DOCSLIB.ORG

Multiple Natural Hazards at Volcanic Islands: a Review for the Ischia Volcano (Italy) J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Multiple Natural Hazards at Volcanic Islands: a Review for the Ischia Volcano (Italy) J Selva et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2019) 8:5 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-019-0086-4 REVIEW Open Access Multiple natural hazards at volcanic islands: a review for the Ischia volcano (Italy) J. Selva1* , V. Acocella2, M. Bisson3, S. Caliro4, A. Costa1, M. Della Seta5, P. De Martino4, S. de Vita4, C. Federico6, G. Giordano2, S. Martino5 and C. Cardaci7 Abstract Volcanic islands pose several major types of natural hazards, often interconnected and concentrated in relatively small areas. The quantification of these hazards must be framed from a multi-hazard perspective whilst building on existing single-hazard analyses. Ischia is a densely inhabited volcanic island with a long eruptive history lasting more than 150 ka (last in 1302 AD) characterized by the significant asymmetric resurgence of a caldera block. Here, we review the state-of-art of the natural hazards of Ischia, aiming at building a solid base for future holistic multi- hazard quantifications. We frame our analysis in three steps: i) review of geological, historical and current activity; ii) review of available hazard models and analyses; iii) development of an interpretative framework for the interdependent hazards. The results highlight that volcanic activity has been quite intense and many volcano- related hazardous phenomena have affected the island including in very recent times, both for eruptive (phreatic or magmatic eruptions) and non-eruptive (earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis) phenomena. The effects of some of them (e.g. tsunamis, tephra) are also relevant beyond the island territory. Quantitative hazard assessments are almost absent and should be developed in the future considering the evident interconnections between hazards. To this end, we propose a conceptual interpretative multi-hazard framework that highlights the fundamental role played by the resurgent block in controlling and connecting the different hazards, in terms of both spatial distribution of the sources and temporal clustering. Keywords: Ischia island, Volcanic hazards, Multi-hazard, Conceptual model, Resurgence Introduction the different “states of the volcano” (quiescence, unrest, The management of long-term volcanic risks is particu- eruption) and the definition of robust methods to fore- larly crucial in volcanic islands, which are characterized cast the transition between these states. This requires by multiple hazards concentrated in a relatively small the development of multi-disciplinary studies targeted to area, often associated with a large seasonality of expos- comprehensive multi-hazard quantifications (e.g., Mar- ure due to tourism. Volcanic islands are indeed particu- zocchi et al. 2012; Selva 2013; Mignan et al. 2014; Liu et larly fragile environments due to their special geological al. 2015) that, for volcanic islands, are fundamentally un- formation and their societal development concentrated derrepresented in the literature. In addition, for these in relatively small areas, in which cascading events also topics, the emerging scientific knowledge is often rather connect emerged and submarine environments (e.g., limited and uncertain and, also when well constrained, Carey et al. 1996; Marti et al. 2010; Giachetti et al. 2012; difficult to communicate to decision makers due to its Casalbore et al. 2018; Hunt et al. 2018; Rosi et al. 2019). intrinsic complexity. The scientific challenges are mainly the quantification In this paper, we discuss the experience gained by one and the characterization of the interactions among the working group in charge of reviewing the state of know- multiple hazardous