DOCSLIB.ORG

Cultural Diversity in Perinatal Care: Somali New Mothers’ Experiences with Health Care in Norway Kari Glavin1*, Berit Sæteren2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cultural Diversity in Perinatal Care: Somali New Mothers’ Experiences with Health Care in Norway Kari Glavin1*, Berit Sæteren2 Research Article iMedPub Journals Health Science Journal 2016 http://www.imedpub.com/ Vol.10 No.4:17 ISSN 1791-809X Cultural Diversity in Perinatal Care: Somali New Mothers’ Experiences with Health Care in Norway Kari Glavin1*, Berit Sæteren2 1 Department of Nursing, Diakonova University College, Oslo, Norway 2 Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Science, Norway *Correspondence: Kari Glavin, Diakonova University College, Fredensborgveien 24Q, N-0177 Oslo, Norway, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 08.06.2016; Accepted: 22.06.2016; Published: 02.07.2016 Introduction Abstract The transition to motherhood can be stressful and may lead to feelings of vulnerability and challenge [1-3]. Even when the Objective: To explore Somali new mothers’ experiences circumstances, such as first-time parenting, are similar, the with the Norwegian health care system and their transitions are experienced in different ways by different experienced needs during the hospital stay and the mothers [1]. Events such as pregnancy and birth lead to a postpartum period. process of transition. Women need help and support to feel safe in parenting and to develop the skills needed for Methods: A qualitative design with individual motherhood, and first-time mothers need greater semistructured interviews. Qualitative content analysis confirmation and support because they are more uncertain was used to analyze the transcripts from the interviews. [4-6]. Social support can help a mother’s transition to motherhood [3,4,7]. The provision of psychological support Results: Ten women aged 25 to 34 years were interviewed. The women had lived in Norway 4-16 years and information to parents during both pregnancy and the and had 1-4 children. Analyses of the interviews indicated childbirth period is recommended [3,8]. that there were cultural differences between Somalia and Women who are away from their support system in the Norway, and that these affected the women during postpartum period are likely to feel vulnerable. Most cultures pregnancy and childbirth. Four main categories were have rituals associated with birth and the postpartum period. central in the women’s stories: (1) inadequate integration For example, within Islam, women are mandated 40 days of into Norwegian society; (2) need for and fear of a rest. During this time, postpartum women are considered to caesarean delivery; (3) family support around the be “unclean” and are not allowed to wash or cook in the belief postpartum period; and (4) support from health services. that this may result in contamination. Housework must therefore be performed by others. One consequence is that Conclusion: Even though these women lived in Norway, their language skills were poor and they were poorly the woman is allowed to rest [9]. In a systematic literature integrated into Norwegian society. Health professionals review of 20 original research papers, Lee et al. [10] found that should use an interpreter when dealing with Somali immigrant women have a higher incidence of postpartum women with poor language skills, especially when depression than the overall population. This incidence was discussing issues relating to birth and the hospital stay. To even higher among immigrant women from minority groups. help integrate these women into society, they should be Another systematic review found that, even though immigrant encouraged to learn the Norwegian language. Well-child women in Canada are provided the opportunity to receive clinics should offer immigrant mothers the opportunity to necessary services, there are barriers such as a lack of participate in maternity groups to strengthen their social information about the services, lack of support or help to relationships and to integrate better. Public health nurses access these services, and differences in expectations between play an important role in supporting immigrant mothers. the women and their service providers [11]. The findings of this study will help broaden the understanding of the support immigrant women need Cultural aspects are important for integration, especially in during the hospital stay and the postpartum period. view of the growing immigrant population in Norway. Immigrants in Norway come from 222 different countries and Keywords: Somali immigrant mothers; Postpartum autonomous regions, and comprise people who have period; Birth experience; Qualitative design; Public health immigrated as refugees or labor immigrants, for education, or nurse to join a family member already in Norway. Presently, there are about 698,600 persons living in Norway who are immigrants and 149,700 Norwegians born to immigrant parents. Together these groups constitute 16.3% of the population. Many immigrants live in Oslo, where immigrants © Copyright iMedPub | This article is available from: www.hsj.gr/archive 1 Health Science Journal 2016 ISSN 1791-809X Vol.10 No.4:17 make up