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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02688-9 - Settlement, Society and Cognition in Human Evolution: Landscapes in Mind Fiona Coward, Robert Hosfield, Matt Pope and Francis Wenban-smith Index More information

INDEX

Abbeville, 144 Asia, 150, 168, 178, 215, 222 Abri Faustin, 292 East, xxvi, 216–217, 222, 232 Abri Murat, 292, 301 north east, 214, 217, 222 Abri Pataud, 290, 293, 295 south east, 13 Abri Raymonden, 307, 307 western, 164, 208–209, 219–221 Achaemenid Empire, 48 Asprochaliko Cave, 198, 202–203, 209, 211 Aché, 106 Atapuerca, 145–146, 151 Acheulean, xxiv, 37, 75–76, 76, 78, 80–81, 83–85, Gran Dolina, 145, 270 88–89, 91, 92, 168, 168–170, 172, 195, Sima de los Huesos, 266, 270 207–208, 234–235, 254–256 Sima del Elefante, 145, 151 Actor-Network theory, 49 Aurignacian, 28, 30, 61–66, 68, 70, 199–201, Africa, 3, 10, 29, 75, 76, 91, 216, 220, 286 201, 210–211, 221, 275, 292, 297, East, 9, 12, 75, 89 312 North, 12, 219 Australia, 3, 55, 73, 177–179 West, 33 Australian Aborigines, 45, 61, 74, 178 African, xxiv, 10, 24, 26, 118 australopithecines, 273 agriculture, 1–3, 8, 11–12, 43–44, 46, 48–49, 51, 95, Austria, 70–71, 288, 290 178, 217, 285–286 Avdeevo, 69–70, 276–278, 277, 280, 286–287, 290, AHOB, 138 294, 294, 296, 297 Alaska, 8, 229, 232 Aveley, 158, 167 Albania, 211 Ayios Charalambos, 196 Alonaki, 195 Altai, 222–223, 231–232 Bacho Kiro, 211 America, 214, 220 Balkans, xxiv, 164, 211 North, 3, 6, 45, 108, 150, 178, 216, 229, 232 Balzi Rossi, 276–278, 277, 281, 282, 283, 287–288, South, 3 293, 294, 295–296, 297, 304–305 American, Native, 13, 113, 178 Bantu, 286 Amersfoort, 184 Bärenkeller, 292, 303 Amsterdam, 184 Barnﬁeld Pit, 158 An Corran, 318, 324, 337, 338 beads. See jewellery Andernach-Martinsberg, 292, 299, 301, 306 Beeches Pit, 148, 166, 176 Angles-sur-l’Anglin, 291, 297, 298, 313 Belgium, 2, 28, 182, 290 Anglian. See marine isotope stages, MIS 12 Berekhat Ram, 263 animism, 59–60, 261 Biache-St-Vaast, 118, 123 Aoradh, 318, 334 biface, xxv, 7–12, 78–81, 84–85, 87–89, 90, 92, 109, ape. See primate 134, 138, 142–144, 151–154, 168, 168–173, Apidima, 196–197, 200, 209 195, 207–208, 217, 220–221, 223, 234–235, Arabic, 216 245, 245–253, 266 Araya, 108 bifacial, 108, 111 Arcy-sur-Cure, 286 points, 108 Argentorola Cave, 159 technology, 109, 112 art, xxvi, xxvii, 2, 4, 43, 56–59, 62, 64, 94, 133, 243, tools, 112, 129 258–259, 261, 263, 274, 277, 288–314, 289, working, 195 291, 294, 295, 301, 307 Bilzingsleben, 148, 263

407

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02688-9 - Settlement, Society and Cognition in Human Evolution: Landscapes in Mind Fiona Coward, Robert Hosfield, Matt Pope and Francis Wenban-smith Index More information

