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WICKLOW FUTURE FOREST WOODLAND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE OF

SIQI TAN 2021

DRAFT

MASTER LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL THESIS-2020/2021

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CONTENTS

1. WICKLOW OVERVIEW 4

2. RIVERS AND WOODLANDS 28

3. WOODLAND MANAGEMENT 56

4. WICKLOW LANDUSE 60 PROGRAMME MTARC001 - MASTER LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

MODULE LARC40450-LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL THESIS 2020-2021 FINAL REPORT 5. DEVELOPING NEW WOODLAND X

TUTOR MS SOPHIA MEERES

AUTHOR 6. CONCLUSIONS X SIQI TAN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE GRADUATE STUDENT STUDENT №: 17211085

TELEPHONE +353 830668339 7. REFERENCES 70

E-MAIL [email protected] 1. WICKLOW OVERVIEW

Map 1.1 Wicklow and Municipal District Dublin Map 1.2 Wicklow Main towns and Townland

Bray 6.5 km² POP.: 32,600

Kildare Bray 123.9 km²

Greystones 64.9 km² 4.2 km² POP.: 18,140

Wicklow 433.4 km² Co. Wicklow Wicklow 2025 km² 31.6 km² Population: 142,425 POP.: 10,584 915.1 km²

Arklow 486.7 km²

Carlow

Arklow 6.2 km² POP.: 13,163

County Wicklow is adjacent to , , and . There are 1356 townlands in Wicklow.

The total area of Wicklow is 2025 km², with the pop- Townlands are the smallest land divisions in Ire- Wexford ulation of 142,425 (2016 Census). land. Many Townlands are of very old origin and 4 they developed in various ways – from ancient 5 Nowadays, Wicklow is divided by five municipal clan lands, lands attached to Norman manors or districts. Plantation divisions. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: OSI 1.1 WICKLOW LIFE Map 1.3 Wicklow Roads and Buildings Map 1.4 Housing and Rivers

Bray Bray

Greystones Greystones

Wicklow Wicklow

Arklow Arklow

Roads of all levels are very dense in the towns, with fewer main roads in the suburbs and only a A great number of housings along rivers and lakes few national roads in the mountains. under 200m elevation while most artificial features in main cities. Housing 6 The four main towns are linked by national road 7 N11. The unnatural area is around 73.9 km², 3.6% of total area of Co. Wicklow. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: OSI Map 1.5 Division Lines Map 1.6 Woodland, Rivers and Housing

Bray Bray

Greystones Greystones

Wicklow Wicklow

Arklow Arklow

The housing area is around 73.9 km², 3.6% of total The divison lines are mostly hedeges, field area of Co. Wicklow. boundaries, fances and other man-made struc- tures. The land type includes urban fabrics, commercial 8 areas, sports ground and so on. They formed the 9 Wicklow is still lack of hedge mapping. Housing main part of urban structure, which influncing citizens’ daily life. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: OSI 1.3 WICKLOW NATURAL HERITAGE Map 1.7 Nature Reserves and pNHA Table 1.1 List of pNHA in Wicklow

proposed Natural Heritage Areas in Wicklow № SITE NAME AREA/ha № SITE NAME AREA/ha 7 1 1 Ballyman Glen 11.23 18 Dargle River Valley 19.07 2 193.78 19 Valley 84.98 18 2 26 3 Carriggower Bog 93.02 20 Glenealy Woods 387.07 19 6 4 Devil's Glen 172.98 21 Holdenstown Bog 3.89 27 25 5 74.45 22 Newtown Marshes 170.54 5 6 Kilmacanoge Marsh 13.91 23 Lowtown Fen 12.79

10 3 7 Knocksink Wood 68.63 24 Magherabeg Dunes 58.21 22 8 Buckroney-Brittas Dunes And Fen 392.69 25 83.00 9 The Murrough 768.92 26 Powerscourt Woodland 241.27