phenomena that may occur during ledge about volcanic hazards for Ischia, Italy, established within the agreement between DPC (Italian Department * Correspondence: [email protected] of Civil Protection) and INGV (Istituto Nazionale di 1Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Geofisica e Vulcanologia; INGV-DPC-T4C 2016–2017). Italy Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Selva et al. Journal of Applied Volcanology (2019) 8:5 Page 2 of 43 Ischia volcano belongs to the Neapolitan volcanic sys- SSHAC 1997), so the full spectrum of scientific opinions tem. It is located to the SW of the Campi Flegrei cal- (epistemic uncertainty) retrieved from literature and dis- dera, and of the volcanic islands of Procida and Vivara, tilled through a transparent and documented interaction all together forming the Phlegraean volcanic district. Is- within the review has been treated. Noteworthy, STEPs chia volcano has been the site of a large number of erup- 2 and 3 are strongly oriented toward a multi-hazard and tions in historical times, the most recent of which multi-risk perspective, to meet the requirement of build- occurred in 1302 AD (Vezzoli 1988; Iacono 1996), and ing a holistic multi-hazard framework on which to base of other interdependent hazardous phenomena con- future hazard quantification. nected to its magmatic system. It is also characterized by STEP 1 consists of the review of the available geo- an active hydrothermal system (Chiodini et al. 2004;Di logical, historical and instrumental data, as well as their Napoli et al. 2011 and references therein) that, along interpretations. The main goals are the definition of a with its favourable position within the Neapolitan gulf reference period and the characterization of the volcanic and its beaches, makes it one of Italy’s major touristic states (rest/unrest/eruption), allowing us to define a ref- hubs. The island is densely populated, with more than erence catalogue of eruptive and non-eruptive events. 60,000 inhabitants distributed in less than 50 km2.In This catalogue represents a fundamental input to fore- touristic seasons this population increases substantially. casting tools (e.g., Newhall and Hoblitt 2002; Aspinall et This makes the volcanic and related risks at Ischia very al. 2003; Marzocchi et al. 2008; Newhall and Pallister high, also for relatively small events, as demonstrated by 2015; Hincks et al. 2014), hazard quantifications in rest, the recent Mw = 3.9 earthquake occurred in August unrest, and eruption periods (e.g., Bonadonna et al. 2017 (Gruppo di Lavoro INGV sul terremoto dell’isola 2005; Costa et al. 2009; Selva et al. 2010, 2014, 2018; di Ischia 2017) that caused 2 fatalities, several tens of in- Jenkins et al. 2012; Biass and Bonadonna 2012; Tierz et jured, and substantial damages mainly to the village of al. 2017), as well as to the definition of potential strat- Casamicciola Terme, located in the northern part of the egies for risk management (e.g., Marzocchi and Woo island. 2007; Winson et al. 2014; Woo 2015; Papale 2017; Pallis- Although the potential volcanic and related risks at Is- ter et al. 2019). chia are very high, the scientific literature on their quan- STEP 2 consists of the systematic review of the state- tification is sparse and relatively poor. In particular, a of-art of hazard quantifications for all the potential haz- critical review of the basic knowledge regarding the vol- ards, adopting a multi-hazard perspective.. We extended canic system and the related natural hazards is still lack- the review to all the phenomena defined in IAEA (2012, ing, even in the presence of a relatively rich literature on 2016), including eruptive (new vent, ballistics, tephra fall the geology of the island (Rittmann and Gottini 1980; and atmospheric phenomena, lava flows and pyroclastic Vezzoli 1988; de Vita et al. 2010; Sbrana and Toccaceli density currents) and non-eruptive (hydrothermal phe- 2011; Sbrana et al. 2018 and references therein), as well nomena, gases, deformations, seismicity, gravitational in- as a relatively large number of studies regarding the phe- stability, and tsunamis). We adopted four reviewing nomena that it may produce (especially on historical milestones (past observations including the largest earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis, e.g., Cubellis and known and the most recent events, occurrence in rest/ Lungo 2018; de Vita et al. 2006; Della Seta et al. 2012; unrest/eruption, intensities and probabilistic hazard Paparo and Tinti 2017). This situation does not even curves, triggering/cascading events) and on a rough allow establishing solid ground for hazard quantifica- discretization of probabilistic and spatial information. tions in the future. Our goal is to provide a homogeneous foundation for fu- To fill this gap and prepare the ground for future haz- ture probabilistic single and multi-hazard quantifica- ard quantifications, we propose a standardized multi- tions, bounding on the already observed natural hazard review scheme organized in 3 steps. STEP 1 is variability and on the links with the volcanic states and dedicated to the establishment of the state-of-art on the with the other hazards. volcanic system. STEP 2 is focused on the review of the STEP 3 develops a conceptual interpretative frame- available quantification of all the hazardous phenomena work providing a comprehensive and rational interpret- that a volcanic system may be related to. STEP 3 is dedi- ation of the system based on the available information cated to the development of a reference interpretative provided by STEPs 1 and 2. This type of models, often conceptual framework, focusing on specific topics of the basis of hazard quantifications (e.g., IAEA 2012, interest that emerge during STEPs 1 and 2. All the three 2016), reflects the opinion that the authors formed dur- steps provide concrete results useful for future develop- ing the review project, and has a more speculative char- ments. In all STEPs, we accounted for i) the hazard/risk acter than the other STEPs. As such, no alternative separation principle (e.g., Jordan 2014; Papale 2017); ii) models were considered, even if theoretically possible.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Rough Guide to Naples & the Amalfi Coast
    HEK=> =K?:;I J>;HEK=>=K?:;je CVeaZh i]Z6bVaÒ8dVhi D7FB;IJ>;7C7B<?9E7IJ 7ZcZkZcid BdcYgV\dcZ 8{ejV HVc<^dg\^d 8VhZgiV HVciÉ6\ViV YZaHVcc^d YZ^<di^ HVciVBVg^V 8{ejVKiZgZ 8VhiZaKdaijgcd 8VhVaY^ Eg^cX^eZ 6g^Zcod / AV\dY^EVig^V BVg^\a^Vcd 6kZaa^cd 9WfeZ_Y^_de CdaV 8jbV CVeaZh AV\dY^;jhVgd Edoojda^ BiKZhjk^jh BZgXVidHVcHZkZg^cd EgX^YV :gXdaVcd Fecf[__ >hX]^V EdbeZ^ >hX]^V IdggZ6ccjco^ViV 8VhiZaaVbbVgZY^HiVW^V 7Vnd[CVeaZh GVkZaad HdggZcid Edh^iVcd HVaZgcd 6bVa[^ 8{eg^ <ja[d[HVaZgcd 6cVX{eg^ 8{eg^ CVeaZh I]Z8Vbe^;aZ\gZ^ Hdji]d[CVeaZh I]Z6bVa[^8dVhi I]Z^haVcYh LN Cdgi]d[CVeaZh FW[ijkc About this book Rough Guides are designed to be good to read and easy to use. The book is divided into the following sections, and you should be able to find whatever you need in one of them. The introductory colour section is designed to give you a feel for Naples and the Amalfi Coast, suggesting when to go and what not to miss, and includes a full list of contents. Then comes basics, for pre-departure information and other practicalities. The guide chapters cover the region in depth, each starting with a highlights panel, introduction and a map to help you plan your route. Contexts fills you in on history, books and film while individual colour sections introduce Neapolitan cuisine and performance. Language gives you an extensive menu reader and enough Italian to get by. 9 781843 537144 ISBN 978-1-84353-714-4 The book concludes with all the small print, including details of how to send in updates and corrections, and a comprehensive index.
