DOCSLIB.ORG

Implicit Partner Evaluations and Relationship Outcomes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Implicit Partner Evaluations and Relationship Outcomes IMPLICIT PARTNER EVALUATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP OUTCOMES Negative Speaks Louder than Positive: Negative Implicit Partner Evaluations Forecast Destructive Daily Interaction and Relationship Decline Ezgi Sakman1,2 and Vivian Zayas1 1Department of Psychology, Cornell University 2Department of Psychology, Bilkent University Author Note Ezgi Sakman http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5974-6566 Vivian Zayas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-3721 The present research was conducted during Sakman’s post-doctoral research fellowship funded by Fulbright and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. The present research was funded by a grant to Zayas from the Cornell Center for Social Sciences (formerly known as the Institute for the Social Sciences (ISS)). We have no known conflict of interest to disclose. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Vivian Zayas, Cornell University, Department of Psychology, 238 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-7601 Email: [email protected] Word Count: 9186 IMPLICIT PARTNER EVALUATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP OUTCOMES 1 Abstract Implicit partner evaluations (IPEs)—the evaluations triggered nonconsciously when thinking of one’s partner—have been shown to predict consequential outcomes. Despite the interest, there is a glaring paradox in current approaches. A defining feature of significant other mental representations is their affective complexity; but commonly-used methods assess positive relative to negative IPEs, which do not capture this complexity. Using a longitudinal design, we examined the differential attunement of positive and negative IPEs in forecasting relationship behaviors and outcomes. Time 1 negative IPEs forecasted perceiving and enacting daily negative behaviors assessed in a 14-day daily diary, which, in turn, predicted deterioration in explicit partner and relationship evaluations three months later. Positive IPEs, as well as explicit attitudes, were weak and inconsistent predictors of relationship outcomes. These findings elucidate the differential functions of negative and positive IPEs and demonstrate the importance of independently assessing negative and positive IPEs. Keywords: Implicit Partner Evaluations (IPEs), negative relationship behaviors, explicit partner perceptions, automatic processes, romantic relationships IMPLICIT PARTNER EVALUATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP OUTCOMES 2 Negative Speaks Louder than Positive: Negative Implicit Partner Evaluations Forecast Destructive Daily Interaction and Relationship Decline Poets, novelists, and musicians have long contemplated, and lamented, the bitter sweetness of love. Romantic relationships are a source of rewarding experiences (e.g., safety, joy, comfort). Yet, even the most satisfying relationships are a source of painful events (e.g., disappointment, rejection, frustration). For over a century, psychologists across diverse subfields have theorized that over time these affectively rich experiences slowly become etched in memory and stored as mental representations of significant others (e.g., Bowlby, 1973, 1980, 1982; Erikson, 1956; Fairbairn, 1952; Freud, 1911; Klein, 1955; Mead, 1934; Sullivan, 1953; Winnicott, 1958, 1965; see also, Baldwin, 1992; Linehan, 1993; Pietromonaco & Barrett, 2000; Zayas et al., 2015). Once formed, these representations are expected to have profound and broad effects on social functioning (Happé et al., 2017), serving as a filter through which people perceive and interpret their world, and ultimately, shape their own behaviors in dyadic interactions. Despite renewed interest in the last decade in understanding the structure and function of mental representations, especially aspects that operate at an implicit (nonconscious) level, there has been scant attention to one of their most defining features—their affective complexity. To address this gap, the present work offers the first investigation of the distinct roles of negative and positive implicit partner evaluations (IPEs) on perceiving and enacting negative relationship behaviors, and how IPEs via their persistent effects on daily interactions shape relationship outcomes over time. IPEs are an aspect of mental representations that has received considerable attention in relationship science. In contrast to explicit evaluations, which are assessed IMPLICIT PARTNER EVALUATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP OUTCOMES 3 through direct methods wherein participants report on their feelings and thoughts, IPEs are assessed via indirect methods wherein partner evaluations are inferred, for example, from how quickly and accurately participants perform classification tasks that tap into how concepts are associated with one another (see Fazio & Olson, 2003 for a review). Thus, IPEs are the evaluations that come to mind automatically, effortlessly, unintentionally, and nonconsciously when one thinks of a significant other (see Zayas & Shoda, 2005, see also LeBel & Campbell, 2009). Research has shown that IPEs predict important relationship outcomes. For example, people with stronger positive IPEs report greater emotional commitment, attachment security, and relationship satisfaction (e.g., LeBel & Campbell, 2013; Zayas & Shoda, 2005; see Hicks & McNulty, 2019; Zayas et al., 2017 for reviews). In longitudinal work, stronger positive IPEs assessed at baseline predicted lower likelihood of breaking up 12-months later among those in dating relationships (Lee et al., 2010), and less relationship satisfaction decline two years later among newlyweds (McNulty et al., 2013). In both studies, explicit measures of relationship functioning did not predict future relationship outcomes, attesting to the unique forecasting ability