about 33% of the population. The extent of Norwegian municipalities are required to provide health immigration contributes to a complex pattern of integration, services in maternity care, well-child clinics (WCCs) for the 0-5- education, religion, employment, and equality [12]. year-old population, school health services, and youth health centers. Publicly organized services are offered to pregnant The largest groups of immigrants come from Poland, women and to all parents with children and adolescents aged Lithuania, Sweden, Somalia, Pakistan, and Iraq [12]. Somalis 0-20 years. The service keeps a record of physical, mental, and comprise the largest non-Western immigrant group in Norway. social health status, and other matters of concern for In 2014, there were about 36,000 Somali immigrants living in children’s health and welfare [19]. Public health nurses (PHNs) Norway [13], which represents a large increase from the play a central role in this service and are the health care 22,000 Somalis living in Norway at the beginning of 2008 [14]. workers who meet with families most frequently [21]. For a The first Somalis came to Norway in the 1970s [15]. The civil woman who does not speak or read Norwegian, the war in Somalia broke out in 1991, and the number of asylum information provided must be sufficient for a woman to seekers increased significantly thereafter. Almost all Somalis participate and make choices about her own and her child’s are Muslims, but the significance of religion in their society health. Information is tailored to each woman according to her varies between individuals and different communities. age, maturity, experience, and cultural and linguistic Another important political–organizational system is the background. Health professionals are obliged to use an clan system. There are no religious differences between the interpreter if there are language barriers [22]. clans [16]. Both women and men belong to a particular clan Studies have focused on Somali immigrant women in the from birth to death, and one has both rights and duties in USA [23-30] and in the UK [31-33]. The Nordic countries relation to the clan. For newly arrived refugees, clans provide Finland and Sweden have similar health care systems to an important opportunity for developing networks and Norway. Two studies from Finland explored health care obtaining information [17]. According to the Norwegian providers’ experience in meeting Somali women’s needs and Ministry of Labour and Social Inclusion [18], most Somalis Somali-born immigrant women’s experiences with maternity seeking asylum in Norway before 1991 belonged to the Issaq care services [34,35]. One Swedish study described Somali clan, which is the dominant clan family in northwest Somalia. women’s use of maternity health services and the outcomes of From 1991 until about 2000, most asylum seekers stated that their pregnancies [36]. A few Norwegian studies have focused they belonged to the Hawiye clan from the southern parts of on Somali immigrant women during the perinatal period: one Somalia. Clan affiliation seems to have less impact with study focused on women undergoing caesarean delivery [37], increasing time spent living in Norway. another on perinatal complications [38], and another on Most Somalis have come to Norway as refugees, and have perinatal care experience to explore how perinatal care had a relatively short period of residence in Norway; most practice may influence labor outcomes among circumcised have come since 1998 with a record year of intake in 2002. women [39]. However, no studies have explored the Forty-four percent of Somali immigrants in Norway live in Oslo. experiences of Somali new mothers during the postpartum Many of the Somalis are in secondary education, which period even though this is the largest non-Western immigrant reflects the collapse of the education system in Somalia in group in Norway. Immigrant women’s experiences in the 1991 [17]. The Somali immigrant population in Norway is very postpartum period may help broaden the understanding of the young. In 2006, 83% of first-generation immigrants were type of support women need and may help inform the practice younger than 40 years, and 30% were younger than 20 years. of health care professionals. Of their descendants, 86% were younger than 10 years at the The objective of this study was to explore Somali new time [15]. Somali women in Norway give birth to more mothers’ experiences with the Norwegian health care system children than the average among Norwegian women. In 2004, and the mothers’ experienced needs during their hospital stay the average number of children among first-generation and the postpartum period. immigrant women with a Somali background was 3.7. There are many single parents, especially single mothers, with 29% of all Somalis in Norway living in a one-parent household [17]. Methods Norwegian public health services cover all pregnant women A qualitative design with individual interviews was chosen. and families with children [19]. The prevention of ill health is a This form seeks to understand more than explain individual key principle of the new Public Health Act [20]. The national experiences [40].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Self-Reported Health and Associated Factors Among the Immigrant Populations in Norway
    Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01266-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Self-reported health and associated factors among the immigrant populations in Norway Ahmed A. Madar1 & Bjørn Heine Strand1,2 & Haakon E. Meyer1,2 Received: 23 September 2019 /Accepted: 26 March 2020 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Aim The immigrant population continues to increase in Norway, and Somali immigrants and their descendants are presently the largest non-Western group. We have limited knowledge about the health status in this population. The aim of this study was to assess self-perceived health status among Somalis in Norway. Method We used data from a study assessing risk factors for lifestyle diseases among Somali immigrants in Oslo, which was conducted between December 2015 and October 2016, among men and women aged 20–73 who were living in the Sagene borough in Oslo. Results The study population included 221 participants (112 females and 110 males). Overall, 78% of the participants (70% of females and 86% males) rated their health status as good or very good. Women had poorer self-reported health (p = 0.003) than men. Being unemployed and having diabetes, stress, and sleeping problems were associated with poor self-reported health, but time lived in Norway, education level, Norwegian language proficiency, and high BMI were not significantly associated. Around 2/3 of the participants reported being physically inactive, while around half reported walking or moving more than 30 min per day. Self-reported chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension were 5% and 9% respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING the Global North and South
    Copyright © The authors, 2020 Cover by Nille Leander and Sara Johnsdotter ISBN 978-91-7877-123-3 (print) ISBN 978-91-7877-124-0 (pdf) DOI 10.24834/isbn.9789178771240 Published by the Centre for Sexology and Sexuality Studies, Malmö University Printed at Holmbergs, Malmö 2020 FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING The Global North and South Edited by Sara Johnsdotter The publication can be accessed at mau.diva-portal.org (PDF) Contents Sara Johnsdotter & R. Elise B. Johansen Introduction 7 Ellen Gruenbaum Tensions and Movements: Female Genital Cutting in the Global North and South, Then and Now 23 Lisen Dellenborg The Significance of Engagement — Challenges for Ethnographers and Healthcare Givers in Understanding Human Vulnerability 59 Emmaleena Käkelä Rethinking Female Genital Cutting: From Culturalist to Structuralist Framework for Challenging Violence Against Women 79 Maria Väkiparta Young Men Against FGM/C in Somaliland: Discursively Negotiating Violence, Gender Norms, and Gender Order 103 Inger-Lise Lien Is the Ritual of Female Genital Mutilation an Event that Will Generate a Traumatic Stress Reaction for Cut Children? Cases from The Gambia, Eritrea and Somalia 131 Lisen Dellenborg & Maria Frederika Malmström Listening to the Real Agents of Change: Female Circumcision/Cutting, Female Genital Mutilation and Human Rights 159 R. Elise B. Johansen, in collaboration with Amira Jama Mohammed Ibrahim, Naeema Saeed Sheekh Mohammed, Khadra Yasien Ahmed, Abdirizak Mohamud, Ibrahim Sheick Mohammed Ahmed, & Omar Nur Gaal Methodological Reflections on the Engagement
    [Show full text]
  • Migration and Health
    Chamila T. Attanapola Chamila T. Chamila T. Attanapola Migration and Health Migration and Health ISBN 978-82-7570-348-2 (trykk) A literature review of the health ISBN 978-82-7570-349-9 (web) of immigrant populations in Norway Dragvoll allé 38 B 7491 Trondheim Norge Rapport 2013 Tel: 73 59 63 00 Web: www.samforsk.no Rapport 2013 Mangfold og inkludering Migration and Health A literature review of the health of immigrant populations in Norway Chamila T. Attanapola Globalization Research Programme Faculty of Humanities Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) PREFACE The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of research on the health of immigrants in Norway and to identify future research areas. As the theme of health is a broad field of research, it was challenging to identify which health aspects to include in this literature review. I have therefore focused mainly on the psychosomatic health aspects and excluded periodontal health, sexuality and health, and accidents. Further, ‘health’ is a complex concept in itself. What encompasses in this concept varies according to the discipline in which the research is conducted. Disciplines such as medicine, social anthropology, psychology, sociology, and social work have generated a vast amount of literature on issues related to the health of immigrants. Hence, I have included gender‐based violence, disability, and care for the elderly, as these factors are associated with health and well‐ being of individuals, in addition to the five most‐often researched health issues presented in existing literature (mental health problems, lifestyle and diet‐related health problems, infectious diseases, reproductive health problems, and access to and use of health care services).
