Collision Between Suburban Passenger Trains G231 and 215A in Adelaide Yard, South Australia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Collision Between Suburban Passenger Trains G231 and 215A in Adelaide Yard, South Australia Adelaide Yard, South Australia, 24 February 2011 24 South Australia, Yard, Adelaide in and 215A trains G231 suburban passenger Collision between ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Rail Occurrence Investigation RO-2011-002 Final Collision between suburban passenger trains G231 and 215A in Adelaide Yard, South Australia 24 February 2011 RO-2011-002.indd 1 7/10/11 2:02 PM ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Rail Occurrence Investigation RO-2011-002 Final Collision between suburban passenger trains G231 and 215A in Adelaide Yard, South Australia 24 February 2011 Released in accordance with section 25 of the Transport Safety Investigation Act 2003 - i - Published by: Australian Transport Safety Bureau Postal address: PO Box 967, Civic Square ACT 2608 Office: 62 Northbourne Avenue Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Telephone: 1800 020 616, from overseas +61 2 6257 4150 Accident and incident notification: 1800 011 034 (24 hours) Facsimile: 02 6247 3117, from overseas +61 2 6247 3117 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.atsb.gov.au © Commonwealth of Australia 2011 In the interests of enhancing the value of the information contained in this publication you may download, print, reproduce and distribute this material acknowledging the Australian Transport Safety Bureau as the source. However, copyright in the material obtained from other agencies, private individuals or organisations, belongs to those agencies, individuals or organisations. Where you want to use their material you will need to contact them directly. ISBN and formal report title: see ‘Document retrieval information’ on page v - ii - CONTENTS THE AUSTRALIAN TRANSPORT SAFETY BUREAU ................................ vii TERMINOLOGY USED IN THIS REPORT ................................................... viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... ix 1 FACTUAL INFORMATION ........................................................................ 1 1.1 Overview .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Location ................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Train information .................................................................................. 2 1.4 Train control and Adelaide station personnel ....................................... 3 1.5 Signalling system .................................................................................. 4 1.6 The occurrence ..................................................................................... 5 1.6.1 Post occurrence .......................................................................... 7 2 ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Sequence of events analysis ................................................................. 8 2.2 Examination of signal data ................................................................. 12 2.3 Train handling .................................................................................... 13 2.4 Departure procedure - Adelaide Station ............................................. 14 2.5 Factors influencing driver actions ...................................................... 14 2.5.1 Summary of factors influencing driver actions ........................ 18 2.6 History of SPADs - Adelaide Station ................................................. 19 2.7 Signal Passed at Danger (SPAD) - general ......................................... 20 2.7.1 SPADs - Physical risk controls ................................................ 21 2.7.2 SPADs - Human factor management ....................................... 22 3 FINDINGS ..................................................................................................... 29 3.1 Context ............................................................................................... 29 3.2 Contributing safety factors ................................................................. 29 3.3 Other safety factors ............................................................................. 29 3.4 Other key findings .............................................................................. 30 4 SAFETY ACTION ........................................................................................ 31 4.1 Public Transport Services ................................................................... 31 4.1.1 Dispatching trains towards starting signal ............................... 31 4.1.2 Vigilance control ..................................................................... 32 - iii - 4.1.3 SPAD Investigation Form ........................................................ 32 4.1.4 Driver training ......................................................................... 