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Your Unpublished Thesis, Submitted for a Degree at Williams College and Administered by the Williams College Libraries, Will Be Made Available for Research Use WILLIAMS COLLEGE LIBRARIES Your unpublished thesis, submitted for a degree at Williams College and administered by the Williams College Libraries, will be made available for research use. You may, through this form. provide instructions regarding copyright, access, dissemination and reproduction of your thesis,. __ The faculty advisor to the student writing the thesis wishes to claim joint authorship in this work. In each section, please check the ONE statement that renects your wishes, 1. PUBLICATION AND QUOTATION: LITERARY PROPERTY RIGHTS A student author automatically owns the copyright to Ilis/her work. whether 0[' not a copyright symbol alld date are placed on the piece, The duration of U.S, copylight on a manuscript--and Williams theses are considered manuscripts--is the life of the author plus 70 years. ~ Uwe do not choose to retain literary property rights to the thesis, and I wish to assign them immediately to Williams College. Sekctillg tillS llptiull will ~Issigll cllpyright W 11ll' Cllilege, Th'[s ill nu IVa) preclllLks ~I stulk:, ~Il.l[hllr I'rum li.ilc'l' publishillg his/her' \lor\..: the sludellt would. II()\i'eler. need Illl'Olllal'tlh,' '\rchiles I'c)[' a permissioll t'o['[l1, Thc ,\rchill's would bc rrec in [his case to ~iI"l E['~llll pel'll 1,' ill1uthl'l rCS,'iu\:h,:r to publi,h ,m:dl secliulls rrum the tllcsis, Fbr,:ly \\'luld Ihc['c Ik elil\ ro['the :\I'chives lU grimt pnll1is,iol] to :Ul11lher p,lrly III publish till' the:sis in irs c'111ir,:I\: II Sillidtioll arosc, thl' :\rehi\e\ \Iould he' il1tl)uch Ilith the aUlhor 10 Ictthem \..ml\v thai Sill rCLjuesl had he,:11 l1.lilde, _I/we wish to retain literary property rights to the thesis for a period of three years. ~ll which time the literary propeny rights shall be assigned to Williams College. S':!c'l'l1l1g this optioll ::,ih" Ihe :luth"r:1 !'e\1 )ears tilma\..e C\elusile use or the thesis ill 1\t""",'I,' ill'liele's. 1,1[(:1' re,ea:\:h. ell', __ I/we wish to retain literary property rights to the thesis for a peJiod of years, ill' until my death, whichever is the later, at which time the literary property rights shall be assigned to Williams College. Se'!el'Ul1g t11l:; 0PUOll allol\s the ~\l!lh()[' ::'I'e:lI Ik.\ibiltly Il1e'\lel1lling 1)[' shonel1ing tlk' lime, hi\/hl..·r ~IU[()j11~HiL i..:()P~ Sunk' \ludC'lllS ~l!"t~ ink'rc',lL'd in ll.'oill~2_ lh>-'ir 111l:'\i .... Hi sehuD! lIllI'\.., In this CiIS,'. it would ll1ilLe sense' 1'01' them to ,,11kI' ,I l1umhc:r \uc'h ilS 'i II lhl' hLmL, :1[1<11:11': "'iii Ille' ",'rd, "'IUlilill1\\ dealh. \\hl,:hc'\'c[' is Ih\' !dlei','~ll\ illl\ ...:;.1..,1('[" (ur Lhe .'\n..:hivl~:-. {i.,l dtjll":ilni:-:.!cr i:l)p~ri un d Jr ihe' ,-'ne!:" \\ illdi \:,:t!\; t:k;llh--\Hlr .... t:til \\-;,",n'l iLl\~' \0 \(·~trl'h t"(1r ,,:sLil'__' ~'\l'i..:U[(lrs tllthi", ,-"~l"'l'·--·l·llit li:j ('l1ul'c'ly up I" \'C1L'h SllIdelll, II. ACCESS The Williams College Libraries are investigating the posting of theses online, as well as their reteillion i11 hardcopy, L Williams College is granted permission to maintain and provide access to my thesis in hardcopy and via the Web both on and off campus. Sclel'llllg thiS optioll allows researehers around ththvorld [U aeccss the digital lel'siol1 O[ Vlllrk, __ Williams College is granted permission to maintain and provide access to my thesis in hardcopy and via the Web for on-campus use only, Sekcting thi" uptiDn ~liIO\l, accc:s" to lhl: digital versiull Dr' yuur wurf,; fro1l1 the oll-c'ampus lic:I\\OI'f,; {lilly, _'_ The thesis is to be maintained and made available in hardcopy form only. S,,:kctin!,: thi, Dplioll ;tllo\vs ~ll:l'l>,,' ID your wOl'k oilly rrom the h~lrdcupy you "uhll1ii, SUc'!, ;",'rlaill, tu lhe eillirely (l[' yuur \Iurk, includil1!2 C11l) Iucdia lh~lt it {1!' inc:ludc\, lll. COPYING AND DISSEMINATION LkcCluse theses are listed on FRANCIS. the Librmies receive numerous requests every year for copies of II(ll'f,;S, If/when a hardcopy thesis is duplicated for a researcher. a copy of the release form always ~ll'col11panies the copy, Any digital version of your thesis will include the release form. J Copies of the thesis may be provided to any researcher. :';',:kC','ll1 c' 1111, 'Tll(\1l :i1iOI\S any re"l::lrcher tu request a COPy frolu the Williams Co! •.'r lu 1l1~If,;C UIIC ['rum :Ill cledl'olllC versinll. _ Copying of the thesis is restricted for _ years, at which time copies may be provided to any researcher. This oplioll al!OIvs the aUlhnr to sci a time limit un CUP\illg restl'iL'lioll,', DUI'illg this ;m ,,'ketrollic vt:rsiull or the thesis Ilill bc protccted agClinst duplicalillll, _ Copying of the thesis or portions thereof, except as needed to maintain an adequate Ilumber of research copies available in the Williams College Libraries, is expressly prohibited. The electronic version of the thesis will be protected against duplication, <c!