    [Show full text]
  • Somalis in Oslo
    Somalis-cover-final-OSLO_Layout 1 2013.12.04. 12:40 Page 1 AT HOME IN EUROPE SOMALIS SOMALIS IN Minority communities – whether Muslim, migrant or Roma – continue to come under OSLO intense scrutiny in Europe today. This complex situation presents Europe with one its greatest challenges: how to ensure equal rights in an environment of rapidly expanding diversity. IN OSLO At Home in Europe, part of the Open Society Initiative for Europe, Open Society Foundations, is a research and advocacy initiative which works to advance equality and social justice for minority and marginalised groups excluded from the mainstream of civil, political, economic, and, cultural life in Western Europe. Somalis in European Cities Muslims in EU Cities was the project’s first comparative research series which examined the position of Muslims in 11 cities in the European Union. Somalis in European cities follows from the findings emerging from the Muslims in EU Cities reports and offers the experiences and challenges faced by Somalis across seven cities in Europe. The research aims to capture the everyday, lived experiences as well as the type and degree of engagement policymakers have initiated with their Somali and minority constituents. somalis-oslo_incover-publish-2013-1209_publish.qxd 2013.12.09. 14:45 Page 1 Somalis in Oslo At Home in Europe somalis-oslo_incover-publish-2013-1209_publish.qxd 2013.12.09. 14:45 Page 2 ©2013 Open Society Foundations This publication is available as a pdf on the Open Society Foundations website under a Creative Commons license that allows copying and distributing the publication, only in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the Open Society Foundations and used for noncommercial educational or public policy purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Somali Families in Norway
    SOMALI FAMILIES IN NORWAY: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CHANGING SOCIO-STRUCTURAL SITAUTION AND ITS CONSEQUENCE FOR THE FAMILY KASSIM GABOWDUALE Thesis submitted for the degree of Masters in Sociology Department of Sociology and Human Geography Faculty of Social Sciences University of Oslo Spring 2010 ACKNOWLEDMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to many people who have helped me realise the completion of this research project. First of all am greatly indebted to the Somali men and women who have shared both their time and experience as parents in Norway with me and helped me answer my research question satisfactorily. Without their help, this project wouldn‟t have been possible. I am deeply grateful to my supervisors, Katrine Fangen of the Institute of Sociology and Social Geography at the University of Oslo and Ketil Eide of the Regional Centre for Children and Youth Mental health, for their guidance through my first academic research project. My sincere thanks to my employer Mølla Kompetansesenter AS and the entire staff for their moral and material support. Without your flexibility and financial support this project would have been difficult. I am grateful to Per Eugene Kristiansen for helping me with the linguistic setup and the structure of the thesis. Am also grateful to Camilla Bildsten, and Madicken for their kind hospitality and moral support. I am thankful to Somali Cooperation Centre in Oslo for their hospitality and for borrowing me rooms where I conducted my interviews and group discussions. Special thanks to Ahmed Hadi Abdikadir and Ahmed Salaad Adan. Special thanks goes to Asker Community Club for helping me recruit informants from that region and borrowed me their offices.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Change and the Physical Growth Status of Somali Children Born in the United States
    Environmental Change and the Physical Growth Status of Somali Children Born in the United States Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Daniel J. Tyree, M.A. Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Douglas E. Crews, Advisor Paul W. Sciulli Samuel D. Stout Copyright by Daniel Jason Tyree 2010 Abstract Assessing the health and well-being of populations in transition from one environment to another provides insights into how humans adapt to biological and cultural stressors. Research on immigrant populations from Europe, Japan, China, Mexico, and Guatemala demonstrate that migration from war-torn or impoverished countries to the U.S. results in greater growth due to better environmental conditions. The current study examined this relationship in a population of Somalis who migrated to the U.S. following governmental collapse in 1991. A sample of 358 Somali children (179 boys and 179 girls) born and reared in Columbus, OH were examined. Anthropometrics (i.e. height, weight, BMI, skinfolds) were collected on children 6 months to 78 months of age to test the following hypotheses: 1) U.S.-born Somali children are larger than their Somali-born age-mates, 2) U.S.-born Somalis are shorter, but heavier than U.S. standards, 3) children of traditional mothers are smaller than those of more acculturated mothers, and 4) household size is negatively associated with body size. Results indicate that U.S.-born Somalis are significantly taller and heavier than those in Somalia.
    [Show full text]
  • Remittances for Peace?