408 Index

Binford, L., xxvii, 2, 4, 113, 315–316, 319, 325, 327, clothing, 96, 148–149, 151–152, 170, 231, 295, 297, 336, 341 302, 304, 310, 313 Bishop, W. W., 76 Cnoc Coig, 317, 324, 333, 334 blade, 11, 94, 130, 219–220, 223, 232 Cnoc Sligeach, 337 core, 110, 130, 219 cognition, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, 26–27, 29, 31, 49, 51, technology, 37, 108–109, 127 117, 126, 137, 213, 234–235, 237, 240, 244, bladelet, 202, 217, 219–223, 230–231, 322, 339 257, 260, 262, 274 Bockstein cave, 121 distributed/embodied/extended, 28, 49, 135 body, 2–5, 10, 27, 35, 49, 58, 60–61, 64, 70, 95, human, 15, 21–22, 32, 41, 117 104–105, 134, 240, 243, 258–259, 261–265, Neanderthal, 117, 127 265, 268, 270, 292–293, 295, 297–299, cognitive, xxiv, xxvi, xxvii, 15, 18, 21, 27, 29, 31–33, 304–310, 313, 326–327 41, 48–51, 75, 103, 105, 121, 122, 126, 128, embodiment, xxv, 3, 65, 105, 107, 114, 134–135, 131, 133–136, 237–239, 241, 255, 261, 137, 152, 326, 335–336 263–264, 266 Boila Rockshelter, 203, 205 abilities, 15, 20, 22, 29, 31, 43, 49, 235, 237, 241, Bolivia, 113 256–258 Bolomor Cave, 181 capabilities, 39, 51, 85 Bolsay, 318, 320, 320–323, 330, 331, 336, 338, 340 capacities, 15, 18, 24, 29, 32, 34, 41, 43, 92, 117, Bouret’, 290 126, 136 Bowman’s Lodge, 170–171 change, 50, 247 Boxgrove, 9, 11, 87, 142–144, 148, 151–152, 155, complexity, 128, 131, 238 158, 165–166, 172, 256 demands, 18–19, 21, 235 brain, xxv, xxviii, 2, 33–34, 61, 104–105, 117, 131, development, 32–33, 37 134–135, 151, 237, 255, 262 effort, 100–101 size, 31, 35, 237, 242, 266 evolution, xxiv, xxv, 19, 128–129, 259, 316 Brandon Fields, 144 implications, 22, 257 Brassempouy, 288, 290, 294, 295–296, 297 landscape, xxiii, 75 Britain, xxv, 10, 142, 143, 144, 154–173, 160, landscapes, xxiii 175–176, 244, 268, 292, 326 modernity, 262 British Academy, xxviii, xxviii, 15 operations, 39, 43 British Museum, xxviii requirements, 18, 31, 243 Brno, 290, 297, 306–307 science, 32, 126 Bronze Age, xxvii, 189, 217 skills, 102, 107 Broom Pits, 244, 249, 252–253 Comarque, 292 Bulgaria, 211 Combe Grenal, 271 Bur’et, 295, 297 Connolly, W., 6 burial, 70, 71, 109, 258–265, 306, 312 consciousness, xxiii burin, 169, 223 core, 9, 11, 97, 129–130, 140–141, 143, 151, 185, 196, Býčí Skála, 292 200, 215, 217, 220, 222–223, 230–231, 245, 323, 339–340 Camas Daraich, 329 core and flake industry, 22, 151, 218, 220, 222–223, Campitello, 118–119, 119, 122, 129–131 230–232 Canada, 6. See also America, North Cornelia, 89, 91 cannibalism, 264, 268, 273 Cougnac, 314 Caours, 175–176 Coulererach, 318, 323, 324, 333, 340 Castel di Guido, 270 Courbet, 303 Caversham, 171–172 Crayford, 167 ceramics, 44, 96, 109–110, 121, 127, 129, 135, 215, Creit Dubh, 318–319, 325, 325, 328, 330, 330 319–320 Crimea, 61, 121 chaîne opératoire, 121–125, 128, 220, 235, 285, 326, Croatia, 271 339 Croig Field, 328, 330 chess, 98, 102 Cromerian, 142 Childe, V. G., 2 Cueva del Linear, 292 children, 19, 34, 42, 65, 70–71, 72, 101, 103–105, cultural, xxiii, xxvii, 10–11, 13, 40, 50, 65, 68, 93, 154, 107, 111, 131, 146, 169, 182, 239, 261, 169–170, 173, 214–215, 222, 230, 233, 235, 264–265, 269–270, 273 244, 254–255, 260, 262, 266, 308, 326, 340 chimpanzee, xxvii, 16–21, 23, 25, 33–34, 34, 41, 132, construction, 43, 240 239, 264, 265 development, 74, 92 China, xxvi, 8, 48, 214–215, 218 diversification, 74, 312–313 chopper, 196 evolution, 167, 216 Church Hole, 292 history, 154, 167, 233 cities, 1, 11, 48. See also towns; urbanism kinship, 40, 43, 50 Clacton, 158, 166 mediation, 234, 255–256 Clactonian, 154, 168, 168, 234. See also core and pattern, xxv flake industry practice, 234, 255