    [Show full text]
  • 131218 - OGS.Atti.32 Vol.3.27.Indd 175 04/11/13 10.39 GNGTS 2013 Sessione 3.3
    GNGTS 2013 SES S IONE 3.3 MaRINE GEOLOGICAL MappING OF THE CaMpaNIA REGION at THE 1:10,000 SCALE: THE EXAMPLE OF THE GEOLOGICAL Map N. 465 “ISOLA DI PROCIDA” (NapLES BaY, SOUTHERN TYRRHENIAN SEA, ItaLY) G.Aiello Institute of Marine Environmental and Coastal Area (IAMC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Naples, Italy Introduction. Marine geological mapping of the Campania Region at the 1:10.000 scale is herein presented, focussing, in particular, on the geological map n. 465 “Isola di Procida” (Ispra, 2011). The geological map n. 465 “Isola di Procida” covers the Naples Bay from the Sorrento Peninsula up to the Procida island. In this geological map a total amount of 622 km2 of surface about 10 km2 are represented by emerged areas and 612 km2 by marine areas. The bathymetric belt 0/200 extends for 378 km2 and represents about the 60.8% of the total surface of the map. Sidescan sonar data have been calibrated by numerous sea bottom samples. The geological structures overlying the outcrop of acoustic basement, both carbonate (in correspondence to the Sorrento Peninsula) and volcanic (in correspondence to the Phlegrean Fields) have been investigated using Subbottom Chirp, Sparker and Watergun profiles. The interpretation of seismic data lends support for the reconstruction of the stratigraphic and structural setting of Quaternary continental shelf and slope successions and correlation to outcrops of acoustic basement, Mesozoic carbonate in the Sorrento Peninsula structural high and Quaternary volcanic in the Phlegrean Fields and Procida island. These areas result from the seaward prolongation of the stratigraphic and structural units widely cropping out in the surrounding emerged sector of the Sorrento Peninsula (Cinque et al., 1997), Naples town, Phlegrean Fields and Procida island (Scarpati et al., 1993; Perrotta et al., 2010; Ispra, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphological Evolution of Phlegrean Volcanic Islands Near Naples, Southern Italy1
    Berlin .Stuttgart Geomorphological evolution of Phlegrean volcanic islands near Naples, southern Italy1 by G.AIELLO, D.BARRA, T.DE PIPPO, C.DONADIO, and C.PETROSINO with 9 figures and 5 tables Summary. Using volcanological, morphological, palaeoecological and geoarchaeological data we reconstructed the complex evolution of the island volcanic system of Procida-Vivara, situated west of Naples betweenthe lsland of lschia and the PhlegreanFields, far the last 75 ky. Late Pleistocenemorphological evolution was chiefly controlled by a seriesof pyroclas­ tic eruptions that resulted in at least eight volcanic edifices, mainly under water. Probably the eruptive centresshifted progressively clockwise until about 18 ky BP when volcanic develop­ ment on the islands ceased. The presenceof stretches of marine terraces and traces of wave cut notches, both be­ low and abovè'current sea levels, the finding of exposed infralittoral rnicrofossils, and the identification of three palaeo-surfacesburied by palaeosoilsindicates at least three differen­ tial uplift phases.These phases interacted with postglacial eustaticfIuctuations, and were sep­ arated by at least two periods of generai stability in vertical movements. A final phase of ground stability, characterisedby the deposition of Phlegrean and lschia pyroclastics, start­ ed in the middle Holocene. Finally, fIattened surfacesand a sandy tombolo developedup to the present-day. Recent archaeological surveys and soil-borings at Procida confirm the presence of a lagoon followed by marshland at the back of a sandy tombolo that were formed after the last uplift between the Graeco-Roman periodandthe15di_16dicentury. These areaswere gradu­ ally filled with marine and continental sedimentsup to the 20di century. ' Finally, our investigation showed that the volcanic sector of Procida-Vivara in the late Pleistocene-Holocenewas affected by vertical displacementswhich were independent of and less marked than the concurrent movement in the adjacent sectors of lschia and of the Phle­ grean Fields.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated List of Alien Marine Species of the Ischia Island (Gulf of Naples)
    AN ANNOTATED LIST OF ALIEN MARINE SPECIES OF THE ISCHIA ISLAND (GULF OF NAPLES) This contribution was presented as a poster at the BioMarine Workshop “Management of Bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea - a way forward”, held on the island of Ischia on 4-5 May 2016, with the aim of updating the information and providing the workshop’s participants with a list of the alien taxa that have been recorded in the area hosting the meeting. The island of Ischia, and the nearby islands of Procida and Vivara (Phlaegrean islands), are located on the northern side of the Gulf of Naples, and are included within the Marine Protected Area of the “Regno di Nettuno” (“Neptune’s Realm”) since April 2008 (Gambi et al., 2003). The Phlaegrean islands are considered a biogeographic boundary which constitutes the distribution limit of most South Mediterranean thermophilous species, since the 14 °C minimum winter surface temperature isotherm (the 14 °C divide) is occurring between Ischia and the Pontine archipelago (e.g., Ventotene island) (Gambi et al., 2009; Gambi, 2014). In the past two decades, due to global warming also detected in the Mediterranean surface waters, we observed a northward shift of the 14° C divide, while the minimum winter isotherm in the area of the Phlaegrean islands is now often rising to the 15 °C divide. Therefore this zone is an interesting observatory for the distribution and migratory pattern of thermophilous species both native and introduced/aliens (Gambi, 2014). Occurrence and increase in the abundance of some native Mediterranean warm-species have been documented for this area (Dappiano and Gambi, 2004; Cigliano et al., 2007; Gambi, 2014), as for the coral Astroides calycularis (Pallas, 1776), the bryozoan Calpensia nobilis (Esper, 1796), and the fishes Sparisoma cretense (L., 1758), Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel, 1848) and Sphyraena viridensis Cuvier, 1829.