of IPEs. Although this past work highlights the practical, real world importance of assessing IPEs, there is glaring paradox in current approaches. Theory and intuition have long acknowledged that a defining feature of significant other representations is their affective richness, reflecting the rewarding and aversive experiences that characterize close relationships (e.g., Gable & Reis, 2001; Gere et al., 2013; Murray et al., 2006). Still, research on IPEs has largely overlooked this affective complexity. The lack of attention to the affective richness of mental representations does not reflect a lack of appreciation IMPLICIT PARTNER EVALUATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP OUTCOMES 4 for the emotional complexities of relationships. Instead, it reflects common practices and assumptions in the social cognition literature that inform work on IPEs. Specifically, dominant theoretical models conceptualize evaluations on a single continuum, with good on one end, and bad on another. Such conceptualizations are also seen in models of interpersonal evaluation where individuals are judged as trustworthy versus untrustworthy, warm versus cold, and supportive versus rejecting (Abele & Wojciszke, 2007; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Cuddy et al., 2007; Peeters & Czapinski, 1990). Not surprisingly, then, widely used social cognitive methods for assessing implicit evaluations (e.g., Implicit Association Test, Greenwald et al., 1998) also assess evaluations on a single, unidimensional continuum, from good to bad (for exceptions, see de Liver et al., 2007; study 2; Petty et al., 2006; study 1). The widespread use of unidimensional measures has heavily affected how IPEs are operationalized in relationship science, such that most studies have assessed the extent to which a partner spontaneously activates positive relative to negative evaluations—or net implicit positivity (e.g., Banse, 1999; Faure et al., 2018; Hicks et al., 2016; LeBel & Campbell, 2013, 2013; McNulty et al., 2013, 2017; Murray et al., 2010, 2019; Scinta & Gable, 2007; Zayas & Shoda, 2005). Despite their validity, commonly used measures of IPEs do not assess the extent to which a partner spontaneously activates positive and negative distinctly. But, this methodological constraint has left a theoretical gap in the literature. Partners are a class of stimuli long known to be associated with both rewarding and aversive experiences. Even the most supportive partner is at times not available, and even the happiest of relationships have moments of disappointment and frustration. Yet, commonly used IMPLICIT PARTNER EVALUATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP OUTCOMES 5 unidimensional measures of IPE have not allowed researchers to understand how such affectively-rich experiences are represented at an implicit level, and how affectively complex implicit processes shape relationship functioning and outcomes. The two studies, to date, that have assessed positive and negative IPEs separately have yielded important insights. Providing support for the longstanding idea that a defining characteristic of significant other representations is their affective complexity, Zayas and Shoda (2015) demonstrated that representations of significant others consist of positive and negative implicit evaluations, whereas representations of liked attitude objects consist of only positive implicit evaluations (and inhibit negative implicit evaluations). Importantly, in longitudinal work, Lee and colleagues (2010) showed that weaker positive IPEs and stronger negative IPEs both uniquely predict future break up. Given that most of the work on IPEs has focused on partner’s net implicit positivity, there has been scant attention to how positive and negative IPEs work to shape perception and guide behaviors within relationships, and to ultimately shape relationship outcomes. Here, we examine the proposition that negative IPEs may be particularly diagnostic of perceiving
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sadie Mohler Article Upload C
    CTSJ CRITICAL THEORY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH OCCIDENTAL COLLEGE Volume 4 FALL 2014 CRITICAL THEORY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH CTSJ VOL. 4 OCCIDENTAL COLLEGE Criminally Insane Discursive Mutations of the Dangerous Individual Sadie Mohler Critical Theory and Social Justice, Occidental College, 2012 Abstract: The psychopath is a historically ill-defined and overused diagnostic category. This paper analyzes the discursive development and cultural permutation of the psychopathic personality within psychiatry and law to reveal not just the categorical flexibility but also the categorical fragility of the psychopathic person. The discourse of psychopathy relies on our understanding that the identity must be assigned to another person, for what makes the psychopath’s mental deficiency so threatening is his inability to empathize and care about his condition. Within the last five years, the discourse has noticeably shifted as people ask the question: “Am I a psychopath?” In posing this paradoxical concern, the functionality of the psychopathic identity shifts from the psychopathic Other to the psychopathic Self. This shift reconfirms the categorical pliancy of the psychopath and, furthermore, complicates what it means to “know thyself.” In examining self-knowledge formation in the context of Foucault’s essay “Technologies of the Self,” we can see how the discursive power of the psychopath dilutes and condenses through self-diagnosis. Keywords: psychopathology, discourse, Other, Technologies, Foucault, mutations 19 CRITICAL THEORY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH CTSJ VOL. 4 OCCIDENTAL COLLEGE Criminally Insane Discursive Mutations of the Dangerous Individual Sadie Mohler Occidental College “In Paris in 1827, Henriette Cornier, a servant, goes to the neighbor of her employers and insists that the neighbor leave her daughter with her for a time.