Index 409

repertoires, 134, 173 central, 110, 176 rules, 32, 40 north west, 139, 157, 174, 316 systems, 33, 43, 49 northern, xxiv, 11, 138–139, 142, 144, 149–153, transmission, xxv, xxvi, 39, 132, 216, 232 164, 177, 184 culture, xxiii, 1, 9, 12–14, 32, 40, 46, 49, 56, 61, 98, south east, xxiv 134, 169, 230, 243, 263, 289 south west, 108, 311, 314 history, 154, 168, 216, 230, 318 southern, 139, 144–146, 149, 151–152, 164, human, 12, 134 209 Cussac, 277, 278, 286 western, 176, 208, 286 Cuxton, 171, 244, 250, 252–253 European, xxiv, xxvi, 26, 68, 118–119, 127, 147, 164, Cyclope Cave, 203 174, 177–178, 208, 260, 270, 274, 288, 289, Czech Republic, 73, 290, 292 312, 341 Eastern, 314 Dabusu, 218 north west, 10 Dadiwan, 218, 229 southern, 146 Dagang, 218 Evenki, 72 Darwin, C., 1, 5 exchange, 11, 16, 23, 29, 47, 55, 58, 111, 132, 340 Daxingtun, 218 information, 57, 285 De Landa, M., 6–7 social, 25–26, 30 Deleuze, G. and Guattari, F., 4–6 demography, xxv, xxvi, 2, 75 Farincourt, 291 Denisovans, 222, 232 Farnham Terrace A, 172 denticulate, 185 Feldhoffer Grotte, 272 Descola, P., 13 Felsställe, 292 Dmanisi, 145–146, 150 female. See gender, female Doggerland, 162 Fenghuangli, 218 Dolní Věstonice, 70, 109–110, 277, 280, 290, 294, figurine, xxvi, 28–30, 61–71, 63, 109–110, 243, 296, 297, 304, 306–307 263, 275–288, 277, 290, 294, 295, 303, 305, domestication, 13, 45–46 311, 314 Donghuishan, 218 fire, 11, 121, 122, 123–125, 128, 135–136, 148, Donghulin, 229, 231 150–153, 164, 175, 178–180, 182–183, Doumbia, 196 186–188, 258, 274 dwelling, 1, 46, 59, 306. See also house; shelter; Fiskary Bay, 319, 322, 323, 328, 335, 340–341 structure flake, 9, 11, 80, 89, 90, 97, 107, 124–125, 129–130, 140–143, 151, 185, 195, 207, 217, 219–220, Ederheim, 302, 302 245, 323, 340 Edison, T., 98 tool, 123, 143 EFCHED, 138 Fontalès, 292, 302 Einstein, A., 98 Fordwich, 172 El Sidrón, 272 fossil. See skeletal remains Eleochori, 200 Foxhall Road, 169, 171, 256 Eliseevitchi, 291, 297, 298 France, 62, 69, 85, 108, 118, 141, 144, 146, 151, 175, Elveden, 170–171, 244, 248, 252–253 183, 271, 288, 290, 291, 297, 307, 307–308, embodiment. See body, embodiment, See body, 314 embodiment Franchthi Cave, 199–203, 205, 211–212 emotion, 4, 9–10, 31 Furze Platt, 166, 171 empires, 47–49 enculturation, 39–40 Gabillou, 291, 297, 298 England, 9, 11, 177. See also Britain Gadeb, 88 Enlène, 291, 307, 310 Gagarino, 276–277, 277, 280, 286, 290, 293, 294 Enval, 292 Gardner, H., 103 Epigravettian, 203, 204, 205, 212 Gare de Couze, 292, 301 Epipalaeolithic, 219, 274 Garrod, D., 275 Ethiopia, 22, 83, 88 Garsitz, 292 ethnographic, 132–133, 178, 241, 262, 315, 326 Geißenklösterle, 63 record, 175, 177 gender, 132, 292, 306 ethnography, 11, 13, 45 division of labour, 132 Eurasia, 3, 8, 68, 71, 74, 183, 215–216, 220, 297 female, xxvi, xxvii, 50, 65–66, 69–71, 105, western, 174, 216–217, 219, 221–222, 232 275–314 Eurasian, 164, 290, 291 male, 61, 63, 65, 97, 105, 108, 113, 264, 306–307, Eurocentrism, 6 309–310, 313. See gender, male Europe, 2–3, 8–10, 27–28, 54–55, 61–62, 68, 118, 132, sexual organs, 275, 282, 293, 305, 310 138–139, 140, 145, 148–151, 154–176, 179, genes, 6, 10 181–182, 186, 188, 208, 211–212, 219, 258, 275, genetic, xxvi, 7, 10, 43, 58, 165 286, 290, 293, 298, 305, 309, 311–312, 326 transmission, 32, 39–40

