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PEST STATUS of MAIZE Zea Mays (Linnaeus, 1753) in SIPADOL VILLAGE of BHAKTAPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL

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PEST STATUS of MAIZE Zea Mays (Linnaeus, 1753) in SIPADOL VILLAGE of BHAKTAPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL PEST STATUS OF MAIZE Zea mays (Linnaeus, 1753) IN SIPADOL VILLAGE OF BHAKTAPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL BINITA SHRESTHA T.U. Registration No. : 5-1-33-610-2007 T.U. Examination Roll No: 12 Batch: 2070/71 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science in Zoology with special paper Entomology. Submitted to Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu Nepal 2017 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis entitled “PEST STATUS OF MAIZE Zea mays (Linnaeus, 1753) IN SIPADOL VILLAGE OF BHAKTAPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL” has been done by myself, and has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree. All sources of information have been specifically acknowledged by reference to the author(s) or institution(s). Date: ................................. ……………………… Ms. Binita Shrestha i RECOMMENDATION This is to recommend that the thesis entitled “PEST STATUS OF MAIZE Zea mays (Linnaeus, 1753) IN SIPADOL VILLAGE OF BHAKTAPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL” has been carried out by Ms. Binita Shrestha for the partial fulfillment of Master’s Degree of Science in Zoology with special paper Entomology. This is her original work and has been carried out under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge, this thesis work has not been submitted for any other degree in any institutions. Date:- …………….. ………………………… Supervisor Mrs. Urmila Dyola Lecturer Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal ii LETTER OF APPROVAL On the recommendation of supervisor “Mrs. Urmila Dyola” this thesis submitted by Ms. Binita Shrestha entitled “PEST STATUS OF MAIZE Zea mays (Linnaeus, 1753) IN SIPADOL VILLAGE OF BHAKTAPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL” is approved for the examination and submitted to the Tribhuvan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master’s Degree of Science in Zoology with special paper Entomology. Date: ...................... ……………………………… Prof. Dr. Ranjana Gupta Head of Department Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur Kathmandu, Nepal iii CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE This thesis work submitted by Ms. Binita Shrestha entitled “PEST STATUS OF MAIZE Zea mays (Linnaeus,1753) IN SIPADOL VILLAGE OF BHAKTAPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL” has been accepted as a partial fulfillment for the requirements of Master’s Degree of Science in Zoology with special paper Entomology. EVALUATION COMMITTEE ………………………….. ….............................. (Supervisor) (Head of Department) Mrs. Urmila Dyola Prof. Dr. Ranjana Gupta Lecturer Professor Central Department of Zoology Central Department of Zoology …………………….. ………………… External examiner Internal examiner Date of examination: ………………… iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend my first and foremost gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs. Urmila Dyola, for her continuous encouragement, support and valuable suggestions from the project formulation phase to completion of the thesis. I am eminently thankful to Prof. Dr. Ranjana Gupta, Head of Central Department of Zoology for her kind support, suggestions and encouragements. I would like to express my gratitude to all my teachers and all staffs of CDZ, TU for their continuous aspiration and motivation. I am also thankful to the investigator from Rampur college of Agricultural Science, Mr. Shiva Shrestha for his support, guidance and inspiration with important suggestions from the very beginning of research project. I am deeply indebted to senior technical officer of NARC, Mr. Sanjaya Bista and other staffs for behaving friendly, serving and providing the needed information. Further, I would like to thanks to the Mr. Loknath Sapkota, a secretary of Hariyali Ban community forest of Sipadol VDC and other respondents within my study site, Bhaktapur district and other stakeholders who provided me with the information and shared ideas. I appreciate the support that I received from Mr. Resham Shrestha, Ms. Sapana Khaiju, Mr. Pradip Subedi, Ms. Binita Pandey and Mr. Purnaman Shrestha for providing the needed materials and comments. I am very thankful to all colleagues, Manisha Joshi, Niru Magar, and all my friends who directly or indirectly helped me for my work. At last but not least, I am grateful to family for the encouragement, support, and love which finally lead to the successful completion of the research work. Finally, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my father Mr. Krishna Kumar Shrestha, mother Tilmaya Shrestha, brothers Bipin Shrestha and Bishal Shrestha. Ms. Binita Shrestha Email: [email protected] Enrolled year: 2070/2071 v CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE NO. DECLARATION i RECOMMENDATIONS ii LETTER OF APPROVAL iii CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF APPENDICES viii LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ix