    [Show full text]
  • UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSION Managing Your Emotions
    UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSION Managing Your Emotions STUDENT WELLNESS CENTRE ■ What are Emotions? ■ Effectively Managing Anger ■ What is Emotional Intelligence? ■ Effectively Managing Grief ■ Identifying Feelings ■ Managing Mood Shifts ■ Coping with Strong Emotion What Are Emotions? Emotions are a natural and healthy part of being human. In fact, they are vital to survival. Emotions motivate us, help us to adapt to our environment, prioritize, connect with others, and focus on finding solutions to problems. An emotion is a complex psychological event that involves a mixture of at least three reactions: ■ A physiological response: such as a change in heart rate, muscles tension, blood pressure and respiration rate. ■ A subjective experience: internal thoughts and feelings about the response. This includes what you tell yourself, and how you label the experience (e.g., “good” or “bad”). ■ An expressive reaction: such as a distinctive facial expression or body posture. Because culture plays an important role here, this may include the learned or habitual reactions that you associate with the emotion. The experience of emotions is subjective. Nobody truly knows how another person experiences an emotion. Some emotions are experienced as strong and others as a mild. What you tell yourself about an emotion is also an important part of how you experience it. Similarly, what others tell you, and how the world around you handles and labels emotions is an important aspect of your experience. People vary greatly in their overall general level of emotional reactivity. A person who is “less reactive” might generally be calm, easy going, and take a slow pace. A person who is “more reactive” may be excitable, have stronger reactions to experiences and go at a faster pace.
    [Show full text]
  • Baselines B S E L
    BASELINES [POTENTIALLY SIGNIFICANT TRANSIENT CHANGES IN BASIC BEHAVIOUR] FOCUS OF ATTENTION CHANGE AND TYPICAL CAUSATION Blink rate Increases [= e.g. intense emotion; frustration; anger; hostility]. Blood vessels [neck] Swelling [= e.g. intense emotion; frustration; anger; hostility]. Blushing [= e.g. intense emotion; frustration; anger; hostility]. Body shift Orientation in sitting position to an angle away from direct view [= terminating the topic] B Common parallel behaviour Gaze aversion; pushing chair backwards; refusing to say anything else. Breathing Increased rate; shallow; difficulty in breathing [= e.g. intense emotion; frustration; anger; hostility]. Brow Creasing (‘omega’) [= e.g. perplexity; disapproval; difficulty in remembering detail]. Adaptors [self-grooming; ‘lint’ Increase in most people; decrease in some people [= e.g. intense emotion; frustration; A picking; manipulating an item] anger; hostility]. Shaking Body; limbs; hands [= e.g. intense emotion; frustration; anger; hostility]. Sighing Emission of deep, audible breath [= e.g. fatigue; impatience; growing frustration, annoyance or emotion]. S Sniffing Common parallel behaviour ‘Glistening’ in nostril/lip area. Swallowing Movement of throat/gullet [= dryness of mouth throat due to intense arousal]. Sweating Brow; armpits; hands [= e.g. intense emotion; frustration; anger; hostility]. Eyes Gaze Upwards; sideways [= “buying” thinking time - accessing material from memory]. Downwards [= e.g. strong emotion; “inner dialogue” [DON’T interrupt.]]. Fixed – glaring or glowering [= e.g. dislike; frustration; anger; hostility]. Aversion [= e.g. embarrassment; shame; guilt]. E Covering eyes [= e.g. embarrassment; shame; guilt]. Common parallel behaviour Failure to respond [= rejecting the ‘talking turn’]. Pupils Constriction [e.g. intense emotion; frustration; anger; hostility]. Tearfulness ‘Glistening’; actual tears [= e.g. distress]. Eyebrows ‘Flashes’ [= e.g. surprise; alarm; disapproval].