    RRREREEEMITTANCESMITTANCES FOR PEACE ??? THE TRANSNATIONAL POLITICAL ENGAGEMENTS OF SOMALIS IN NORWAY “In today’s world, either you are ‘with us, or against us’. In reality, things are not that black and white”. Cindy Horst and Mohamed Husein Gaas International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) Report to the Peace & Reconciliation Unit, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Remittances for Peace? This paper may be downloaded from http://www.prio.no © International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), 2002008888 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. ISBN 978978978-978 ---82828282----728872887288----262-3 Horst & Gaas, PRIO · 2008 Page 2 Remittances for Peace? Executive Summary This report highlights the importance of the transnational political engagements of Somalis in Norway, focusing mainly on their financial contributions. Whereas the political role of migrant diasporas has not been given great weight in academia nor in practice, our research demonstrates the crucial role that diaspora contributions can play in conflicts and reconciliation processes. In our view, it is important for the Ministry not to underestimate this contribution, and thus to have a more proactive approach towards diaspora involvement, ultimately aiming at strengthening positive while discouraging negative contributions. The research took place between June and December 2007, which has had implications for its outcome. Political events in Somalia have a direct impact on positions amongst Somalis in the diaspora, and from mid to late 2006, many events have occurred that have modified political views.
    [Show full text]
  • Mixed Migration Flows
    MIXED MIGRATION FLOWS: SOMALI AND ETHIOPIAN MIGRATION TO YEMEN AND TURKEY FINAL REPORT MAY 2010 Prepared for the Mixed Migration Task Force Ray Jureidini Center for Migration and Refugee Studies American University in Cairo 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank all those who shared their life stories during the interviews as well as the interviewers and translators in Yemen and Turkey who made this possible. Our appreciation goes to United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) staff in Yemen including Claire Bourgeois, Samer Haddadin, Leila Nassif, Myra Sabongi, Miriam Aertker and in Turkey to Michelle Gaude and in Syria to Petros Mastakas and to the Danish Refugee Council (DRC) staff including Santiago Perez Crespo, Nicolas Coutin and Yusra Dawood and Olivier Beucher for facilitating the logistics, training and interviews for the study; and to Oxford University for advisory support. Particular thanks to Nancy Baron of CMRS as senior researcher in Yemen, for her work on the first drafts of this report and her support and advice throughout the project. Special thanks also to Kristen Biehl, Senior Researcher and Alice Johnson, Research Coordinator who implemented the study in Turkey. Thanks to Khadra Elmi at Oxford University for work on the literature review of Somalis in Europe; Catherine McKay (and Iveta Bartunkova) at the Center for Migration and Refugee Studies at AUC for the work on the Somali and Ethiopian literature review in the region; and Kristen Biehl for the review on migration and asylum in Turkey. We are grateful to Anna Lindley, Oliver Bakewell and Gwendoline Mensah for their comments on a previous draft.
    [Show full text]
  • Trajectories of Radicalization and Resilience in Nuruddin Farah's North of Dawn
    Trajectories of radicalization and resilience in Nuruddin Farah’s North of Dawn Vivian Gerrand Trajectories of radicalization and resilience in Nuruddin Farah’s North of Dawn Situated within a body of writing that is preoccupied with engagement with terrorism, this article considers the ways in which Nuruddin Farah’s novel, North of Dawn (2018), explores trajectories of radicalization and resilience to violent extremism. Written from an interdisciplinary cultural migration studies perspective, the article understands violent extremism as a complex networked phenomenon. It makes an original contribution by highlighting the role of belonging in trajectories of radicalization and resilience, bringing sociological studies of radicalized violence and resilience to such violence into dialogue with a cosmopolitan literary framework including the works of other diasporic Somali background European writers such as Cristina Ali Farah and Igiaba Scego. Keywords: radicalization to violent extremism, resilience, Nuruddin Farah, belonging, conviviality, fascism. Set in contemporary Oslo, Nuruddin Farah’s novel, North of Dawn (2018), explores the radicalization and resilience of Somalis living in Europe. Somalis have resettled in Norway since the mid-1980s, and now number approxi- mately 40 000, including the children of Somali migrants (Tellander and Horst 142). In Oslo, where they are most concentrated, Somalis are now one of the biggest immigrant groups and have high levels of Norwegian citizenship acquisition (143). Narrated polyphonically, predominantly through the eyes of its male protagonists Mugdi and his step grandson Naciim, the novel tells the story of what happens when a Somali Norwegian family loses its son to involvement in terrorism, and explores associated questions of identity and belonging or lack thereof in the diaspora.