28 10 Reservoir 2,159.72 27 338.74 29 33 11 Vale Of Clara (Rathdrum Wood) 381.47 28 352.12 9 12 44.12 29 Marshes 20.60 13 Arklow Rock-Askintinny 58.24 30 Tomnafinnoge Wood 72.01 4 37 36 14 Arklow Sand Dunes 16.41 31 Wicklow Town Sites 3.69 15 Avoca River Valley 517.75 32 Arklow Town Marsh 83.89 17 20 31 16 Ballinacor Wood 285.03 33 Hollywood Glen 15.47 12 23 17 Ballycore Rath 13.84 34 Avondale 0.05 11 35 24 Table 1.2 List of Nature Reserves in Wicklow 16 21 Nature Reserves in Wicklow 34 Index № in № Site Name Area/ha Established Ownership Map 1.7 8 1 Knocksink Wood 52 1994 State-owned 7 2 15 Glen of the Downs 59 1980 State-owned 5 3 Deputy's Pass 47 1982 State-owned 35 4 Vale of Clara 220 1983 State-owned 11 14 5 157 1988 State-owned 36 32 6 Glenealo Valley 1,958 1988 State-owned 37

30 13

There are 35 sites of proposed Natural Heritage Areas (pNHA) in Wicklow. The total area is 76 km². Natural Heritage Areas (NHAs) are areas considered important for the habitats present or which holds species of plants and animals whose habitat needs protection. Also 6 Nature Reserves in WIcklow. 10 Proposed Natural Heritage Area (pNHAs) were published on a non-statutory basis in 1995, but 11 Currently, there is no Natural Heritage Areas have not since been statutorily proposed or designated. These sites are of significance for wildlife (NHA) in Wicklow. and habitats. (NPWS, 2015) GIS data source: NPWS Data source: NPWS Image 1.1-1.6 Nature Reserves Knocksink Wood Nature Re- serve

Some of the valley slopes are dominated by sessile oak, Vale of Clara Nature Reserve while other areas are charac- terised by mixed woodland. A large area of fragmented Notable features of the slopes oak-wood. It contains the are the frequent and exten- largest area of semi-natural sive springs and seepage ar- woodland in Co. Wicklow and eas within the woodland. The is potentially one of the largest site has one of the most di- stands of native hardwoods in verse woodland invertebrate the country. The area has been faunas in , incorporat- at least partially under wood- ing wet woodland organisms land since the Ice Age. The oak- threatened internationally woods are also of high scenic within the EU. value.

Knocksink Woods (Gaoithe, 2020) Vale of Clara (British Library, 2009)

Glen of the Downs Nature Reserve Glendalough Nature Reserve This is an area of sessile oak. It is a very good example of the A broad open valley surround- drier type of oak woodland ed by mountains and generally characteristic of acid soils in consists of a large plateau of Wicklow. mixed heathland and peatland.

Gold Bearing river in Glen of the Downs (Keger, 2014) View from Glenealo Valley into Glendalough Valley (Janßen, 2012)

Deputy’s Pass Nature Reserve Glenealo Valley Nature Reserve Although coppice in origin this woodland is a good ex- A series of oak woods extend- ample of its type. ing from the upper lake to the lower slopes of Derrybawn The woods are composed of Mountain. 12 sessile oak, holly, hazel, birch 13 and beech, with an under planting of wood sorrel, blue- Deputy's Pass (Rathdrum Walkers, 2014) berry, bilberry, and woodrush. Glenealo Valley (Janßen, 2020) Text source: NPWS, 2015 Map 1.8 SAC and SPA Table 1.3 List of SAC & SPA in Wicklow Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) in Wicklow Area in Index № in № Site Name County Date Wicklow/ha Map 1.7/1.8 1 Ballyman Glen Dublin, Wicklow 11.23 2003 1 2 Bray Head Dublin, Wicklow 197.52 1999 2 1 3 Buckroney-Brittas Dunes and Fen Wicklow 320.65 1999 38 7 2 4 Carriggower Bog Wicklow 84.30 2003 3 5 Deputy's Pass Nature Reserve Wicklow 47.88 1995 35 5 6 Glen of the Downs Wicklow 74.45 1995 5 7 Holdenstown Bog Wicklow 4.05 2003 21 43 41 3 8 Kilpatrick Sandhills Wexford, Wicklow 0.03 1999 39 9 Knocksink Wood Wicklow 87.89 1995 7 10 Magherabeg Dunes Wicklow 74.61 1999 24 Carlow, Wexford, 9 11 Slaney River Valley 505.89 1998 40 Wicklow 12 The Murrough Wetlands Wicklow 602.70 1998 9 13 Vale of Clara (Rathdrum Wood) Wicklow 378.25 1995 11 42 14 Dublin, Wicklow 30,350.85 1999 41 40 44 11 15 Wicklow Reef Wicklow 1,523.56 2003 42 35 Total Area 34,263.86 24 Special Protection Areas (SPA) in Wicklow Area in Index № in 21 № Site Name County Date Wicklow/ha Map 1.7/1.8 38 1 Kildare, Wicklow 1,978.78 2004 43 2 The Murrough Wicklow 940.78 2009 9 3 Wicklow Head Wicklow 195.05 2003 44 4 Wicklow Mountains Dublin, Wicklow 28,646.67 2004 41 Total Area 31,761.28