410 Index

Germany, 9, 62–66, 63, 70, 118–120, 120, 143–144, Indonesia, 168 148, 176, 181, 183, 268, 290, 292, 292, Industrial Revolution, xxv, 51 297–298, 302 industrialisation, 2, 4, 11 Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, 148 infant. See children Gleann Mor, 318, 330, 331 infanticide, 264, 273 Glenbatrick, 318 Ingold, T., 13, 59 Glengarrisdale, 318 intentionality, 238–242, 242, 244, 255–257, 266 Gona, 22 Iraq, 182, 271 Gönnersdorf, 288–314, 290, 292, 299, 301 Iron Age, xxiii Gorgopi, 200 Israel, 148, 188, 267 Gourdan, 292, 308 Isturitz, 291, 297, 298, 307, 310, 313 Gouy, 292 Italy, 118, 119, 145, 151, 159–160, 164, 210, 268, 270, Grava, 202 277, 283, 288, 290 Gravettian, 28, 30, 62, 68, 202, 202–203, Ivory Coast, 265 211, 275–276, 283, 285–287, 291–293, 297 Japan, xxvi, 108–109, 220–223, 229–230, 232 Greece, xxvii, 28, 189–205, 191 Jaramillo Sub-Chron, 81 Grotta delle Veneri, 278 jewellery, 13, 28, 30, 62, 68, 132, 135, 198, 259, Grotte Carriot, 292, 301 296–297, 304, 310, 313 Grotte Courbet, 292 Jinsitai, 222 Grotte de Fronsac, 302 juvenile. See children Grotte des Deuz Ouvertures, 292 Grotte du Courbet, 301 Kakuniyama, 108 Grotte du Fronsac, 292 Kalamakia, 196–199, 209 Grotte du Planchard, 292, 301 Kalambo Falls, 89, 91 Grotte Roffat, 292, 303 Kapthurin, 92 Guinea, 33 Kariandusi, 86, 86, 88 Gura Cheii-Râşnov Cave, 118 Kastritsa, 200–203, 205, 211–212 Kebara Cave, 188 Hadza, 106, 113 keilmesser, 129 hammerstone, 97, 124 Kent’s Cavern, 144, 171 Happisburgh, 10, 139–142, 144, 146, 147, 150, 153, Kenya, 76 155, 165 Kephalari, 200, 210–212 High Lodge, 142, 144, 148, 155, 165, 171–172, 244, Khotylevo, 277, 280, 290 248 Kildowie, 328 Highlands Farm, 144, 172 Kilombe, xxiv, 75–87, 77, 90 Hitchin, 170–171 Kinloch, 319, 325, 329, 336 Hiwi, 106 Klissoura, 197–198, 200–203, 205, 207, 209–212 Hohle Fels, 63, 68, 290, 292, 297, 312 Klithi, 200, 203, 205, 212 Hohlenstein-Stadel, 65, 66, 67, 292, 302, 302 knapper, 37, 97, 107–111, 114, 219–220, 222, 231, Homo, 240 246–247, 255, 324 Homo antecessor, 151, 270 knapping, 3, 9, 107, 109–110, 112, 114, 115, 124, 143, Homo erectus, 10, 92, 270 184, 217, 223, 254, 339 Homo heidelbergensis, 9–10, 26, 138, 151, 153, 165, skill, 107, 324 244, 270 Kokkinopilos, 196, 207 house, 4–5, 11, 45. See also dwelling; shelter; Kolominitsa, 200–202 structure Königsaue, 119, 120, 122–123, 129–131 Hoxne, 148–149, 166, 170–171, 244, 249, Koobi Fora, 24 252–253 Korea, xxvi, 223, 229–230, 232 Hoxnian, 157–158, 166, 176 Korissia, 195 Hummal, 118 Kostenki, 69, 276–278, 277, 280, 285–287, 290, 293–295, 294, 296, 310, 312 Iberia, 145–146, 164, 183, 312 Kostenkian, 62, 68 identity, xxvi, 13–14, 28, 41, 54, 58, 60, 64, 68, Krapina, 268–269, 271 152–153, 169–170, 241, 256, 288 Krems-Wachtberg, 71, 71 communal, xxiii, 309, 311, 313 !Kung, 106 construction, xxvi, 62, 70 creation, 11, 62, 71 L’Hortus, 269 group, 31, 214 La Ferrassie, 269, 271 model, 241–244, 242, 254–255, 257 La Genetière, 141–142, 151 social, 116, 169 La Magdeleine, 313 ideology, 57, 59, 62, 243 La Marche, 291, 297, 298, 307, 313 Inca, 48 La Marmotta, 276–277, 277, 285 Inden-Altdorf, 120–122, 129–130 La Mouthe, 290, 293, 295 Indo-European, 286 La Noira, 141–142, 151