    [Show full text]
  • The Rhetoric of the Benign Scapegoat: President Reagan and the Federal Government
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2000 The Rhetoric of the Benign Scapegoat: President Reagan and the Federal Government. Stephen Wayne Braden Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Braden, Stephen Wayne, "The Rhetoric of the Benign Scapegoat: President Reagan and the Federal Government." (2000). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7340. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7340 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Honor and Shame in the Deuteronomic Covenant and the Deuteronomistic Presentation of the Davidic Covenant
    Honor and Shame in the Deuteronomic Covenant and the Deuteronomistic Presentation of the Davidic Covenant The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Jumper, James Nicholas. 2013. Honor and Shame in the Deuteronomic Covenant and the Deuteronomistic Presentation of the Davidic Covenant. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11124848 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Honor and Shame in the Deuteronomic Covenant and the Deuteronomistic Presentation of the Davidic Covenant A dissertation presented by James Nicholas Jumper to The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April 2013 © 2013 James Nicholas Jumper All Rights Reserved. Dissertation Adviser: Jon D. Levenson James Nicholas Jumper Honor and Shame in the Deuteronomic Covenant and the Deuteronomistic Presentation of the Davidic Covenant Abstract The purpose of this dissertation is to identify the semantics of honor and shame in the Hebrew Bible and to demonstrate how these social values intersect with Israel’s fundamental social organizing principle, covenant. Though many scholars have claimed that honor and shame are pivotal values for biblical Israel and that covenant is fundamental to her conception of the divine-human relationship, no work attempting to explore the juncture of these two important social phenomena has appeared.
    [Show full text]
  • The Culture of Military Clampdown on Youth Demonstrations and Its Repercussions on the 21ST Century Nigerian Youths
    European Scientific Journal September 2018 edition Vol.14, No.26 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Dead or Dormant? Docile or Fractured? The Culture of Military Clampdown on Youth Demonstrations and its Repercussions on the 21ST Century Nigerian Youths Charles E. Ekpo Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Cletus A. Agorye History & International Studies, University of Calabar, Nigeria Doi:10.19044/esj.2018.v14n26p74 URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n26p74 Abstract The history of military regimes in Nigeria is synonymous with the history of suppression, repression, extricable use of violence, impunity and blatant trampling on fundamental human rights. Exclusive of J. T. U. Ironsi’s short six months in office, every military dictator in Nigeria had propelled himself to the rein through dubious and anti-people means. It was therefore not fortuitous that these praetorian guards, possessing the powers of ‘life and death’, trampled on, subdued, and caged the ‘bloody civilians’ whose social contract they had successfully usurped. Being the most affected, Nigerian youths had in several scenarios, occasions and events staged protests, demonstrations and marches to register their discontentment and resentment towards the military dictatorships. The reactions from the military governments were always violent, brutal, dreadful and aptly horrific. Military regimes went extra miles to enforce authority, legitimacy and acceptability. Whether through killing, maiming, blackmailing, bribing or threats, the youths had to be forced or cajoled into submission. This work focuses on military clampdown on youth demonstrations during the military era. It argues that the various repressive regimes had nurtured a docile and sycophantic youths who either display lackadaisical attitude over issues bothering social contract or are ignorant and nonchalant about governance in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Political Parties and Leadership