39 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) are prime wildlife conservation areas in the country, consid- ered to be important on a European as well as Irish level. The legal basis on which SACs are selected and designated is the EU Habitats Directive, transposed into Irish law by the European Communi- ties (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011 (S.I. No. 477 of 2011), as amended.

Special Protection Areas (SPAs): Ireland is required under the terms of the EU Birds Directive (2009/147/EC) to designate Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for the protection of: · Listed rare and vulnerable species · Regularly occurring migratory species There are 15 sites of Special Areas of Conservtion · Wetlands especially those of international importance 14 (SAC) and 4 Special Protection Areas (SPA) in (NPWS, 2015) 15 Wicklow. The Murrough and Wicklow Mountains are both SAC and SPA. GIS data source: NPWS Data source: NPWS Map 1.9 WMNP and Wicklow Montains in SAC and SPA Image 1.1 Map of WMNP

The boundary of Wicklow Mountains National Park is different with Wicklow Mountains in SAC or SPA.

16 The area of Wicklow Mountains National Park is 20,483 ha, however, Wicklow 17 Mountains’ area in SAC is 30,350 ha and 28,647 ha in SPA. Map of Wicklow Mountains National Park (NPWS, 2020)

GIS data source: NPWS (NPWS, 2020) Map 1.10 , and Natural Heritage Map 1.11 River Avoca, River Liffey, Natural Heritage and Woodland

Liffey Liffey

Slaney Slaney

The main stretches of are un- der SAC (Slaney Valley).

Poulaphouca Reservoir of River Liffey is under SPA. 18 19 WMNP is mostly made up by peat bogs Some of the woodlands are not included in WMNP, and heathlands. but under protection in SPA and SAC. GIS data source: Rivers: OSI; others: NPWS GIS data source: Rivers: OSI; others: NPWS 1.4 WICKLOW NATURE Map 1.12 WIcklow Contour Map Map 1.13 Wicklow Major Rivers and Lakes

Dargle

Blessington Lakes (Poulaphouca Reservoir) Liffey

Lough Tay

Lough Dan Vartry Reservoir

Vartry Glendalough

Slaney

Avoca

Elevation/m

The highest point of Wicklow is at south of Wicklow Mountains. The rivers Liffey, Dargle, and Avoca all originated 20 The distribution of rivers such as Avoca, Dargle, from the Wicklow Mountain, and Slaney origi- 21 Vartry and Slaney can also be distinguished in nated in south Wicklow Mountains, which flows the contour map. down to Wexford. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: OSI Map 1.14 Ancient and Long-established Woodland (ALEW) in Wicklow Table 1.4 List of ALEW in Wicklow Wicklow Ancient & Long-established Woodland Index in № Site Name Area/ha Map 1.7-1.9 1 Altidore Demesne 23.94 45 7 64 2 Ballard Hill 43.70 46 68 67 60 3 Ballinagee 12.30 47 47 65 72 4 Ballinanty 2.15 48

66 5 5 Ballyboy 36.42 49 6 Baltynanima 105.26 50 62 45 65 7 Brockagh 13.55 51 8 Castlehoward 93.64 52