    [Show full text]
  • Tsunamis Following the 1992 Nicaragua and Flores Events
    Pure Appl. Geophys. 176 (2019), 2771–2793 Ó 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02244-x Pure and Applied Geophysics Twenty-Five Years of Progress in the Science of ‘‘Geological’’ Tsunamis Following the 1992 Nicaragua and Flores Events 1 EMILE A. OKAL Abstract—We review a set of 47 tsunamis of geological origin Mindanao, Philippines, and in 1983 in the Sea of (triggered by earthquakes, landslides or volcanoes) which have Japan. While substantial progress was made in the occurred over the past 25 years and provided significant new insight into theoretical, experimental, field, or societal aspects of 1970s and 1980s on the theoretical and experimental tsunami science. Among the principal developments in our com- front (e.g., Hammack 1973; Ward 1980; Bernard and mand of various aspects of tsunamis, we earmark the development Milburn 1985), scientists still lacked the motivation of the W-phase inversion for the low-frequency moment tensor of the parent earthquake; the abandonment of the concept of a max- provided by exceptional and intriguing field imum earthquake magnitude for a given subduction zone, observations. controlled by simple plate properties; the development and The two tsunamis of 02 September 1992 in implementation of computer codes simulating the interaction of tsunamis with initially dry land at beaches, thus introducing a Nicaragua and 12 December 1992 in Flores Island, quantitative component to realistic tsunami warning procedures; Indonesia provided our community with a wealth of and the recent in situ investigation of current velocities, in addition challenges which spawned a large number of new to the field of surface displacements, during the interaction of investigations covering the observational, experi- tsunamis with harbors.
    [Show full text]
  • An Update of Marine Alien Species Off the Ischia Island (Tyrrhenian Sea), with a Closer Look at Neglected Invasions of Lophocladia Lallemandii (Rhodophyta)
    AN UPDATE OF MARINE ALIEN SPECIES OFF THE ISCHIA ISLAND (TYRRHENIAN SEA), WITH A CLOSER LOOK AT NEGLECTED INVASIONS OF LOPHOCLADIA LALLEMANDII (RHODOPHYTA) The island of Ischia, the largest of the Phlaegrean islands (Gulf of Naples), is included within the Marine Protected Area (MPA) of the “Regno di Nettuno” (“Neptune’s Realm”) since April 2008. This area, as well as the Gulf of Naples, represents an interesting observatory to study the distribution and range expansion of thermophilous species both native and introduced/aliens (Gambi, 2014; Gambi et al., 2016). During the BioMarine Workshop “Management of Bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea – a way forward”, held in the island of Ischia on 4-5 May 2016 (Gambi and Galil, 2016), we produced a first annotated list of the marine alien taxa recorded from the island of Ischia (Gambi et al., 2016). In that report, a total of 22 alien species were documented including 1 dynoflagellate, 4 macroalgae, 1 sponge, 3 hydrozoans, 7 polychaetes, 2 molluscs, 2 crustaceans, 1 bryozoan and 1 fish (Tab. 1). With this contribution we update that list, presenting 6 additional marine alien species recorded from the coasts of Ischia, together with a taxonomic emendation of one of the previously reported species. Two of these alien taxa have been signalled through the Citizen Science web site of the MPA “Regno di Nettuno” (www.citizensciencerdn.org) (Gambi et al., 2018). The 7 taxa newly reported for the zone are: the red algaLophocladia lallemandii (Montagne) F. Schmitz 1893; the isopods Paracerceis sculpta (Holmes, 1904) and Paranthura japonica Richardson, 1909; the amphipod Caprella scaura Templeton, 1836; the heterobranch mollusc Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828; the bryozoan Celleporaria brunnea (Hinck, 1884), and the tunicate Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823).