~>_<lin~ thj" t)ptit1ll d!lu\\\ nu [<cprnduclinlh to bl~ nl~ld\~ ({II' n:.:\carl,'hc1"\. The c[eclrPG1i. \CI""llnn lhl: Ihe\is \\ iii he' prUlc'<.:ll'd a,~;ril1st dupli<.:lltiDl1, Thi\ opliul1 docs 1l01l!i\'dIIOI\ Ic",';Ij'l'ih'i\ :1\'111 111 ,"/\ i,:" 11l~ Ih:: \IUll iii L'itll<.:r h~lnlc(ll'~ or dii2il;1! r'lI'I11 , Signed (student author) Signature Rellloved Signcd(facultyadvisor) Signature Rellloved ~ /ytc~ ~"r"'~, I C Vvi'"J StJ-c ,j ;'10(;'11 Vl(r:-- Accepted for the Libraries S i gnatu re ReIIIoved Date accepted __--=)---C'l'-'-"r----=-O_{+-l_~ _ I Rejected Remembrance Commemorating the Contentious Memory of the Kent State Shootings Senior Thesis by Eve Streicker A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the Degree ofBachelor ofArts with Honors in Art History Elizabeth McGowan, Advisor WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts For the Kent State community. With Thanks to: Elizabeth McGowan and Stefanie Solum With Special Thanks: Lauren Bloch, C. Ondine Chavoya, Dr. Sondra Cooney, Denise Duquette, Mike Glier, Carol Ockman, Chuck Shafer, and Kathie and Paul Streicker 1 Introduction Eight years after the Ohio National Guard opened fire on protesting students at Kent State University, killing four, George Segal created his memorial Abraham th and Isaac (In Memory ofMay 4 , 1970, Kent State) (1978). Eight years after the shootings, those who witnessed and were a part ofthe tragedy were still experiencing the emotional shock ofthe event. Because Segal's memorial addressed the disputed social context ofthe event, Abraham and Isaac was met with apprehension by a community whose wounds had not yet healed. Segal's memorial was rejected by Kent State University. Instead, it is now installed on the Princeton University campus. The Kent State University administration formally rejected the memorial Abraham and Isaac in a unanimous decision on August 28, 1978. The President's office released the following statement: The Isaac figure appears to be a male between 20 and 30, unclothed except for athletic trunks... kneeling before Abraham in the posture of a supplicant, his hands bound before him. Abraham's right hand holds a knife. The inescapable first impression is that an older person is threatening to kill a younger person who is pleading for his life... It was thought inappropriate to commemorate the deaths offour and wounding of nine others... by a statue which appears to represent an act of violence about to be committed. l According to the statement, the rejection was based on the physical appearance of Segal's memorial-on the appearance of"violence about to be committed". The rejection, however, encompassed far more complicated issues than indicated in the brief official statement above. 1. Martin Friedman and Graham Beal, George Segal: Sculptures (Minneapolis, MN: Walker Art Center, 1978),84. 2 Surrounding the issues was the Vietnam War, which largely divided the American populace into supporters and protesters ofthe war. This division was reflected in the way that members ofthe Kent community attributed blame for the deaths ofthe four students. Something was needed to bridge the gap between those in Kent who supported the actions ofthe National Guard, and those who sympathized with the students involved. In response to the event, several memorials were created for the campus. Segal's memorial never had the opportunity to sit among them at Kent State. In creating a unique memorial, George Segal actively confronts the controversy surrounding the event. Abraham and Isaac invites a dialogue by using a well-known allegory as its subject matter. Instead of providing closure and putting the events of May 4th to rest, Segal's memorial is active, didactic, visually abrasive and controversial-just like the event. Even though the memorial was not accepted in 1978, and may never be by those who lived through the events, it still holds much value as an educational tool for future generations. Abraham and Isaac reminds us to keep an open dialogue with history so that tragedies are not repeated. Through examining the rejection of Segal's memorial, I will discuss the difficulty offinding a memorial that would appeal to all those involved in the conflict and contribute to the healing ofthe splintered community. I will explore methods of memorialization to illustrate how Segal's approach differs from others that exist on the campus today.
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