Variational of Surface Gravity Waves Over Bathymetry BOUSSINESQ

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Variational of Surface Gravity Waves Over Bathymetry BOUSSINESQ Gert Klopman Variational BOUSSINESQ modelling of surface gravity waves over bathymetry VARIATIONAL BOUSSINESQ MODELLING OF SURFACE GRAVITY WAVES OVER BATHYMETRY Gert Klopman The research presented in this thesis has been performed within the group of Applied Analysis and Mathematical Physics (AAMP), Department of Applied Mathematics, Uni- versity of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. Copyright c 2010 by Gert Klopman, Zwolle, The Netherlands. Cover design by Esther Ris, www.e-riswerk.nl Printed by W¨ohrmann Print Service, Zutphen, The Netherlands. ISBN 978-90-365-3037-8 DOI 10.3990/1.9789036530378 VARIATIONAL BOUSSINESQ MODELLING OF SURFACE GRAVITY WAVES OVER BATHYMETRY PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Twente, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. H. Brinksma, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 27 mei 2010 om 13.15 uur door Gerrit Klopman geboren op 25 februari 1957 te Winschoten Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor prof. dr. ir. E.W.C. van Groesen Aan mijn moeder Contents Samenvatting vii Summary ix Acknowledgements x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General .................................. 1 1.2 Variational principles for water waves . ... 4 1.3 Presentcontributions........................... 6 1.3.1 Motivation ............................ 6 1.3.2 Variational Boussinesq-type model for one shape function .. 7 1.3.3 Dispersionrelationforlinearwaves . 10 1.3.4 Linearwaveshoaling. 11 1.3.5 Linearwavereflectionbybathymetry . 12 1.3.6 Numerical modelling and verification . 14 1.4 Context .................................. 16 1.4.1 Exactlinearfrequencydispersion . 17 1.4.2 Frequency dispersion approximations . 18 1.5 Outline .................................. 21 1.6 References................................. 22 2 Variational Boussinesq modelling of non-linear waves 27 2.1 Introduction................................ 28 2.2 Variational principle and modelling . ... 29 2.3 Parabolicstructuremodel . 32 2.4 Generalseriesmodel ........................... 33 2.4.1 Hyperbolic-cosinestructuremodel . 35 2.4.2 Power-seriesstructuremodel . 36 2.5 Linear wave characteristics from the average Lagrangian....... 37 2.5.1 AverageLagrangianforlinearwaves . 37 2.5.2 Lineardispersion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 2.5.3 Linearshoaling .......................... 42 2.6 Numerical simulations for the parabolic structure model....... 45 2.6.1 Numericalmethod ........................ 45 2.6.2 Periodicwaves .......................... 46 2.6.3 Confinedwavegroups . 49 2.7 Conclusions ................................ 53 2.A Vertical integrals for the parabolic, cosh and power-series structure model ................................... 55 v 2.8 References................................. 56 3 Two-dimensionalwavepropagationoverbathymetry 59 3.1 Introduction................................ 59 3.2 Hamiltonian model for waves propagating in two horizontal dimensions 59 3.3 Waves over an elliptic shoal on a uniform slope . ... 61 3.4 References................................. 62 4 Reflection for linear water waves 65 4.1 Introduction................................ 65 4.2 Positive-definite Hamiltonian description of linear waterwaves . 67 4.3 Time-harmonic linearised variational Boussinesq model........ 70 4.3.1 Time-dependentflowequations . 70 4.3.2 Flow equations for time-harmonic motion . 72 4.4 Numericalsolutionmethod . 73 4.4.1 Formulation as a system of first-orderODE’s . 73 4.4.2 Wavesoverahorizontalbed. 73 4.4.3 Non-reflective boundary conditions . 74 4.4.4 Reflection andtransmissioncoefficients . 75 4.5 Wavereflectionbyaslope . 76 4.5.1 Introduction ........................... 76 4.5.2 Planeslopecase ......................... 77 4.5.3 Smoothslopecase ........................ 79 4.5.4 Normalisationeffectsonreflection . 79 4.6 Search for mild-slope models with good reflection characteristics . 81 4.6.1 Parabolic-structuremodel . 81 4.6.2 Cosh-structuremodel . 82 4.6.3 Plane slope case for the mild-slope approximation with opti- misednormalisations. 86 4.7 Conclusions ................................ 86 4.A Non-linear variational model with improved reflection characteristics 88 4.A.1 Hamiltonian............................ 88 4.A.2 Flowequations .......................... 89 4.A.3 Vertical integrals and their derivatives with respect to ζ ... 89 4.B An infinitely smooth function only varying in a finite interval .... 91 4.C Determination of the x-derivatives of κ(x)............... 92 4.8 References................................. 93 5 Conclusions and recommendations 95 5.1 Conclusions ................................ 95 5.2 Recommendations ............................ 