    [Show full text]
  • The Cretaio Tephra of Ischia (Italy)
    Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 53 (1992) 329-354 329 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam A comprehensive study of pumice formation and dispersal: the Cretaio Tephra of Ischia (Italy) G. Orsi a, G. Galloa, G. Heikenb, K. Wohletzb, E. Yub and G. Bonani¢ aDipartimento di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, University of Naples, Naples, Italy bLos Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA ¢Institut fur Mittelenergiephysik, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland (Received August 14, 1991; revised and accepted March 4, 1992 ) ABSTRACT Orsi, G., Gallo, G., Heiken, G., Wohletz, K., Yu, E. and Bonani, G., 1992. A comprehensive study of pumice formation and dispersal: the Cretaio Tephra of Ischia (Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 53: 329-354. The Cretaio Tephra is a small-volume ( <0.02 km 3 ) pumice deposit on the island of Ischia in Italy. It was erupted during historical time and is associated with a tuff ring-dome complex extruded along a N-S-trending normal fault system bordering the east side of the Mt. Epomeo resurgent block. ~4C ages of the deposit average 1860 a B.P., which is in agree- ment with the potsherds found in paleosols underlying and overlying the deposit. The eruption sequence consists of 7 members; most of these members are pumice fall deposits, one is an ash and pumice fallout and another is a surge bed. The tephra have a trachytic-phonolitic composition. All chemical characteristics, includingmajor and trace elements, and Sr-isotope composition are homogeneous throughout the sequence. The vesicularity of pumice clasts does not show any systematic change; the erupted magma had the same amount of volatiles, the same flux and vesicle growth behavior throughout the eruption sequence.
    [Show full text]
  • A Companion to the Archaeology of Early Greece and the Mediterranean, Volume 2
    CHAPTER 5.9 The Bay of Naples Matteo D’Acunto Introduction and Topography For the ancient Greeks, Campania in a broad sense meant the Bay of Naples, from Cape Misenum to the Sorrentine peninsula. It took its name from its shape, something like a krater (Strabo 5.4.8). Campania stretches inland to incorporate the volcanic region of the Phlegrean Fields (Campi Flegrei), and the territory from the rivers Volturnus and Clanis at the northwest, an area renowned in antiquity for its fertility, to Mount Vesuvius and the valley of the river Sarno on the east, right up to the ridges of the Apennines. The Bay of Naples includes the volcanic islands of Ischia and Procida with Vivara, north beyond Cape Misenum, as well as the island of Capri just off the Sorrentine peninsula at the south. Pithekoussai was established on Ischia, whilst Cumae (Greek Kyme), Dikaiarcheia (Pozzuoli), and Parthenope/Neapolis (Naples) were founded on the coastline. One of the main purposes of the foundation of Cumae – probably the most important one – was to control the northern areas up to the river Clanis for agriculture. The Etruscan center of Capua domi- nated the Campanian plain close to the Volturnus. South of the Sorrentine peninsula, the main Etruscan settlement of Pontecagnano held the Picentino plain up to the river Sele (Strabo 5.4.3–13; Polybius 3.91; Pliny, Natural History, 3.60–65; cf. Frederiksen 1984: pp. 1–30; Mele 2014: pp. VII–XIII). According to an early tradition, Lake Avernus, close to Cumae, was the location for the gates of Hades, also an oracle where one might consult the souls of the dead, whilst nearby flowed the infernal river Styx and the swamp of the Acheron stretched (Pseudo-Scymnus, Periplous or Periegesis 236–243; Ephorus, FGrHist 70 F 134 = Strabo 5.4.5; cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanic Risk Zoning in the Island of Ischia (Italy)