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: EMANCIPATION FROM DOUBLETHINK? POST- SOVIET POLITICAL PARTIES AND LEADERSHIP Peter Voitsekhovsky, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Professor Vladimir Tismaneanu Department of Government and Politics This study examines the phenomenon of doublethink as a core feature of the “mental software” that continues to define the character of post-Soviet societies. It is revealed in patterns of prevarication and equivocation that characterize the thinking and behavior of both the elites and the masses. Doublethink is also manifested in incongruous values and duplicitous rules that prevail in society. It accounts for the perpetuation of simulative and fake institutions of “façade democracy.” Political parties in post-Soviet Ukraine are analyzed as a major example of simulative and imitative institutions. Here, traditional ideology-based party taxonomies prove misleading. Political parties are quasi-virtual entities with the character of “post- Orwellian political machines”: they operate in a topsy-turvy world of imitated supply and deluded demand. The study employs three levels of analysis: macro (surveys data and “Tocquevillean” observations); meso (biographical data and political discourse analysis); and micro (in-depth interviews). EMANCIPATION FROM DOUBLETHINK? POST-SOVIET POLITICAL PARTIES AND LEADERSHIP Peter Voitsekhovsky Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor
    [Show full text]
  • Pobl Dewi March 2020.Indd
    Meithrin Gobaith ESGOBAETH TYDDEWI DIOCESE of ST DAVIDS Growing Hope Meithrin Gobaith Poblhtt �s://stdavids.churchinwales.org.ukGrowing Hope htt �s://www.facebook.com/stdavidsdiocese Dewi htt �s://t�itt er.com/PoblDewi March / Mawth 2020 1920-2020 One hundred years of the Church in Wales As the exact date marking the centenary of disestablishment approaches, Paul Mackness travels through time to consider the past, present and future HE Act of Parliament which its work. Education, pastoral issues all expectations and the Represent- created the Church in Wales and liturgical revisions dominated ative Body made shrewd fi nancial T(CiW) had received royal much of its business and, in 1944, and property investments. assent in September 1914, however the youth movement Cymru’r In 1968, the CiW became a the advent of the First World War Groes was created. A second fi nan- meant that the implementation cial appeal to raise £½m exceeded continued on page 2 of the Act didn’t actually happen until 31 March 1920 (Wednesday of Holy Week). This was when the Anglican Church in Wales ceased to Birthday bells be established and was no longer a state church – a long-held dream of many Non-Conformists in Wales, spearheaded by the Liberal Prime Minister David Lloyd George. Disestablishment meant that the monarch no longer appointed bishops, the private patronage The Bishops in 1920 system disappeared and most of the burial grounds transferred to tutional Convention in Cardiff Diocese of Monmouth followed, local authorities (though many (1 bishop, 33 clerics and 66 lay in 1923, by Swansea & Brecon.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Addressing Internalized Shame
    Understanding and Addressing Internalized Shame By Donna Wasson, MA, LCPC We’ve all heard that Taiwan is a “shame-based” culture, but what is shame, how is it transmitted and what are its effects? Internalized shame is a common theme in many people’s lives. It is often seen in survivors of childhood abuse, domestic violence and sexual assault. Dysfunctional homes (and who really comes from a “functional” home?) often produce shame in their members. Parents with internalized shame pass it on to their children. Many missionaries struggle with the feelings, and the Taiwanese have woven it into their society. John Bradshaw in his book, Healing the Shame that Binds You, says “Toxic Shame, the shame that binds you, is experienced as the all-pervasive sense that I am flawed and defective as a human being. Toxic shame is no longer an emotion that signals our limits, it is a state of being, a core identity. Toxic shame gives you a sense of worthlessness, a sense of failing and falling short as a human being. Toxic shame is a rupture of self with the self.” (page 10.) While guilt might tell a woman, “You made a mistake,” toxic shame will tell her, “You are a mistake. You are worthless, hopeless, and bad.” Is there healthy shame? Healthy shame recognizes that you can make mistakes and have limits. If I bragged to everyone that I was going to win the Iron Man Marathon Race during TMF conference but then lost (inevitable for me!), I would rightly feel a sense of shame.