33 4.1.5 Interactive driver training ........................................................ 33 4.1.6 Inconsistencies between RoW procedures ............................... 34 4.1.7 Inconsistencies between Work Instructions and the Common General Operating Rules .......................................... 34 4.1.8 Fatigue management ................................................................ 35 APPENDIX A: SOURCES AND SUBMISSIONS ............................................. 36 APPENDIX B: SIGNALLING AND POSITIVE TRAIN CONTROL ........... 38 APPENDIX C: SPAD STATISTICS/GRAPHS ................................................. 40 - iv - DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL INFORMATION Report No. Publication date No. of pages ISBN RO-2011-002 October 2011 50 978-1-74251-210-5 Publication title Collision between suburban passenger trains G231 and 215A in Adelaide Yard, South Australia 24 February 2011 Prepared by Reference Number Australian Transport Safety Bureau ATSB- Oct11/ATSB25 PO Box 967, Civic Square ACT 2608 Australia www.atsb.gov.au Commissioned by Office of the Rail Safety Regulator GPO Box 1533 Adelaide SA 5001 Acknowledgements Other than for the purposes of copying this publication for public use, the map information section may not be extracted, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or machine readable form for incorporation into a derived product, in whole or part, without prior written consent of the appropriate organisation listed above. This investigation report was commissioned and funded by the Office of the Rail Safety Regulator and the Government of South Australia. Abstract At 1209 on 24 February 2011 a suburban commuter train (215A) with 17 passengers on board was being routed from the Up South Main Line into platform 5 at the Adelaide Station. At about the same time a second commuter train (G231) with 22 passengers on board that was departing the Adelaide Station passed signal 141 located at the end of platform 3 at low speed. Shortly thereafter both drivers realised that their trains would come into conflict and applied their train brakes but it was too late to avoid a collision. There were no injuries as a result of the collision; however, both trains sustained minor damage. The ATSB established that the driver of train G231 received a ‘yellow’ Right of Way flag from the Platform Coordinator, indicating that platform work was complete and that the train could advance up to signal 141 which was displaying a stop (red) indication. It was concluded that as the train approached signal 141 the driver diverted his attention onto a lesser task of checking train notices and did not concentrate on the more important task of observing the status of signal 141. Subsequently he perceived that signal 141 had changed to a ‘proceed’ aspect, although the investigation subsequently established that it did not clear at any stage prior the SPAD event and continuously displayed a stop (red) indication for the passage of train G231. In the interests of enhancing future rail safety the ATSB identified a number of safety issues which included the dispatching of trains towards starting signals, the level of protection afforded by the train’s dead man’s control and Automatic Warning System and a range of opportunities to reduce the risk of human performance error. The ATSB is satisfied that the actions proposed in response by Public Transport Services adequately address each of the safety issues. - v - - vi - THE AUSTRALIAN TRANSPORT SAFETY BUREAU The Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) is an independent Commonwealth Government statutory agency. The Bureau is governed by a Commission and is entirely separate from transport regulators, policy makers and service providers. The ATSB's function is to improve safety and public confidence in the aviation, marine and rail modes of transport through excellence in: independent investigation of transport accidents and other safety occurrences; safety data recording, analysis and research; fostering safety awareness, knowledge and action. The ATSB is responsible for investigating accidents and other transport safety matters involving civil aviation, marine and rail operations in Australia that fall within Commonwealth jurisdiction, as well as participating in overseas investigations involving Australian registered aircraft and ships. A primary concern is the safety of commercial transport, with particular regard to fare-paying passenger operations. The ATSB performs its functions in accordance with the provisions of the Transport Safety Investigation Act 2003 and Regulations and, where applicable, relevant international agreements. Purpose of safety investigations The object of a
Recommended publications
  • 16131 New Connections 6 Ƒ R.Indd
