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MEDIA CULTURE and the KENT STATE SHOOTINGS By "LIGHTS, CAMERA, HISTORY": MEDIA CULTURE AND THE KENT STATE SHOOTINGS By BRAD LEE DUREN Bachelor of Music/Business Oklahoma City University Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 1990 Bachelor of Applied Ministries Oklahoma Missionary Baptist College Marlow, Oklahoma 1991 Master of Arts University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, Oklahoma 1994 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May,2005 "LIGHTS, CAMERA, HISTORY": MEDIA CULTURE AND THE KENT STATE SHOOTINGS Dissertation Adviser ~he Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A work of this nature would not be complete without recognition of the many parties who helped to make this dissertation a reality. My research committee, composed of Dr. Michael Logan, Dr. Ron Petrin, Dr. Joseph Byrnes and Dr. Charles Edgley, has been a source of hope and encouragement throughout this long process. While they have, more than once, expressed concern that this work would ever happen, they never wavered in their support of my research interests. Dr. Stacy Takacs also deserves special commendation for her willingness to serve on my committee due to Dr. Edgley's retirement. Dr. Peter Rollins, while not a member of my committee, has been and continues to be a great friend and influence. His interest and support of my research kept me on niy toes and prevented me from throwing in the towel when things were not going as hoped. I am forever in his debt. Any weaknesses or errors in this work are no reflection of the efforts of these fine scholars, but are the failings of the author alone. I also must acknowledge the entire faculty and staff of the Department of History at Oklahoma State University. Their knowledge, collegiality, and support made my graduate experience at OSU both a challenge and a joy. The success I have enjoyed in my own work is due in great part to them. Maybe one day this department will receive the recognition that it so justly deserves. Likewise, I extend my gratitude to the faculty of the Department of History and Geography at the University of Central Oklahoma in Edmond. Their guidance during my Master's work, and their continued support to this day, were invaluable to my continued professional accomplishments. My fellow graduate students in the departments of history, sociology and film studies at Oklahoma State deserve huge commendation. Their friendship and 111 professional acumen made Ph.D. work a delight. While all of my fellow grad students deserve mention, Rodney Mittelstedt, Cynthia Landrum, Ben Secunda, Rich Faillace, Stacy Reaves, Phenix Benton, Marion Umeno, Shelly Lemons, Patricia Loughlin, Ron Scharton, Mark V andelogt, Amy Carreiro, Lisa Guinn, Mark Tate, David Tait, Deborah Carmichael, David Amstutz, and Kevin Sweeney are forever my comrades in academe. Thank you for being both great scholars and dear friends to me. I could not have done it without you. Kudos to my colleagues at Oklahoma Panhandle State University in Goodwell, Oklahoma, for their support and collegiality during this process. My dean, Dr. Sara Jane Richter, is not only a great dean, but also a dear friend. Her encouragement and understanding were essential to the completion of this work. My department chair, Mr. Sam Nelson, provided friendship and the occasional pep talk to make this dissertation a reality. My departmental colleagues-Dr. Ron Becker, Dr. James Benjamin, and Mr. Tom Ellzey provided support, criticism, and the occasional kick in the pants throughout the research and writing process. The faculty and staff at OPSU are some of the finest people that I have ever known, and I am grateful to them for their interest in my research and teaching. Three cheers to Dr. William Housel of OPSU, now at Northwest Louisiana State University, and my life-long friend Dr. Joey Brown of Missouri Southern State University for taking the time to read drafts and offer criticism where needed. Any weaknesses in this work are in spite of their much-appreciated efforts. My students in the Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences at OPSU are not only my pride and joy; they are also a continuous source of inspiration. Their encouragement.(and occasional harassment) kept me on my toes and was important in helping see this work to a conclusion. Thanks also go to Dr. Michael Schoeneke of Texas Tech University, Dr. Ken Dvorak of San Jacinto (TX) Community College, Dr. lV James Yates ofNorthwestem Oklahoma State University, Dr. Philip Simpson of Brevard (FL) Community College and my other colleagues in the regional and national Popular Culture Association/American Culture Associations. They are true friends and great scholars, and our associational gatherings provided me with a forum for many of the ideas that became this finished dissertation. Special commendations go to those persons who assisted me in my research endeavors at Kent State University. Dr. Nancy Birk and the staff of the May 4 Archive at the KSU Library made thousands of copies, retrieved countless sources, and provided