Index 411

La Quina, 269 MIS 5, 130 La Vache, 308–309 MIS 5a, 119, 129 Lake Baringo, 77, 84 MIS 5e, 120, 154, 163, 174–176, 181, 183, Lake Mungo, 1 183–184, 186, 197, 209–210 Lakonis, 196–199, 209–210 MIS 6, 118, 119, 154, 156, 162, 183 Lalinde, 292, 302, 305 MIS 7, 118, 119, 157–159, 160, 167, 176, 244 language, 2, 7, 10, 12, 18–21, 27–29, 60, 93, 107, MIS 8, 156, 160, 167, 168, 170–172, 208, 244 126, 135, 137, 216, 223, 235–237, 239–240, MIS 9, 118, 157–159, 160, 166, 168, 170–172, 243–244, 285–287, 326 244 ‘langage’, 85 Maroulas, 203, 205 Last Glacial Maximum, 62, 68, 111, 180, 203, 212, material, 3, 5, 12–14, 25, 50, 55, 89, 122–124, 219, 223, 229, 231–233, 289 130, 132, 134, 136, 152, 182, 216, 259, Later Stone Age, 83–84, 90 262 Latin, 216 culture, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, 12, 30, 56, 62, 69, 75, Laugerie-Basse, 288, 291, 297, 298 92, 116, 129, 133–135, 152, 216, 235–236, Laussel, 277, 278, 280, 286, 290, 293, 295, 296, 305, 240–241, 243, 255, 257, 259, 263, 274, 288, 307 312, 326, 336 Le Placard, 314 domain, 31, 40, 43, 49 Lehringen, 268 environment, xxiii, 32 Leroi-Gourhan, 275, 282 expression, 50, 58, 62, 74, 117, 136 Les Combarelles, 292, 302 objects, xxiii, 6, 12, 114 Les Etiolles, 109–110 organic, 12, 62, 119, 122 Les Eyzies, 307, 307, 309 properties, 9, 128, 135–136 Les Maitreux, 109–111 raw, 11, 22, 24–26, 29, 87–88, 91, 96, 107–108, Lespugue, 276–278, 277, 280, 290, 294, 295, 310 110, 118, 122, 123, 125, 127, 132, 167, Levallois, 26, 118, 126–127, 129–130, 167, 168, 170, 169–170, 172, 208–209, 220, 222, 229, 245, 172, 222–223 254, 267, 275, 303, 323, 326–327, 332–333, Levant, 61, 188, 223 338, 340 Lijiagou, 218, 229 record, xxvii, 14, 65, 69, 238, 288 Little Thurrock, 158, 167 synthetic, 117–118, 126, 135 Longwangchan, 218, 229 transport of, 11, 22, 47 Löwenmensch, 67 world, 47, 49–51, 136 Lower Palaeolithic, 118, 150, 154–155, 165, 167, 170, materialism, 14 172–173, 193–196, 194, 205–208, 234, 244, materiality, 132, 135–136 256 Mauern, 290, 294 Lunery-Rosières, 141, 146 Maya, 48 Lynford, 244, 247, 251–253, 268 Medieval, 216 Mediterranean, 13, 141, 144–146, 212, 276 Maasai, 64 Megalakkos, 203, 205, 212 Macedonian Empire, 48 Megalopolis, 196 Magdalenian, xxvii, 108–110, 290, 291–292, Meisenheim, 144 297–298, 298, 306–313, 307 Mellars, P., 317, 328 Maidscross Hill, 144 memory, xxv, 9, 12, 20–21, 25, 98, 117, 127, Mal’ta, 278, 290, 294, 294–295, 297, 297, 310 132–133, 135–136, 237, 259–260, 266 mammoth steppe, 7–8, 69–70, 174, 179 working, 33, 34, 43, 50, 126–128, 136 Marie-Linsenberg, 290 Mengjiaquan, 218 Marillac, 271 Mesolithic, xxviii, 43, 174, 177, 179–180, 186, 189, marine isotope stages, 8, 10, 244 204, 209, 212, 219, 315–340, 317, 331 MIS 1, 8 metallurgy, 96, 127, 135–136 MIS 10, 156, 168, 170 Mexico, 48 MIS 11, 156–158, 160, 166–171, 174, 176, 244, Mezhirich, 291, 314 256 Mezin, 291, 314 MIS 12, 8, 139, 143, 155–157, 162, 165–166, 168, Micoquian, 129–130 171–172, 208 microblade, 108–109, 216, 218, 219–220, 223, MIS 13, 139, 142–144, 154–155, 158, 165, 168, 230–233 171, 244 assemblages, 214, 217, 220, 223 MIS 15, 141, 144, 165, 171 core, 97, 219 MIS 16, 139 industries, 222, 232 MIS 17, 141, 155, 165 microlith, 83, 217, 219–220, 232, 320, 322, 328, MIS 19, 141, 155, 165 339 MIS 2, 154, 156, 182, 183 microlithic MIS 21, 155, 165 assemblages, 220 MIS 25, 155, 165 microlithic assemblages, 318 MIS 3, xxv, 62, 182, 197, 232–233, 244 microlithic technology, 318–319 MIS 4, xxv, 244, 271 microlith-rich assemblages, 319