    ISSUE 6 WINTER 2010 onwards and upwards The Glenelg tramline is realising its potential as part of a rejuvenated public transport network for Adelaide following the realisation of two major milestones on its journey coast to coast. > Gallipoli Underpass see page 7. Project Director, Manuel Delgado said a sense of history came with seeing the fi rst trams run between the city and the Adelaide inside this issue Entertainment Centre. “We had a great response during the Adelaide > coast to coast light rail Entertainment Centre’s open day earlier this year > glenelg tram overpass when more than 2,500 people took the chance to ride on the extended tramline for the fi rst time. > gallipoli underpass “Since the start of timetabled services, on the 22nd > south road superway of March this year, we’ve had a steady increase in patronage and usage of the Park and Ride facility. > northern expressway “We’ve also seen the trams service a big concert like Lady GaGa and Asian Champions League > rail revitalisation football at Hindmarsh Stadium, which is great.” > seaford rail extension see page 6 www.infrastructure.sa.gov.au Winter 2010 1 by Hook contents We’ve all been horrifi ed by deaths rail revitalisation and serious injuries p11 on our roads in gawler the fi rst half of 2010 and we all have a responsibility to address the issue. northern p8-9 Delivering a road safety benefi t is a key strategy expressway behind all of the major projects underway in and around Adelaide. rail revitalisation dry creek Often road safety is among the primary p12 rail car depot motivators for building new or improved roads.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Transport Buildings of Metropolitan Adelaide
    AÚ¡ University of Adelaide t4 É .8.'ìt T PUBLIC TRANSPORT BUILDII\GS OF METROPOLTTAN ADELAIDE 1839 - 1990 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Architecture and Planning in candidacy for the degree of Master of Architectural Studies by ANDREW KELT (û, r're ¡-\ ., r ¡ r .\ ¡r , i,,' i \ September 1990 ERRATA p.vl Ljne2}oBSERVATIONshouldreadOBSERVATIONS 8 should read Moxham p. 43 footnote Morham facilities p.75 line 2 should read line 19 should read available Labor p.B0 line 7 I-abour should read p. r28 line 8 Omit it read p.134 Iine 9 PerematorilY should PerernPtorilY should read droP p, 158 line L2 group read woulC p.230 line L wold should PROLOGUE SESQUICENTENARY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT The one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of public transport in South Australia occurred in early 1989, during the research for this thesis. The event passed unnoticed amongst the plethora of more noteworthy public occasions. Chapter 2 of this thesis records that a certain Mr. Sp"y, with his daily vanload of passengers and goods, started the first regular service operating between the City and Port Adelaide. The writer accords full credit to this unsung progenitor of the chain of events portrayed in the following pages, whose humble horse drawn char ò bancs set out on its inaugural joumey, in all probability on 28 January L839. lll ACKNO\ryLEDGMENTS I would like to record my grateful thanks to those who have given me assistance in gathering information for this thesis, and also those who have commented on specific items in the text.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Gordon [PDF 359KB]
    The Federal Redistribution 2011 South Australia • t; Public Suggestion Number 1 Martin Gordon 8 pages 86 Companion Crescent Flynn ACT 2615 [email protected] 02-62589372 The Redistribution Committee for South Australia Dear Members, Redistribution of Federal Electoral Boundaries in South Australia I have a whole of state redistribution proposal for South Australia. The population differences between the 11 existing divisions are not significantly out of kilter with the current average enrolment and tolerances. Comparatively minor changes I suggest are necessary to bring all the divisions within tolerance in 2015. The nature ofthe changes I have proposed are consistent with economics, social and regional community of interests; communications and travel within the divisions; physical features and existing boundaries. I have provided comments in relation to each division and have compiled the changes into a table which demonstrates they are all well within tolerances in 2015. Grey The existing division is slightly below average enrolment at 100,095 electors. It is growing at nearly the state average electors growth over the next four years (4.02% versus 4.09%). I have proposed no change to the boundaries and the projected enrolments for 2015 will remain at 104,118 or 99.39% of projected average enrolment at that time. Both adjoining divisions of Wakefield and Barker are above quota and any changes to their boundaries can be applied to remedy elector shortfalls in other divisions. Barker The existing division is well above quota and its growth rate is also above the state­ wide average (4.41 % versus 4.09%), and shedding several thousand electors to Wakefield between Gawler and the Barossa, the principal localities are Lyndoch and Sandy Creek.