LIST OF FIGURES x ABBREVIATION xi ABSTRACT xii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Status of Insect Pest 2 1.3 Maize Pests 2 1.4 Pest Management 3 1.5 Statement of the problem 4 1.6 Objectives 4 1.6.1 General Objective 4 1.6.2 Specific Objectives 4 1.7 Limitation of the study 4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Global context 5 2.2 National context 9 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 12 3.1 Study Area 12 3.1.1 Location Map of study area 12 3.1.2 Status of Sipadol village 12 3.2 Study Design 12 3.3 Equipments 13 3.4 Data Collection 13 3.4.1 Primary Data Collection 13 a. Pest collection 13 b. Preservation 13 c. Questionnaire survey 13 3.4.2 Secondary Data Collection 13 3.5 Identification of pest 14 3.6 Specimens deposition 14 3.7 Data Analysis 14 vi 4 RESULTS 15 4.1 Pests of Maize 15 4.2 Relative abundance 16 4.2.1 Nature of Damage 17 4.2.2 Order-wise composition of Maize pest 18 4.3 Monthly variation of Maize pest 19 4.4 Management practices 19 4.4.1 Methods of crop pest management 19 4.4.2 Major pesticides used by farmers 20 4.4.3 Sources of information 22 4.5 Pest and its abundance in four month 22 5. DISCUSSION 23 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27 7. REFERENCES 29 8. APPENDICES 39 vii LIST OF TABLES S.N. Page No. Table 1: Pest species with their families 15 Table 2 : Quantity of chemical used 21 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: Meteorological data Appendix 2: Survey questionnaire Appendix 3: Pest species with their damage pattern Appendix 4: Table of abundance of pest species collected in four months viii LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS S. N Page No. Photo 1: Gram stem borer (Helicoverpa armigera) 46 Photo 2: Cut worm (Agrotis sp.) 46 Photo 3: Army worm (Spodoptera sp.) 46 Photo 4: Hairy Caterpillar (Amsacta moorei) 46 Photo 5: Aphid infestation in maize plant 47 Photo 6: Common army worm (Mythimna sp.) 47 Photo 7: Green bugs (Nazara viridula) 47 Photo 8: Collection of pests in vial 47 Photo 9: Collection of pest through handpicking 48 Photo 10: Questionnaire survey with Farmers 48 Photo 11: Phyllophaga rugosa 48 ix LIST OF FIGURES S. N Page no. Figure 1: Map of study area 12 Figure 2: Species diversity and their numbers 17 Figure 3: Chart showing nature of damage 18 Figure 4: Species and abundance on the basis of order 18 Figure 5: Monthly variation of Maize pests 19 Figure 6: Crop pest management methods used by farmers 20 Figure 7: Use and unuse of pesticide by farmer 21 Figure 8: Pesticide often used by farmers 21 Figure 9: Technical information to use pesticide 22 x ABBREVIATION ADB - Asian Development Bank a.i. - Active Ingredient CDZ - Central Department of Zoology DADO - District Agriculture Development Office DHM - Department of Hydrology and Metrology EC - Emulsifiable Concentrate FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization FFS - Farmers Field School Gr - Granule HMGN - His Majesty’s Government of Nepal ICIPE - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology IPM - Integrated Pest Management JTA - Junior Technical Assistant MOAD - Ministry of Agricultural Development NARC - Nepal Agricultural Research Council NHM - Natural History Museum PRMS - Pesticides Registration and Management Section qt - quintal SAARC - South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SL - Soluble liquid VDC - Village Development Committee WHO - World Health Organization masl - meter above sea level WTO - World Trade Organization xi ABSTRACT Insect pest cause serious threats to Maize farms, resulting heavy reduction in their yield. The present study focused on the insect pest of Maize (Zea mays) in the Sipadol VDC of Bhaktapur District. It was carried out in four months May, June, July and August 2016. The pests were collected through different methods such as hand picking, beating process, sweeping etc depending on size of pests. Two- way analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test the significance difference in number of pest observed in different sites. Multilevel pattern analysis was performed under R 3.3.2 platform by using multipatt package to see whether there is species associated with particular month. Management practices data were collected by direct observation and also by using semi-structured questionnaires was carried out ten from each plot altogether 40 farmers from surrounding of each plot were sampled. Altogether, 16 species of pests belonging to five orders and 12 families were found. However population density of pest was higher in June. Maize stem borer (Chillo partellus) was most common and dominant species occurring almost in all months. The overall diversity index of Maize pests was 2.593 and evenness 0.935. The use of synthetic chemical pesticides is commonly used pest management practice in this area. Commonly used pesticides include Chloropyriphos 50% EC + Cypermethrin 5% EC, Furadon 3 Gr, Confidor 200 SR and Chloropyriphos 20% EC. Because of lack knowledge of biological control and others increasing trend of chemical pesticide used day by day in study area of Sipadol. xii 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Maize (Zea mays L.) originated from Central America and has now become the highest production cereal grown worldwide.
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