me with a wonderful research experience. You are truly amazing and I am grateful to you for your assistance beyond the call of duty. :Dr. Jerry M. Lewis, Dr. Tom Hensley, Alan Canfora, Roseann "Chic" Canfora, Robbie Stamps, Dr. Tom Grace, and the students of the May 4th Task Force showed me the meaning of true hospitality during my visits to Kent. Dr. Lewis, Dr. Grace and Mr. Canfora discussed my research at length and provideq me with information and sources I would have missed without their assistance and support. Thank you for your time and your support in making this work a reality. Thanks also to Dr. J. Gregory Payne of Emerson College, Boston, Massachusetts, for taking the time to hear out my ideas and offer helpful advice and insight. Finally yet importantly, my wife Amy and my sons, Benjamin and Joseph, have been long-suffering and patient supporters through what has seemed like an eternal process. I am undeserving of their love and encouragement. I could never have done this without them. My parents have always been there for me and I am forever in their debt. They taught me the value of hard work and instilled within me the faith and values that remain the foundation of my life. Even when they did not understand what all of the fuss was ab<?ut, they always stood by me. Likewise, my brother Barry is one of the main reasons that I entered the field of history in the first place. His influence and support through the years cannot be quantified. My family is my stability and I am thankful to V have them in my life. This work is dedicated with love and admiration to five individuals who planted and nurtured the love of history within me: Mrs. Mildred Blanton of Comanche Middle School, Mr. Morgan Mannen of Comanche High School, Comanche, Oklahoma; Drs. Lloyd Musselman and Lawrence Cobb of Oklahoma City University; and Dr. David Webb of the University of Central Oklahoma. They made history a vibrant, living subject to every student that graced their classrooms. I am forever indebted to them and can only hope that I have "done them proud" with my work both in and out of the classroom. I also wish to dedicate this dissertation to the victims and their families of the Kent State shootings. More importantly, this work is in memoriam of Allison Krause, Jeffrey Miller, Sandra Scheuer, and William Schroeder, who lost their lives on May 4, 1970. I hope this study pays them the proper honor and respect that they deserve. One can quibble with details and meanings until the end of time, but the fact remains that four young Americans lost their lives in an unnecessary tragedy that left an indelible mark on a nation. May they rest in peace. Vl TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................ iii INTRODUCTION .... ·.............................................................................. 1 I. PRELUDE TO MAY 4: KENT STATE ACTIVISM, 1965-1970 ...................... 38 IL MAY 4, THE AFTERMATH AND THE SEARCH FOR MEANING ................. 77 III. TELEVISION JOURNALISM AND THE KENT STATE SHOOTINGS .......... .116 IV. DOCUMENTARY FILM AND THE KENT STATE SHOOTINGS: THE EARLY YEARS ....................................................................................... 158 V. DOCUMENTARY FILM AND THE KENT STATE SHOOTINGS: THE LATTER YEARS ....................................................................................... 186 VI. DOCUDRAMA AND THE KENT STATE SHOOTINGS ..................................... 232 VIL CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 267 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................. 271 APPENDIXES .....................................................................................284 APPENDIX A-GLOSSARY OF FILM LANGUAGE ........................... 284 vu Introduction The community of Kent looks much like any other small town in northeastern Ohio. For the most part, it is a quiet community, a typical college town with its share of stores, clubs, and services devoted to serving the campus population and the surrounding area. The evening of May 3, 2000 was different. Around 11 PM, a large crowd gathers on the commons area in front of Taylor Hall in the central area of the older campus. The gathering, estimated at five to ten thousand persons, consists of individuals from near and far. The sound of soft guitar music wafts through the night air and the strains of "We Shall Overcome" grow in intensity as the crowd grows in number with each passing moment. Each person walks past the victory bell that is situated on the east side of the commons, picking up a lit candle as they move past. At the front of the march are survivors and family members of the victims of the Kent State shootings of May 4, 1970. A silent procession begins, moving from the commons area on a mile long trek around campus, culminating at the Prentice Hall parking lot on the north side of Taylor Hall. It was on this spot some thirty years earlier that students encountered the loaded rifles of Ohio National Guardsmen given the task ofrestoring order to what some saw as a campus -in turmoil.
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