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Highway Median Impacts on Wildlife Movement and Mortality: State of the Practice Survey and Gap Analysis

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Highway Median Impacts on Wildlife Movement and Mortality: State of the Practice Survey and Gap Analysis HIGHWAY MEDIAN IMPACTS ON WILDLIFE MOVEMENT AND MORTALITY State of the Practice Survey and Gap Analysis Final Report Research Report Number F/CA/MI-2006/09 HIGHWAY MEDIAN IMPACTS ON WILDLIFE MOVEMENT AND MORTALITY State of the Practice Survey and Gap Analysis Final Report by Anthony P. Clevenger, Ph.D. Research Ecologist and Angela V. Kociolek, M.Sc. Research Associate Western Transportation Institute College of Engineering Montana State University A report prepared for the State of California Department of Transportation Office of Materials and Infrastructure Research October 6, 2006 Highway Median Impacts on Wildlife Movement and Mortality Documentation Page Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. F/CA/MI-2006/09. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date HIGHWAY MEDIAN IMPACTS ON WILDLIFE MOVEMENT AND MORTALITY October 2006 State of the Practice Survey and Gap Analysis Final Report 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report Anthony P. Clevenger, Ph.D., Angela V. Kociolek, M.Sc. No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Western Transportation Institute - Montana State University (WTI) 11. Contract or Grant No. P.O. Box 174250 Bozeman, MT 59717-4250 Tel: 406-994-6114 Fax: (406) 994-1697 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period State of California Department of Transportation Covered Office of Materials and Infrastructure Research Final Report 1101 R Street, MS 42 02/01/2006 – 07/31/.2006 Sacramento, CA 94273 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract Highway median barriers are used to separate lanes of traffic and enhance motorist safety on freeways and multi-lane interstate highways. Median barriers of all types have the potential to impede animal movements across highways. Barriers may also increase the risk of road mortality if wildlife becomes trapped or confused while on the road searching for a place to cross. A recent Transportation Research Board report highlighted the need to better understand the potential impacts of highway barriers. The lack of information to properly assess environmental impacts is causing significant project delays and increasing transportation project costs. This study includes a state of the practice survey and a review and synthesis of the literature on highway median barriers, their impacts to wildlife movement and performance of mitigative design solutions and provides Caltrans with research recommendations. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Highway median barriers, barrier effect, habitat fragmentation, wildlife mortality 19. Security Classification (of this report) 20. Security Classification (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 116 Western Transportation Institute iii Highway Median Impacts on Wildlife Movement and Mortality Disclaimer DISCLAIMER The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the California Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Alternative accessible formats of this document will be provided upon request. Persons with disabilities who need an alternative accessible format of this information, or who require some other reasonable accommodation to participate, should contact Kate Heidkamp, Assistant Director for Communications and Information Systems, Western Transportation Institute, Montana State University, PO Box 174250, Bozeman, MT 59717-4250, telephone number 406- 994-7018, e-mail: [email protected]. Western Transportation Institute iv Highway Median Impacts on Wildlife Movement and Mortality Preface and Acknowledgments PREFACE This report was prepared under the terms of the California Department of Transportation agreement number 65A0219. This document should be cited as: Clevenger, A.P. and A.V. Kociolek. 2006. Highway median impacts on wildlife movement and mortality: State of the practice survey and gap analysis. Prepared for California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, California. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). The authors, from the Western Transportation Institute at Montana State University (WTI), thank Caltrans staff Harold Hunt for guidance and support and Dave Hacker for initiating this work. The authors greatly appreciate the transportation agency specialists in the U.S. and Canada who participated in this survey and graciously offered their insights as well as the other transportation and wildlife professionals who granted our requests for unpublished information and offered permission for use herein. For their contributions of technical, editorial, graphical and administrative assistance, the authors are grateful for WTI’s staff, namely, Jeralyn Brodowy, Carol Diffendaffer, Meredith Evans, Amanda Hardy, Neil Hetherington, Marcel Huijser, David Kack, Carla Little and Shaowei Wang. Western Transportation Institute v Highway Median Impacts on Wildlife Movement and Mortality Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................1 2. Background..................................................................................................................................3 2.1 Barrier Effects and Wildlife Habitat Fragmentation............................................................. 3 2.1.1 Roads and Other Linear Infrastructure .......................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Connectivity................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Mitigation of Barrier Effects of Roads .......................................................................... 4 2.2 A Brief Overview of Median Barriers .................................................................................. 5 2.2.1 Installation Guidelines and Historical Trends................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Unintended and Potential Impacts of Median Barrier Installation ................................ 7 2.2.3 Current Trends ............................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Study Objectives ................................................................................................................. 10 3. Synthesis of Literature Review and Survey Results..................................................................11 3.1 Literature Review of the Effects of Median Barriers on Wildlife ...................................... 11 3.1.1 Mortality ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.2 Movement .................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.3 Mitigation..................................................................................................................... 14 3.1.4 Analysis of Potential Wildlife Impacts........................................................................ 18 3.2 State of the Practice Survey ................................................................................................ 21 3.2.1. Survey Participation.................................................................................................... 21 3.2.2. Survey Questions and Results..................................................................................... 25 3.2.3. Follow-up Request for Mitigation Techniques........................................................... 57 3.2.4. Survey Summary......................................................................................................... 58 3.3 Gap Analysis....................................................................................................................... 59 4. Conclusions and Recommendations ..........................................................................................67 4.1 Conclusions......................................................................................................................... 67 4.1.1 Knowledge Base .......................................................................................................... 67 4.1.2 Information Deficiencies ............................................................................................. 68 4.2 Research Recommendations ............................................................................................... 69 4.2.1 Building Scientific Support.......................................................................................... 69 4.2.2 Biological Functions and Median Barriers .................................................................. 70 4.2.3 Guidelines for Monitoring and Assessment................................................................. 70 Western Transportation Institute vi Highway Median Impacts on Wildlife Movement and Mortality Table of Contents 4.2.4 A Framework for Designing Research ........................................................................ 72 4.2.5 Mortality ...................................................................................................................... 75 4.2.6
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