412 Index

Middle Palaeolithic, xxiv, 11, 26, 118–119, 121–122, Papua New Guinea, 13 125–129, 132–133, 136, 154, 171–172, 176, Parabita, 290 183, 190, 193–194, 196–199, 197, 205–206, paranthropines, 240 209–211, 222, 234, 244, 254, 256, 274 Pavlov, 290 Middle Stone Age, 26–27, 76, 83–84, 90, 118, 121, Pavlovian, 62, 68, 306 128, 131, 274 Péchialet, 290 points, 83, 91 Pech-Merle, 286, 314 Miesenheim, 143–144 Pekárna, 292, 303, 312 Mongolia, 222 Penmore, 328 monkey. See primate Perigordian, 62, 68, 275 Monpazier, 285, 290, 294, 295, 304 Pestillac, 301 Monruz, 292, 303 Petersfels, 292, 303 Monte Poggiolo, 146 Petralona Cave, 195–196, 207 Moravany-Podkovica, 277, 280, 290, 294, 304 Petřkovice, 285–286, 290 Moula Guercy Cave, 271 Pigeon Mountain, 218 Mousterian, 118, 129, 196, 198–199, 222 pigment. See ochre Mumba rockshelter, 83 Pirro Nord, 145 musician, 98, 102 point, 129 musicianship, 102 bone/antler, 127 Curve-Backed Point, 289–290, 293, 298, 307, Nasera rockshelter, 83 310–311 Neanderthal, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, 10, 26, 43, 114, 117–119, Gravettian, 202 121, 126–129, 131–137, 148, 165, 174–177, laurel leaf, 108, 110 180–182, 185–188, 197, 209, 222, 232, 244, shouldered, 109–110, 202 247, 258–260, 266–270, 273–274, 274 tanged, 230 Near East, 220 Poland, 292 Nebra, 292, 303 Pont-de-Lavaud, 141 Neolithic, 2, 31, 43, 47, 111–112, 127, 189, 217, 218, Pontnewydd Cave, 244, 250, 252–253 230, 319–321, 340 Porc Epic, 83 post-Neolithic, 3 pottery. See ceramics Netherlands, 179, 184 Předmostí, 70, 73, 277, 282, 283, 287, 290, 293, 296 Neumark-Nord 2, xxiv, 176, 183–188, 185 prepared core technology, 26, 37, 126, 257 niche, xxiv, 105, 106, 133, 138, 312 Preveli Gorge, 196 construction, 187 primates, xxiv, 7, 15–17, 19–22, 24–25, 27, 29–32, 41, Niederbieber, 292 104–105, 131, 134, 146, 149, 237–239, 241 Nihewan, 218 Prospect Farm, 92 North Korea, 223 Purﬂeet, 158, 167, 172 Northern Ireland, 340 Norton Farm, 158 Qafzeh, 267 Notachirico, 151 Qingfengling, 218 notch, 143, 185 Rabutz, 186 Oaxaca Valley, 48 Rampart Fields, 144 Obanian, 318–319 Raymonden, 309 obsidian, 83–84, 86, 88, 91, 94, 203, 205, 212, 220, refugia, 8, 164–165, 168, 180, 207, 311 223, 230, 232 Regourdou, 269 ochre, 70, 72, 128, 133, 135, 200, 257, 259, 274, 324 religion, 2, 48, 96, 260–263, 266, 274 Odderade interstadial, 129 Renfrew, C., 2, 4 Old Klithonia Bridge, 203 Rhine, 143, 144, 155, 157 Oldbury, 172 Rift Valley, 76, 85 Oldowan, 22–23, 25, 37, 234 Risga, 324 pre-Oldowan, 22 ritual, 258, 260–261, 265–266, 274, 306, 308 Olduvai Gorge, 24–25, 81, 85 Roc de Marsal, 268 Ölknitz, 292, 303 Rochereil, 292 Olorgesailie, 89, 92 Rodafnidia, 207–208 Orcé, 145, 150 Rodia, 195–196 ornament, personal. See jewellery Roman Empire, xxiii, 48 Ouriakos, 205 Romania, 118 Rubha Port an-t Seilich, 319, 336 Pagnano d’Asolo, 268 Russia, 62, 69, 220, 290 Pakeﬁeld, 140–141, 144, 150, 153, 155, 165 Palaeoindian, 108, 111 Saalian, 156, 184 Palaeokastro, 207 Salzgitter-Lebenstedt, 181 Pales, 297, 313 Sand, 324, 336 Pan Farm, 172 Sangoan, 89