    [Show full text]
  • Adelaide, Australia
    ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA O-BAHN GUIDED BUSWAY Table of Contents ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA ...................................................................1 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 1 CITY CONTEXT......................................................................................................................... 1 PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION BACKGROUND.................................................................. 1 THE O-BAHN CONCEPT ........................................................................................................... 2 ADELAIDE’S O-BAHN ............................................................................................................... 3 DESIGN FEATURES ............................................................................................................... 4 ENGINEERING....................................................................................................................... 4 STATIONS............................................................................................................................. 4 BUS OPERATIONS................................................................................................................. 5 VEHICLES............................................................................................................................. 6 BREAKDOWNS AND SAFETY................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Agenda of Strategic Planning Committee
    NOTICE of STRATEGIC PLANNING COMMITTEE MEETING Pursuant to the provisions of Section 84(1) of the Local Government Act 1999 TO BE HELD IN COUNCIL CHAMBERS PLAYFORD CIVIC CENTRE 10 PLAYFORD BOULEVARD, ELIZABETH ON TUESDAY, 11 JUNE 2019 AT 7:00PM SAM GREEN ACTING CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Issue Date: Thursday, 6 June 2019 PRESIDING MEMBER - CR PETER RENTOULIS Mayor Glenn Docherty Cr Akram Arifi Cr Marilyn Baker Cr Stephen Coppins Cr Andrew Craig Cr Veronica Gossink Cr Shirley Halls Cr David Kerrison Cr Clint Marsh Cr Misty Norris Cr Jane Onuzans Cr Dennis Ryan Cr Gay Smallwood-Smith Cr Katrina Stroet Cr Cathy-Jo Tame Strategic Planning Committee Agenda 2 11 June 2019 CITY OF PLAYFORD STRATEGIC PLAN 1. Smart Service Delivery Program This program is about continuing to provide for the Outcomes changing needs and expectations of our diverse community, delivering the services they require. It 1.1 High quality services and amenities means making the most of our community’s existing 1.2 Improved service delivery strengths, talents and diversity, and working smarter to 1.3 Working smarter with our community connect our community with each other to contribute 1.4 Enhanced City presentation, community to overall wellbeing and the economic life of the City. pride and reputation 2. Smart Living Program This program is about Council playing its part to make the City more liveable and connected. As our older Outcomes suburbs age and our population and urban footprint 2.1 Smart development and urban renewal expands, we will find innovative ways to renew and 2.2 Enhanced City presentation, community ‘future proof’ the liveability of our neighbourhoods.
    [Show full text]
  • Noarlunga Rail Line to Seaford Final Report
    Final Report October 2007 extension of the noarlunga rail line to seaford Final Report This report has been produced by the Policy and Planning Division Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure extension of the noarlunga rail line to seaford EXTENSION OF THE NOARLUNGA RAIL LINE TO SEAFORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY South Australia’s Strategic Plan is a comprehensive Initial work on a possible extension commenced in statement of what South Australia’s future can be. Its the mid 1970s during the time of the construction of targets aim for a growing and sustainable economy the Lonsdale to Noarlunga Centre rail line, with the and a strong social fabric. most direct route for a rail alignment from Noarlunga Some of these targets are ambitious and are beyond to Seaford being defined during the 1980s. Further the reach of government acting alone. Achieving consideration occurred in the late 1980s during the the targets requires a concerted effort not only from initial structure planning for the urban development the State Government, but also from local at Seaford. This resulted in a transport corridor being government, regional groups, businesses and their reserved within this development. associations, unions, community groups and In March 2005 the Government released the individual South Australians. Strategic Infrastructure Plan for South Australia which This vision for SA’s future requires infrastructure initiated an investigation into the extension of the and a transport system which maximise South Noarlunga rail line to Seaford as part of a suite of Australia’s economic efficiency and the quality infrastructure interventions to encourage the shift to of life of its people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Financial Cost of Transport in Adelaide