61 9 Castlekevin 48.26 53 50 69 10 Cronroe 34.76 54 11 Deputy's Pass 133.90 35 4 53 12 Derrybawn 95.72 55 54 13 Dunganstown West 9.56 56 14 Glen of the Downs 70.90 5

49 11 35 15 Highpark Upper 5.20 57 16 Kilcarra West 380.17 58 17 Kilmacrea Wood 16.58 59 48 56 59 57 18 Kilruddery Deerpark 32.41 60 52 19 Kiltimon 9.38 61 20 Knocksink Wood 22.22 7

70 21 Lodge 63.95 62 22 Money Lower 6.48 63 58 23 Oldboleys 9.05 64 24 Poulaphuca Bridge 1.66 65 25 Powerscourt Deerpark 196.60 66 73 63 26 Powerscourt Demense South 15.59 67 27 Powerscourt Demesne North 31.75 68 There are 34 Ancient and Long-established Woodland in a to- 28 9.03 69 51 tal area of 30.95 km². They occupy 1.5% of Wicklow whole area. 71 29 Shelton North 186.14 70 46 The largest one is the Vale of Clara with an area of 7.99km². 9 30 The Devil's Glen 332.08 4 out of 34 haveThe an divison area smaller lines are than mostly 10 ha. hedeges, field boundaries, fances and other man-made struc- 31 The Giants Cut and 36.00 71 55 The study carriedtures. on by Perrin, P.M. & Daly, O.H. (2010), used 32 The Quill Woods 5.82 72 22 first edition OS maps (1830‐1844), third edition OS maps and 23 FIPS, the ForestWicklow Inventory is still Planning lack of hedge System mapping. 1998. 33 Tomnafinnoge 211.72 73 34 Vale of Clara 799.07 11 GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: NPWS Data source: NPWS Map 1.15 Native Woodland and Ancient Woodland

Ancient Woodland: Tomnafinnoge (Visitwicklow, 2021) Possible Ancient Woodland: The Devil's Glen (konco14, 2020)

Long‐Established Woodland (I): Glen of the Downs (Visitwicklow, Long‐Established Woodland (II): Deputy's Pass (Radics, 2020) 2021)

Definitions of ancient and long‐established woodland (Perrin and Daly, 2010):

There is no distinction between the nature of the stands (semi‐natural, mixed or conifer) at different points in history. In addition, coppicing or clearfelling is not regarded as a discontinuation of wood- land cover.

Ancient Woodland is defined as areas of woodland believed to have remained continuously wood- ed since 1660. This date is used as it was during the 1650s that the and the Civil Sur- vey were conducted to facilitate the confiscation of lands following the Cromwellian conquest and these are the two most useful historical resources available.

Possible Ancient Woodland is defined as areas of woodland that are thought to have remained continuously wooded since 1660, but for which evidence is not so strong, due typically to the some- what ambiguous nature of names and locations in much of the 17th century literature.

Long‐Established Woodland (I) is defined as woodland that has remained continuously wooded since the first edition OS maps of 1830‐44, but for which no positive evidence of antiquity has been found in older documentation. These woodlands may however have ancient origins. 24 25 Long‐Established Woodland (II) is defined as woodland that has remained continuously wooded About 1/3 of the ancient woodlands are since the first edition OS maps of 1830‐44, but for which there is positive evidence in older docu- Quercus woodland. mentation that it is not ancient in origin. GIS data source: Rivers: OSI; others: NPWS Map 1.16 ALEW Classification Map 1.17 ALEW Indicative Woodland Type

The majority of ALEW in Wicklow are possible Almost half of the ancient and long-established ancient woodland (36%), and long-established woodlands are conifer plantation (41%). Second- woodland (35%). Only 29% are evidenced by an- ary dominate woodland is semi-natural broadleaf cient woodland. (27%) and then mixed woodland (18%). 12% are recent clearfell. The ancient woodlands are concentrated in four bigger patches, and two patches for possible an- cient woodland.

The current map is not completed. Further inves- tigation is required.