    © 2002 WIT Press, Ashurst Lodge, Southampton, SO40 7AA, UK. All rights reserved. Web: www.witpress.com Email [email protected] Paper from: Risk Analysis III, CA Brebbia (Editor). ISBN 1-85312-915-1 Volcanic risk zoning in the island of Ischia (Italy) M. Matteral, J,F. Martfn-Duquel, J. Pedrazal, M.A. Sanzl, R.M. Carrasco2 & J.M. Bodoquel ‘ Univemidad Complutense, Spain 2 Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Abstract Ischia constitutes the largest and more populated island of the Neapolitan archipelago. As other active volcanic areas along the middle-west Italian coast (Somma-Vesuvius and Phlegrean Fields), the volcanic activity of Ischia stems from deep fractures associated with the Tyrrhenian sea-floor spreading over the last 10 million years. The record of historic eruptions along with signs of thermal activity show that there is a potential for hazardous volcanic events. The paper constitutes a first approach to the zoning of the volcanic risk of the island, by considering the three main factors involved — the elements at risk, or value (population), the hazard posed by the volcanic phenomena, and the degree of damage resulting from the hazard (vulnerability). The analysis of the hazard was carried out by using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and eruptive models. The analysis was based not only on the evaluation of the probability of occurrence of a fiture new eruption within the island, but also on the evaluation of the probability of occurrence of different intensities and topologies. As those topologies have different energy and potential for destruction, they also condition the vulnerability of the value, which is different for each volcanic phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • Campi Flegrei Caldera, Somma–Vesuvius Volcano, and Ischia Island) from 20 Years of Continuous GPS Observations (2000–2019)
    remote sensing Technical Note The Ground Deformation History of the Neapolitan Volcanic Area (Campi Flegrei Caldera, Somma–Vesuvius Volcano, and Ischia Island) from 20 Years of Continuous GPS Observations (2000–2019) Prospero De Martino 1,2,* , Mario Dolce 1, Giuseppe Brandi 1, Giovanni Scarpato 1 and Umberto Tammaro 1 1 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli Osservatorio Vesuviano, via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy; [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (G.B.); [email protected] (G.S.); [email protected] (U.T.) 2 Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Neapolitan volcanic area includes three active and high-risk volcanoes: Campi Flegrei caldera, Somma–Vesuvius, and Ischia island. The Campi Flegrei volcanic area is a typical exam- ple of a resurgent caldera, characterized by intense uplift periods followed by subsidence phases (bradyseism). After about 21 years of subsidence following the 1982–1984 unrest, a new inflation period started in 2005 and, with increasing rates over time, is ongoing. The overall uplift from 2005 to December 2019 is about 65 cm. This paper provides the history of the recent Campi Flegrei caldera Citation: De Martino, P.; Dolce, M.; unrest and an overview of the ground deformation patterns of the Somma–Vesuvius and Ischia vol- Brandi, G.; Scarpato, G.; Tammaro, U. canoes from continuous GPS observations. In the 2000–2019 time span, the GPS time series allowed The Ground Deformation History of the continuous and accurate tracking of ground and seafloor deformation of the whole volcanic area.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Ancient Monuments of the Island of Capri