97 5.3 References................................. 98 Appendices 99 A Confinedwavegroupsoveranunderwaterbar 99 A.1 References................................. 102 vi Samenvatting Golven, zichtbaar aan het wateroppervlak van zee¨en en oceanen, worden opgewekt door de wind. Onder het golvende oppervlak is het water in een oscillerende bewe- ging, en wel het sterkst dichtbij het wateroppervlak. Het water wordt teruggedron- gen naar de evenwichtsstand – een horizontaal glad oppervlak – door de zwaarte- kracht.1 De zwaartekrachtsversnelling verandert de snelheid van het water. Hierbij sluit de onsamendrukbaarheid van het water bewegingen uit, die leiden tot volumeverande- ringen van de waterpakketjes. De massatraagheid van het water leidt ertoe dat het wateroppervlak door de evenwichtsstand heenschiet, waarna de zwaartekracht de verticale waterbeweging vertraagt. Totdat de verticale snelheid van een waterpak- ketje momentaan nul is (in een verticale positie uit de evenwichtsstand) en er een nieuwe cyclus begint. Zolang ze niet breken, is de demping van (langere) zeegolven zeer klein (zie de inlei- ding in hoofdstuk 1). In goede benadering is de Hamiltoniaan – de totale energie, zijnde de som van de potent¨ele en kinetische energie – dan constant. Voor een wrijvingsvrije stroming kan de waterbeweging worden gemodelleerd met behulp van een Hamiltoniaanse beschrijving. Hierin is de potenti¨ele energie ten gevolge van de zwaartekracht eenvoudig exact te modelleren, maar de (dieptege¨ıntegreerde) kine- tische energie kan alleen via benaderingen beschreven worden. Deze benaderingen van de kinetische energie leiden gemakkelijk tot formuleringen waarbij de energie niet meer gegarandeerd positief is. En dat kan aanleiding geven tot ongewenste niet-fysische instabiliteiten in de resulterende modellen. In dit proefschrift wordt een methode beschreven om te komen tot een variationeel model met gegarandeerd positieve Hamiltoniaan (som van kinetische en potenti¨ele energie). Hierbij wordt de waterbeweging onder het wateroppervlak benaderend be- schreven, door het maken van aannames over de verticale structuur van de stroom- snelheden, op een wijze zoals voor het eerst toegepast door Joseph Valentin Bous- sinesq (1842–1929) voor vrij lange oppervlaktegolven in ondiepe zee¨en. De daarna gebruikte integratie over de diepte van het water leidt tot een vereenvoudiging van de modellen: in plaats van een drie-dimensionale beschrijving resulteert een twee- dimensionaal model in het horizontale vlak, oftewel in de golfvoortplantingsruimte. In het proefschrift wordt de methodiek uitgelegd, die leidt tot een benaderende en po- sitieve Hamiltoniaan, alsmede de (lineaire) voortplantings- en reflectie-eigenschappen 1En voor korte rimpelingen wordt het wateroppervlak ook in grote mate naar een recht vlak getrokken door de oppervlaktespanning (capillariteit), maar zulke capillaire golven vallen buiten het onderwerp van dit proefschrift). vii van de resulterende golfmodellen. Deze golfmodellen voldoen aan dieptege¨ıntegreerd behoud van zowel massa als energie. En voor een horizontale bodem ook aan diep- tege¨ıntegreerd behoud van horizontale impuls. Tevens is er behoud van golfactie, als een direct gevolg van de variationele beschrijvingswijze. De eigenschappen van het volledig niet-lineaire model – zonder benaderingen ten aan- zien van de grootte van de golfhoogte – worden beschouwd door het uitvoeren van numerieke simulaties. Vergelijking met de resultaten uit andere modellen, alsmede uit laboratoriumexperimenten, toont de niet-lineaire kwaliteiten van de variatione- le Boussinesq modellering. De modelsimulaties blijken bovendien allen (numeriek) stabiel te zijn, hetgeen kan worden toegeschreven aan de gegarandeerde positiviteit van de golfenergie (Hamiltoniaanse dichtheid). viii Summary Waves, as visible on the surface of seas and oceans, are generated by wind. Below the wavy surface the water is in an oscillatory motion, which is strongest nearer to the surface. The water is forced back towards its equilibrium position – a smooth horizontal surface – by gravity.2 The gravitational acceleration changes the fluid flow velocity. The incompressibility of the water constraints the motion to those which do not result in volume changes of the fluid parcels. The fluid’s inertia results in the water surface flipping through its equilibrium position. After which gravity decelerates the vertical fluid motion. Until the vertical velocity of a fluid parcel is momentarily zero (in a non-equilibrium vertical position) and a new cycle starts. Without breaking, the attenuation of (longer) sea waves is very small (see the intro- duction in Chapter 1). To good approximation the Hamiltonian – the total energy, i.e. the sum of potential and kinetic energy – is a constant in the non-breaking wave case. For a frictionless flow the water motion
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