5.55 km², 18% 8.82 km², 29% 8.39 km², 27% 11.08 km², 36% 0.76 km², 2% 26 10.56 km², 34% 12.72 km², 41% 27 0.49 km², 1% 3.53 km², 12%

GIS data source: NPWS GIS data source: NPWS Map 1.18 OSI Woodland and Main Rivers Map 1.19 Wicklow Woodland Ownership

Dargle

North Liffey Coastal Streams

Vartry

Slaney

South Coastal Streams

Avoca

Coillte owns 72% of Wicklow’s woodlands, and 30.95 km², 1.5% of Wicklow area. The existing woodlands in Wicklow cover 19.3% of most of them are coniferous woodland. Coillte is 13.28 km², 0.7% of Wicklow area. its area, while coniferous woodland forms a major gradually thinning and replanting the woodlands 28 338.21 km², 16.7% of Wicklow area. 279.65 km², 72% 29 38.24 km², 1.9% of Wicklow area. part. Only 0.7% of deciuous woodlands and 1.9% 110.08 km², 28% under Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF) pro- of mixed woodlands cover Wicklow. gramme from 2020. GIS data source: ALEW: NPWS; Others: OSI GIS data source: Coillte Map 1.20 Corine Woodland and Main Rivers

CONCLUSIONS OF CHAPTER 1

Woodlands act as an significant roll in Wicklow’s Green Infrastructure system. They concentrate in upland and upriver areas. In Wicklow, not all of the semi-natural habitats are forest, others include peat bogs, moores, heathlands, and marshes (inland marshes and salt marshes). Most of the peat bogs and moors and heathlands are distributed above 300m contour.

Wicklow Mountains occuping a large area of Wicklow, and almost all of the area is under the protection of SAC and SPA, but the area of Wicklow Mountains National Park (WMNP) dose not match the natural haritage and some of the most important habitats. On the contrary, the area of WMNP is much smaller than either SAC or SPA. The WMNP should be enlarged to cover all the significant landscape above.

The total woodland coverage of Wicklow is about 40,000 ha (20% of Wicklow’s area), this including 4% of decidous woodlands, 87% of coniferous woodlands and 9% of mixed woodlans. Ancient and Long-established Woodland (ALEW) in Wicklow is only covers 1.5% of its area. ALEW shows frag- mentation, and every single area is relatively small.

Generally speaking, it shows low woodland coverage in Wicklow, especially in relation to native woodland and ancient woodland. Meanwhile, the area of exotic commercial woodland over- whelms native woodland.

Transitional shrubs are recorded in Corine 36.22 km², 1.8% of Wicklow area. system, there are more than 20% of all the 221.76 km², 11.0% of Wicklow area. 30 62.02 km², 3.1% of Wicklow area. woodland area. Most of the transitional 31 95.92 km², 4.7% of Wicklow area. shrubs are above 300m contour, they may All above: 415.91 km², 20.6% of Wicklow area. be unmatured trees, clearfells or others. GIS data source: Woodlands: CLC; Others: OSI Source of 2. RIVERS AND WOODLANDS Avoca Map 2.1 River Avoca Catchment Map 2.2 River Avoca Catchment Aerial Map

Lough Tay

Cloghoge

Lough Dan Glenmacnass

Inchavore Glendasan

Glenealo

The Avoca River originates in the in Wicklow Montains, flows through Lough Tay, Lough Dan, Glenmacnass, Glendasan and Glene- alo Rivers, and joins the Avoca River, which finally Avonmore flows into the at Arklow Harbour (East Wicklow River Trust, 2020). Avonbeg Ballycreen Avoca catchment and water body:

Avoca River - Avonmore River Cloghoge Ow Avoca Lough Tay Lough Dan Glenmacnass Derry Water Aughrim Glendasan Glenealo - Avonbeg RIver - Aughrim Water Goldmine 32 River Ow 33 Ballycreen Brook - Goldmine GIS data source: OSI (ESRI, 2021) Map 2.3 River Avoca and Woodland in OSI Map 2.4 River Avoca and Woodland in CLC