    GGUIDEUIDE TOTO THETHE AANCIENTNCIENT MMONUMENTSONUMENTS OFOF THETHE IISLANDSLAND OFOF CCAPRIAPRI AZIENDA AUTONOMA DI CURA, SOGGIORNO E TURISMO OF THE ISLAND OF CAPRI Index 2 History 6 Grotta delle Felci 7 Muro greco 7 Scala fenicia 8 Palazzo a Mare 10 Villa di Damecuta 12 Villa Jovis Villa Jovis. 15 Villa di Gradola - Grotta Azzurra 16 Grottoes and nymphaea 16 Grotta di Matermania 17 Grotta del Castiglione 17 Grotta dell’Arsenale 18 Detailed studies 19 Museums and libraries For up-to-date information on monument opening hours and itineraries, please contact Information Offices of Azienda Autonoma di Cura, Soggiorno e Turismo of the Island of Capri: Capri, piazza Umberto I - tel. +39 0818370686 Villa di Damecuta. Marina Grande, banchina del Porto - tel. +39 0818370634 Anacapri, via Giuseppe Orlandi - tel +39 0818371524 www.capritourism.com Guide produced by OEBALUS ASSOCIAZIONE CULTURALE ONLUS Via San Costanzo, 8 - Capri www.oebalus.org with the collaboration of SOPRINTENDENZA ARCHEOLOGICA DELLE PROVINCE DI NAPOLI E CASERTA Ufficio scavi Capri, via Certosa - Capri tel. +39 0818370381 Texts by EDUARDO FEDERICO (history) Grotta di Matermania. ROBERTA BELLI (archaeology) CLAUDIO GIARDINO (Grotta delle Felci) Photographs by MARCO AMITRANO UMBERTO D’ANIELLO (page 1) MIMMO JODICE (back cover) Co-ordination ELIO SICA Translations by QUADRIVIO Printed by Scala fenicia. SAMA Via Masullo I traversa, 10 - Quarto (NA) www.samacolors.com GUIDE TO THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF THE ISLAND OF CAPRI AZIENDA AUTONOMA DI CURA, SOGGIORNO E TURISMO OF THE ISLAND OF CAPRI History Although rather poorly document- independent island history. ed by ancient authors, the history The history of Capri between the of Capri involves many characters 4th millennium BC and the 8th cen- of notable importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Tsunami History - Recorded
    TSUNAMI HISTORY - RECORDED V.K.Gusiakov Tsunami Laboratory, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr.Lavrentieva, 6, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia, Email: [email protected] Introduction Historical data on tsunami occurrence and coastal run-up are important for basic understanding of the tsunami phenomenon, its generation, propagation and run-up processes, its damaging effects. Such data are widely used for evaluating tsunami potential of coastal areas and for determining of the degree of tsunami hazard and risk for use in coastal-zone management and disaster preparedness. Also, historical data are of a critical importance for real-time evaluation of underwater earthquakes by the operational Tsunami Warning Centers, for the establishment of thresholds for issuing tsunami warnings and for design criteria for any tsunami-protective engineering construction. In terms of documented total damage and loss of human lives, tsunamis do not come first among other natural hazards. With an estimated 700,000 fatalities, resulted from tsunamis for all historical times (Gusiakov et al., 2007), they rank fifth after earthquakes, floods, typhoons and volcanic eruptions. However, because they can affect densely populated and usually well- developed coastal areas, tsunamis can have an extremely adverse impact on the socioeconomic infrastructure of society, which is strengthened by their full suddenness, terrifying rapidity, and their potential for heavy destruction of property and high percentage of fatalities among the population exposed to their action. There is evidence that tsunami as a catastrophic natural phenomenon has been known by humankind since antiquenty. Many languages have of a special word for this type of disaster coming from the sea - tidal waves, seismic sea waves (English), raz de maree, vagues sismiques (French), flutwellen (German), maremoto (Spanish), vlogengolden (Holland), tsunami (Japanese), hai-i Chinese, loka (Fijian).
    [Show full text]