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An Exploration of Women's Experiences of Emotional Abuse

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An Exploration of Women's Experiences of Emotional Abuse AN EXPLORATION OF WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES OF EMOTIONAL ABUSE by MELISSA ANNE MORSE (Under the direction of Patricia Bell-Scott) ABSTRACT The purpose of this naturalistic study was to explore women’s perceptions and experiences of emotional abuse. The participants were seven women who were between the ages of 30-45 and who had experienced no or infrequent physical abuse. Using a semi-structured interview format the following issues were explored: women’s perceptions of emotional abuse, how they came to define actions as abusive, how frequently these acts occurred, and what impact these experiences had on the women and their relationships. Narrative analysis was the principal analytical strategy. The findings indicated that emotional abuse in the family of origin, emotional abuse in more than one relationship, and hasty commitment to relationships were hallmarks of women entering emotionally abusive relationships. Women’s self perception was negatively affected by the emotional abuse and made the prospect of leaving more difficult. Women’s awareness of emotional abuse often did not occur until the relationship was nearing an end. Books, friends, family, and others helped the women separate from the relationship. INDEX WORDS: Emotional Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Intergenerational Transmission of Abuse AN EXPLORATION OF WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES OF EMOTIONAL ABUSE by MELISSA ANNE MORSE B.A., The University of Minnesota, 1986 M.S., The University of Georgia, 1993 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GA 2003 © 2003 Melissa Anne Morse All Rights Reserved AN EXPLORATION OF WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES OF EMOTIONAL ABUSE by MELISSA ANNE MORSE Major Professor: Patricia Bell-Scott Committee: Mick Coleman Lily McNair Mary Erlanger Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2003 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who have been supportive throughout this process. My co- workers have been very supportive and I am grateful for it. Several people went “above and beyond the call of duty.” Thanks to Charlie Cook for the good-natured ribbing that showed me he cared, for his efforts to help improve my perspective about the process, and his general encouragement. Tim Hinkle was helpful with recruitment, discussions that gave me insight, and distracted me with music and art. John Lee kept my sense of humor going and our discussions provided food for thought. He also provided tons of encouragement. Jane Peach for absolutely everything but especially for being, at times, more excited about this project than I was—particularly when my energy was ebbing. It helped me get excited all over again. Thanks for believing in me! Chris and Kathy had a foot in both camps. Many others checked in regularly about how I was holding up and expressed words of encouragement. To my family---thanks for the support and continued encouragement throughout a very long decade. Thanks to Shelley Smith for the gift of your time and energy that helped me gain energy and mental space in preparation for this work. Thanks to Jenny Manders who has been a real friend through good and difficult times. Thanks for your belief in me and continued support. I love and value you very much. Thanks to Char Anderson who has been with me through thick and thin and tells me the hard stuff when I need to hear it. You predicted this long ago and I love and value beyond words. I would like to thank Mick Coleman, Lily McNair, and Mary Erlanger for the investment of your time and positive energy. Patricia Bell-Scott, thanks for being the v mid-wife that helped me birth the newest evolution of my self. You believed in me and in what I wanted to pursue. You had the guts to ask hard questions but did so with lots of compassion and then stuck by me as I moved through the details. Thank you for all your hard work and the giving of your time, skills, and self. I owe the biggest debt of gratitude to the women I interviewed. They gave me a most precious and invaluable gift of their stories. They were some of my most powerful teachers. Words are inadequate to express my thanks. I promise I am doing what I can and will continue to do what I can to make sure your message is heard. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1 Statement of the Problem and Purpose of the Study.......................................2 Research Questions for the Study...................................................................2 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .....................................................................3 Introduction......................................................................................................3 Definitions of Emotional Abuse ......................................................................4 Definition of Emotional Abuse for the Purposes of This Study......................8 Prevalence of Emotional Abuse........................................................................8 Effects of Abuse..............................................................................................12 Exiting Abusive Relationships........................................................................17 Conceptual Framework for the Present Study.................................................19 3 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................22 Introduction....................................................................................................17 Design ............................................................................................................23 Issues of Validity and Reliability...................................................................23 Procedures......................................................................................................26 Analysis of Data.............................................................................................30 vii 4 PARTICIPANT CHAPTERS ............................................................................32 Mary................................................................................................................32 Alice................................................................................................................68 Vicki............................................................................................................... 79 Eliza ..............................................................................................................113 Becka.............................................................................................................127 Jordan...........................................................................................................156 Lori...............................................................................................................165 5 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ........................................................................200 Introduction..................................................................................................200 Research Question I .....................................................................................200 Research Question II....................................................................................228 Research Question III...................................................................................234 Conclusions ..................................................................................................240 6 IMPLICATIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS ..................................................243 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................245 APPENDICES A SAMPLE LETTER TO CONTACTS AND RESOURCE PEOPLE .............252 B NEWSPAPER ADVERTISEMENT...............................................................254 C FLYER ............................................................................................................255 D LETTER TO PARTICIPANTS .......................................................................256 E SCREENING TOOL QUESTIONS.................................................................258 F INFORMED CONSENT...................................................................................259 viii G INTERVIEW GUIDE I......................................................................................262 H INTERVIEW GUIDE II .....................................................................................264 I LIST COUNSELING RESOURCES IN THE ATHENS AREA ......................265 J EMOTIONALLY ABUSIVE BEHAVIORS EXPERIENCED BY MARY.......266 K EMOTIONALLY ABUSIVE BEHAVIORS EXPERIENCED BYALICE.......267 L EMOTIONALLY ABUSIVE BEHAVIORS EXPERIENCED BY VICKI.......268 M EMOTIONALLY ABUSIVE BEHAVIORS EXPERIENCED BY ELIZA.....269 N EMOTIONALLY ABUSIVE BEHAVIORS EXPERIENCED BY BECKA....270 O EMOTIONALLY ABUSIVE BEHAVIORS EXPERIENCED BY JORDAN..271 P EMOTIONALLY ABUSIVE BEHAVIORS EXPERIENCED BY LORI.........272 ix LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Evolution of Definitions of Emotional Abuse ............................................................7 2 Loring’s and Chang’s Definitions of Emotional Abuse
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