Both the OSI and Corine maps show that some catchments lack woodland The river sources in the uplands may never have been wooded, and it may coverage, while the Corine data identified areas containing only tiny patch- not be appropriate to plant them, except for some limited riparian vegeta- 34 es or no woodland. The small-sized woodland in the OSI map can be im- tion. 35 proved to bigger patches. Some coniferous woodlands tend to be marked It is notable that coniferous plantations encroach on the upland bogs and as transitional woodlands in Corine data. peatlands. These plantations should be removed. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: Woodland: CLC; River: OSI Map 2.5 Catchment Map 2.6 River Vartry Catchment Aerial Map

Source of Vartry

Vartry Reservoir

Ballymacahara

Broad Vartry The Vartry rises in Calary Bog under the Great Lough Sugar Loaf mountain in northern County Wick- low. Passing through Devil’s Glen and continues eastwards into Broad Lough, which flows to- wards Wicklow town (East Wicklow River Trust, 2020).

Vartry catchment:

Vartry River - Vartry Reservoir 36 - Ballymacahara 37 - Broad Lough

Rathnew (ESRI, 2021) GIS data source: OSI Map 2.7 River Vartry and Woodland in OSI Map 2.8 River Vartry and Woodland in CLC

38 39 There is a particular little forest near the Vartry estuary, and there Especially in the Corine Map, small areas of woodland are not is relatively little continuous forest cover throughout the basin. counted, so the loss of woodland can be seen more clearly. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: Woodland: CLC; River: OSI Map 2.8 River Vartry and Woodland in CLC Map 2.9 Catchment Map 2.10 River Dargle Catchment Aerial Map

Dargle

Glencullen

Bray River

Glencree

Kilmacanogue

Source of Dargle

The Dargle River originates in Wicklow Moun- tains, flows through Powerscourt, Waterfall and Glencree Valley (River Glencree), finally flows into the Irish Sea at Bray Harbour (East Wicklow River Trust, 2020).

Tributaries:

Dargle River Bray River 40 - Glencullen 41 - Glencree - GIS data source: OSI (ESRI, 2021) Map 2.11 River Dargle and Woodland in OSI Map 2.12 River Dargle and Woodland in CLC

42 The upper part of the Dargle watershed is relatively wooded, but this is largely co- 43 niferous forest. There is deciduous and mixed woodland cover along the middle section of the river corridor, but little in the urban area. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: Woodland: CLC; River: OSI Map 2.13 North Wicklow Coastal Streams Map 2.14 North Wicklow Coastal Streams Aerial Map

Three Trouts

Kilcoole

Newtownmountkennedy

Ballyronan

Newcastle

There are at least six streams in north Wicklow coast from low hills of coastal plain into the sea or marshes (East Wicklow River Trust, 2020).

Main Streams:

- Three Trouts - 44 - Ballyronan 45 - - Newcastle GIS data source: OSI (ESRI, 2021) Map 2.15 North Wicklow Coastal Streams Woodland in OSI Map 2.16 North Wicklow Coastal Streams and Woodland in CLC

The river near the sea has almost no woodland and only a 46 large area of salt marsh is recorded in Corine data. 47 Woodland near watersheds far from the sea is more continu- ous and large. Towards the urban areas, the riparian corridor has been removed. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: Woodland: CLC; River: OSI Map 2.17 South Wicklow Coastal Streams Map 2.18 South Wicklow Coastal Streams Aerial Map

Three Mile Water

Potters

There are at least four streams in the south Wick- low coast from low hills of the coastal plain into the Irish Sea (East Wicklow River Trust, 2020).

Main Streams:

48 - Redcross 49 - Potters - Three Mile Water GIS data source: OSI (ESRI, 2021) Map 2.19 South Wicklow Coastal Streams Woodland in OSI Map 2.20 South Wicklow Coastal Streams and Woodland in CLC

50 51 The situation is basically the same as the north Wicklow coastal streams. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: Woodland: CLC; River: OSI Map 2.21 River Liffey Catchment Map 2.22 River Liffey Catchment Aerial Map

