri dish containing species the spawning occurs once in lifetime, while in distilled water and then separated from the coelomic clot using iteroparous species the spawning can be observed several a pipette. Some 150 eggs were randomly taken each month. Egg times during their lifetime. Although many types of Polychaeta diameter was measured using an eyepiece micrometer on a 128805-1301-9494-IJBAS-IJENS @ February 2013 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:13 No:01 33 binocular microscope type XSZ-107BN No. 000807 at a 400× the synchronization between temperature, salinity, DO, fixed magnification. To test the difference between the average pH, the length of day, tides, and the moon period.
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