    Australasian Transport Research Forum 2013 Proceedings 2 - 4 October 2013, Brisbane, Australia Publication website: http://www.patrec.org/atrf.aspx The financial cost of transport in Adelaide: estimation and interpretation Dr David Bray1 1Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Queensland Email for correspondence: [email protected] Abstract An estimate is made of the total financial cost of transport in Adelaide in around 2007 based on the value of depreciable transport assets at the time and taking account of their economic lives, the cost of capital and annual operating and maintenance costs. Costs are identified separately for each public transport mode, various classes of public roads, traffic policing and various categories of road vehicle. The results show that private investment in road vehicles is three times the value of depreciable public assets. Private expenditure on owning and operating vehicles accounts for an even greater 85% share of the total average annual $7.0 billion financial cost (in December 2006 prices) of sustaining road and public transport in Adelaide. Nonetheless, the total financial cost to the government of providing public transport and road assets and services was substantial, at $0.43 billion and $0.63 billion respectively per annum. An associated indicative analysis estimates the cost of providing public transport in Australian capital cities to be around $10 billion per annum. A little over half of this cost is for capital related costs and the remainder for operations. Average annual investment of $1.5 billion is needed to replace life expired public transport assets. 1. Introduction Considerable assets are involved in the provision of urban transport.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Here
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Source: - TRANSIT AUSTRALIA - February 2004, Vol. 59, No. 2 p41 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ People for Public Transport Conference – October 2003 'Missed Opportunities - New Possibilities' in Adelaide 1. Overview Adelaide's transport action group People for Public Transport held its annual conference 'Missed Opportunities - New Possibilities' on Saturday 25 October 2003 at Balyana Conference Centre, Clapham, attracting some notable speakers and considerable interest. The next three pages present a brief overview of the event and highlights of the speakers' comments. The keynote speaker was Dr Paul Mees, a well known public transport advocate from Melbourne, where he teaches transport and land use planning in the urban planning program at the University of Melbourne. He was President of the Public Transport Users Association (Vic) from 1992 to 2001. (See separate panel page 42.) Dr Alan Perkins talked about the benefits of making railway stations centres for the community, with commercial and medium density housing clustered around the stations and noted places where this had not happened. He stressed the importance of urban design and security at stations. Dr Perkins' work has focused on the nexus of urban planning, transport, greenhouse impacts and sustainability, through research and policy development. He is Senior Transport Policy Analyst with the SA Department of Transport and Urban Planning. See below. Mr Roy Arnold, General Manager of TransAdelaide' talked about his vision for the future of Adelaide's suburban rail, including the new trams, to be introduced in 2005. This is summarised on page 42. Mr Nell Smith, General Manager of Swan Transit (Perth) and a director of Torrens Transit in Adelaide, has been deeply involved in the service reviews that have led to the reversal of long term patronage decline in both cities.
    [Show full text]
  • 3Urjuhvv Lq 5Dlo 5Hirup
    3URJUHVVLQ 6XSSOHPHQWWR 5DLO5HIRUP ,QTXLU\5HSRUW $Q$VVHVVPHQWRIWKH 3HUIRUPDQFHRI $XVWUDOLDQ5DLOZD\V WR 1RYHPEHU Commonwealth of Australia 1999 ISBN 1 74037 090 2 This work is subject to copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, the work may be reproduced in whole or in part for study or training purposes, subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source. Reproduction for commercial use or sale requires prior written permission from AusInfo. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Manager, Legislative Services, AusInfo, GPO Box 1920, Canberra, ACT, 2601. Publications Inquiries: Media and Publications Productivity Commission Locked Bag 2 Collins Street East Melbourne VIC 8003 Tel: (03) 9653 2244 Fax: (03) 9653 2303 Email: [email protected] General Inquiries: Tel: (03) 9653 2100 or (02) 6240 3200 An appropriate citation for this paper is: Productivity Commission 1999, An Assessment of the Performance of Australian Railways, 1990 to 1998, Supplement to Inquiry Report Progress in Rail Reform, AusInfo, Canberra, November. The Productivity Commission The Productivity Commission, an independent Commonwealth agency, is the Government’s principal review and advisory body on microeconomic policy and regulation. It conducts public inquiries and research into a broad range of economic and social issues affecting the welfare of Australians. The Commission’s independence is underpinned by an Act of Parliament. Its processes and outputs are open to public scrutiny and are driven by concern for the wellbeing of the community as a whole. Information on the Productivity Commission, its publications and its current work program can be found on the World Wide Web at www.pc.gov.au or by contacting Media and Publications on (03) 9653 2244.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017-18 DPTI Annual Report
    Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure 2017-18 Annual Report Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure GPO Box 1533 Adelaide SA 5001 https://dpti.sa.gov.au/ Contact phone number 08 7109 7313 Contact email https://www.dpti.sa.gov.au/contact_us ISSN (PRINT VERSION) 2200-5879 ISSN (ONLINE VERSION) 2202-2015 Date presented to Minister: 28 September 2018 2017-18 ANNUAL REPORT for the Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure Contents Contents .................................................................................................................... 3 Section A: Reporting required under the Public Sector Act 2009, the Public Sector Regulations 2010 and the Public Finance and Audit Act 1987 ................. 4 Agency purpose or role ..................................................................................................... 4 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 4 Key strategies and their relationship to SA Government objectives ................................... 4 Agency programs and initiatives and their effectiveness and efficiency ............................. 6 Legislation administered by the agency ............................................................................. 8 Organisation of the agency .............................................................................................. 10 Employment opportunity programs .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Inner West Precinct Transport and Parking Plan
    INNER WEST PRECINCT TRANSPORT AND PARKING PLAN May 2015 AECOM Inner West Precinct Transport and Parking Plan Client: City of Charles Sturt ABN: 42124960161 Prepared by AECOM Australia Pty Ltd Level 28, 91 King William Street, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia T +61 8 7223 5400 F +61 8 7223 5499 www.aecom.com ABN 20 093 846 925 07-May-2015 Quality Information Document Inner West Precinct Transport and Parking Plan Ref p:\603x\60311346\6. draft docs\6.1 reports\final transport plan 2015\transport and parking plan\revised iwptpp 7-5-2015\inner west transport plan revised - 7 may 2015 (final).docx Date 07-May-2015 Prepared Olivia Franco by Reviewed Christian Bode by AECOM in Australia and New Zealand is certified to the latest version of ISO9001, ISO14001, AS/NZS4801 and OHSAS18001. © AECOM Australia Pty Ltd (AECOM). All rights reserved. AECOM has prepared this document for the sole use of the Client and for a specific purpose, each as expressly stated in the document. No other party should rely on this document without the prior written consent of AECOM. AECOM undertakes no duty, nor accepts any responsibility, to any third party who may rely upon or use this document. This document has been prepared based on the Client’s description of its requirements and AECOM’s experience, having regard to assumptions that AECOM can reasonably be expected to make in accordance with sound professional principles. AECOM may also have relied upon information provided by the Client and other third parties to prepare this document, some of which may not have been verified.
    [Show full text]
  • A Shared Vision for Northern Adelaide We Acknowledge the Aboriginal People As the First Peoples and Nations of South Australia
    A shared vision for Northern Adelaide We acknowledge the Aboriginal people as the first peoples and nations of South Australia. We recognise and respect the Kaurna people’s cultural connections as the traditional owners and occupants of northern Adelaide, and that the Kaurna people have made and continue to make a unique and irreplaceable contribution to the area. Disclaimer No responsibility for any loss or damage caused by reliance on any of the information or advice provided by or on behalf of the State of South Australia, or for any loss or damage arising from acts or omissions made, is accepted by the State of South Australia, their officers, servants or agents. Produced by the Government of South Australia © January 2016. Content correct at time of production. Table of contents Executive summary 6 Supporting the north 8 Vision and objective 12 Consultation 14 Regional profile 16 Imperative for change 26 Strategic direction 30 Measuring progress and success 60 How can you be involved? 64 Additional information and key contacts 66 3 Executive summary The Northern Economic We looked closely at the economic data It builds on recently announced State and asked the community what they want Government initiatives, including Plan is a blueprint for now and into the future. We also asked $93 million in the 2015–16 State Budget, a prosperous northern businesses about their plans in the region. to improve housing, roads and schools in Both groups were optimistic about the northern Adelaide. The State Government Adelaide, focused future, with good reason. has also embarked on the most significant on creating jobs and tax reform in its history in order to create The region is a significant contributor to and maintain jobs.
    [Show full text]