Brittas

Liffey

Ballydonnell Brook Soure of Liffey

Poulaphouca Reservoir

The Liffey rises in the Liffey Head Bog between the mountains of and in the northern section of the Wicklow Mountains, forming from many streamlets at Sally Gap. It flows for 132 km through counties Wicklow, Kildare and Dublin before entering the Irish Sea at its mouth at the midpoint of Dublin Bay (Wick- low Mountains National Park, 2021). Glasnagllam Main tributary and water body in Wicklow: Kings Annalaka River Liffey Douglass - Ballydonnell Brook Glennamore Poulaphouca Reservoir - Glennamore Glasnagllam 52 Annalaka 53 - Douglass River - Brittas River GIS data source: OSI (ESRI, 2021) Map 2.23 River Liffey Catchment Woodland in OSI Map 2.24 River Liffey Catchment and Woodland in CLC

Both maps show that most of the branches of River Liffey lack woodland. Only a small area of woodland adjacent to Pou- 54 laphouca Reservoir, and it’s a protected area under SPA and 55 pNHA. Almost half the coniferous woodland is transitional shrub, much of this woodland may be planted on peat bog. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: Woodland: CLC; River: OSI Map 2.25 River Slaney Catchment Map 2.26 River Slaney Catchment Aerial Map

Browns Beck Brook Carrigower Greese

Knickeen

Leoh

Soure of Slaney

Mill Race

Derreen

Douglas

The River Slaney flows from Lugnaquilla Moun- tain west and then 73 miles south through: Balt- inglass, , , , and finally Wexford to the Irish Sea (Slaney River Derreen Trust, 2021).

Slaney catchment in Wicklow:

Slaney River - Greese - Douglas - Derry Mine Coolboy - Derreen - Carrigower Derry Browns Beck Brook 56 - Knickeen 57 - Leoh - Mill Race Mine

GIS data source: OSI (ESRI, 2021) Map 2.27 River Slaney and Woodland in OSI Map 2.28 River Slaney and Woodland in CLC

58 The Slaney watershed is mostly forested, and the western 59 reaches of the river lack large areas of woodland. The upland peat bog has been planted with coniferous forest. The peatbog may need to be restored. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: Woodland: CLC; River: OSI 3. WOODLAND MANAGEMENT Map 3.1 Woodland Management Overview Map 3.2 Decidous Woodland Management

According to Map 1.15 Wicklow Woodland Owner- 340.75 km², 87% 60 ship. Most of the managed woodlands are Coillte 0.15 km², 1% 61 51.14 km², 13% owned, and some of the private owned wood- 13.13 km², 99% Almost all the decidous woodlands are un- lands are unmanaged. managed. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: OSI Map 3.3 Coniferous Woodland Management Map 3.4 Mixed Woodland Management

Only 1 ha of unmanagement coniferous wood- land are calculated in ArcGIS. Leading to a con- 338.20 km², 100% 62 clusion that all the coniferous woodlands in 0.25 km², 1% The management situation is simillar with decidous 63 0.01 km², 0% Wicklow are managed and most of them are 37.99 km², 99% woodland. Almost all the mixed woodlands are un- commercial timber. managed. GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: OSI Map 4.2 Green Spaces Map 4.3 Natural Grassland 4. WICKLOW LANDUSE Map 4.1 Field Pasture and Rough Pasture

Natural Grassland 2.49 km², 0.1% of Wicklow area 30.87 km², 1.5% of Wicklow area GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: CLC Map 4.4 Arable Land Map 4.5 Natural Vegetation

1479.78 km², 73% of Wicklow area 64 65 18.42 km², 1% of Wicklow area Arable Land 128.99 km², 6.4% of Wicklow area Natural Vegetation GIS data source: OSI GIS data source: CLC 112.65 km², 5.6% of Wicklow area GIS data source: CLC Map 4.6 Wetland Map 4.7 Moors and Heathland

191.91 km², 9.5% of Wicklow area 66 8.34 km², 0.4% of Wicklow area Moors and Heathland 67 2.26 km², 0.1% of Wicklow area 208.65 km², 1 0.3% of Wicklow area

GIS data source: CLC GIS data source: CLC Map 4.9 Soil Carbon

68 69

Peatland may hold more carbon. GIS data source: NPWS My EndNote Library.enl Page 1 7. REFERENSES

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