    [Show full text]
  • We Love Big Brother: an Analysis of the Relationship Between Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four and Modern Politics in the United S
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Honors Scholar Theses Honors Scholar Program Spring 5-4-2018 We Love Big Brother: An Analysis of the Relationship between Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty- Four And Modern Politics in the United States and Europe Edward Pankowski [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses Part of the Literature in English, North America Commons, and the Political Theory Commons Recommended Citation Pankowski, Edward, "We Love Big Brother: An Analysis of the Relationship between Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four And Modern Politics in the United States and Europe" (2018). Honors Scholar Theses. 559. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/559 We Love Big Brother: An Analysis of the Relationship between Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four And Modern Politics in the United States and Europe By Edward Pankowski Professor Jennifer Sterling-Folker Thesis Adviser: Professor Sarah Winter 5/4/2018 POLS 4497W Abstract: In recent months since the election of Donald Trump to the Presidency of the United States in November 2016, George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four has seen a resurgence in sales, and terms invented by Orwell or brought about by his work, such as “Orwellian,” have re- entered the popular discourse. This is not a new phenomenon, however, as Nineteen Eighty-Four has had a unique impact on each of the generations that have read it, and the impact has stretched across racial, ethnic, political, and gender lines. This thesis project will examine the critical, popular, and scholarly reception of Nineteen Eighty-Four since its publication 1949. Reviewers’ and commentators’ references common ideas, themes, and settings from the novel will be tracked using narrative theory concepts in order to map out an understanding of how the interpretations of the novel changed over time relative to major events in both American and Pankowski 1 world history.
    [Show full text]
  • How Domestic Violence Batterers Use Custody Proceedings in Family Courts to Abuse Victims, and How Courts Can Put a Stop to It
    UCLA UCLA Women's Law Journal Title How Domestic Violence Batterers Use Custody Proceedings in Family Courts to Abuse Victims, and How Courts Can Put a Stop to It Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/31z272j1 Journal UCLA Women's Law Journal, 24(1) Author Campbell, Emmaline Publication Date 2017 DOI 10.5070/L3241036415 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California HOW DOMESTIC VIOLENCE BATTERERS USE CUSTODY PROCEEDINGS IN FAMILY COURTS TO ABUSE VICTIMS, AND HOW COURTS CAN PUT A STOP TO IT Emmaline Campbell* I. Introduction Domestic violence batterers are master manipulators who find creative ways to abuse their victims, even after the relationship ends. Domestic violence is defined as “a pattern of behavior in a relationship by which the batterer attempts to control his victim through a variety of tactics.”1 Batterers’ tactics “are more than phys- ical violence and induce a penumbra of threats and actions to induce fear, humiliation, social isolation, and resource deprivation.”2 These tactics can include psychological and emotional abuse, destruction of property and harming of pets, forcing victims into isolation, cre- ating economic abuse, and enforcing rigid expectations of gender roles.3 All of these tactics have one purpose: controlling the victim.4 Batterers are often very angry when victims end a relation- ship. When the victim leaves, she exercises her autonomy and escapes the batterer’s hold.5 Many batterers react violently to this. * J.D. Candidate 2017, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law. I would like to thank Nancy Lemon and Herma Hill Kay for their helpful com- ments on earlier drafts.
    [Show full text]
  • Trait Psychopathy and Utilitarian Moral Judgment: the Mediating Role of Action Aversion
    Cite this manuscript as: Patil, I. (2015). Trait psychopathy and utilitarian moral judgment: The mediating role of action aversion. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27(3), 349-366. doi:10.1080/20445911.2015.1004334 Trait psychopathy and utilitarian moral judgment: The mediating role of action aversion Indrajeet Patil* Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Neuroscience Sector, Trieste, Italy. *Corresponding Author: Indrajeet Patil, Neuroscience Sector, International School for Advanced Studies, SISSA-ISAS, Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy Tel. +39 040 3878 603 Fax : 040 3787 615 Email: [email protected] Word count (abstract): 118 Word count (main text): 8,236 (including the main body of the text and all citations within it, figure and table captions, and acknowledgments). Number of figures: 1 Number of tables: 4 1 Abstract Although past research has established that the utilitarian bias (increased willingness to agree to personally kill someone for the greater good) in psychopathy on moral dilemmas stems from weaker negative affect at the prospect of harming others due to reduced harm aversion, it remains to be seen if this is owing to reduced aversion to witnessing harmful outcomes (outcome aversion) or performing harmful actions (action aversion). In this study, we show that trait psychopathy is associated with both reduced outcome and action aversion and that only action aversion negatively mediates the influence of trait psychopathy on utilitarian moral judgment. Thus, the increased tendency in psychopathy to make utilitarian moral judgments is in part due to reduced aversion to carrying out harmful actions. Keywords: psychopathy, utilitarianism, empathy, harm aversion, action aversion 2 “Moments like this require someone who will act.
    [Show full text]