    [Show full text]
  • REMITTANCE PRACTICES and TRANSNATIONAL Social Spaces of Tamils and Somalis in Norway
    Article • DOI: 10.2478/v10202-011-0017-x NJMR • 1(3) • 2011 • 166-175 REMITTANCE PRACTICES AND TRANSNATIONAL SOCIAL spaces OF TAMILS AND SOMALIS IN NORWAY Abstract Sarvendra Tharmalingam* The aim of the article is to map the remittance practices of two war-torn migrant communities, Tamils and Somalis in Norway, by taking into account the motives behind and the purpose of the remittances. In an age of diaspora and transnational communities, where the lives of immigrants are organised beyond the boundaries of nation-states, remittance practices have been shaped by the transnational social spaces. This article takes the transnational social spaces suggested by Faist (2000a, b), namely transnational kinship groups, transnational circuits and transnational communities as its theoretical departure. Five categories of remittances are common among Tamils and Somalis living in Norway: family, politics, welfare, network and investment remittances. These categories have links with different types of transnational social spaces. Keywords Norway • remittance practices • Tamils and Somalis • transnational communities • transnational kinship groups • transnational social spaces 1 Introduction article is empirically based on data collected through qualitative inter- views conducted among 25 Tamils and 15 Somalis living in Norway, This article aims to identify different categories of remittance practices between the age ranges of 19 and 70 years at the time when the of first-generation members of two war-torn migrant communities, interviews were conducted. Interviewees were selected based on Tamils and Somalis in Norway, and tries to explain the connections criteria sampling (Kvale & Brinkmann 2009) to represent different between their remittance practices and transnational social spaces. categories of migrants; for Tamils, labour, student, refugee migrants, It takes remittance practices of Tamils as the primary case and and family reunion settlers and for Somalis refugee migrants and that of the Somalis as the secondary case.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia: to Move Beyond the Failed State
    SOMALIA: TO MOVE BEYOND THE FAILED STATE Africa Report N°147 – 23 December 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. ANOTHER FAILED TRANSITION............................................................................ 1 A. THE ETHIOPIAN GAMBIT...........................................................................................................1 B. THE TFG’S FLAWS ...................................................................................................................2 1. Structural flaws...................................................................................................................3 2. Clan dynamics ....................................................................................................................3 C. THE POWER CENTRES AND THEIR INTERNAL STRUGGLES ........................................................4 1. The presidency....................................................................................................................4 2. The prime minister..............................................................................................................5 D. THE TFG’S RECORD .................................................................................................................7 1. Reconciliation.....................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Migration and Conflict in the Horn of Africa
    Migration and Conflict in the Horn of Africa: A Desk Review and Proposal for Research Submitted by staff of the Research and Evidence Facility For the EU Trust Fund for Africa Horn of Africa Window 15 March 2017 The Research and Evidence Facility (REF) Consortium is comprised of: Thornhaugh St, Russell Square London WC1H 0XG United Kingdom www.soas.ac.uk TeamLeader: Laura Hammond Communications Key Expert: Idil Osman [email protected] International Migration Institute Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford University 3 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TB United Kingdom https://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/ Migration & Development Key Expert: Oliver Bakewell Sahan Research Ltd Nairobi Kenya www.sahan.eu Conflict & Governance Key Expert: Vincent Chordi Research Coordinator: Caitlin Sturridge With Funding Provided by: The EU Emergency Trust Fund for the Horn of Africa Development Cooperation DG Brussels The views expressed in this report are those of the researchers and do not indicate a position or opinion on the part of the European Union or the EU Trust Fund for Africa. Suggested Citation: Research and Evidence Facility (REF). ‘Migration and Conflict in the Horn of Africa: A Desk Review and Proposal for Research,’ London and Nairobi: EU Trust Fund for Africa (Horn of Africa Window) Research and Evidence Facility. www.soas.ac.uk/hornresearch-ref Editor’s Note: A draft of this document was circulated for discussion on during October 2016. We thank all of those who took the time to read and comment on it. A summary of comments incorporated into the document can be found in Annex 4.
    [Show full text]