Index 413

Sarakeno, 203, 205 occasions, 326, 330, 335–338 Savignano, 277, 278, 280, 285, 290, 294 organisation, 15–17, 23, 31, 33, 39, 41, 43, 46, 48, Scandinavia, 11, 109, 111–112, 140 50, 66, 70, 95, 146, 262, 311 Schisto Cave 1, 203, 205 pressures, 15, 237 Schöningen, 9, 118, 148 relations, xxiii, xxvi, 9, 11, 19, 31, 42–43, 49, Scotland, xxvii, 265, 315–340. See also Britain 116, 133 scraper, 143, 148, 185, 200, 220, 223, 232 relationships, 21, 27, 169, 214, 235–237, 257 sedentism, 2–3, 17, 27, 44–47, 95 ritual, 261, 273 Selkup, 72 roles, xxvii, 47, 65, 129, 308, 314 sexual selection, 234 signalling, 113, 255–256 sexuality, 12, 308–309, 311–312 skills, 47 Shanidar, 182, 269, 271 sphere, 21, 28, 309 shelter, 148, 151–152, 178. See also dwelling; house; strategies, 55, 113 structure stratification, 94 Shepard, 60 structure, xxiv, 1, 4–5, 11, 45–46, 59, 68–70, 148, Shizitan, 218, 229 151–153, 306, 322, 326, 336 Shuidonggou, 218, 229 See also dwelling; house; shelter Siatista, 207 support, xxv, 95, 108–109, 114 Siberia, 72, 168, 223, 229, 232, 297 systems, xxv, 15–16, 18–20, 24, 29, 32, 41, 49–50, Sidi Abderrahman, 91 52, 68 Sima de las Palomas, 272 transmission, 32, 43, 287 Sireuil, 278, 285, 290, 294 value, 256, 267 skeletal remains, xxiv, 35, 35, 71, 79, 81, 129, world, 19, 50 140–141, 189, 195–197, 200, 204, 209, sociality, xxiii, xxvii, 20 240–241, 259, 262, 268–269, 270 society, xxiii, xxvii, 2, 12, 15, 29–30, 32, 46, 48, 51, Skhūl, 267 60–61, 97, 113–114, 163, 172, 258–259, 262, Skoini 3 & 4, 202 274, 290, 309–310, 316, 326, 341 Slovakia, 290 complex, 39, 41 Smith, A., 96 complexity, 23 social, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 2, 16, 18–19, fission-fusion, 19, 21, 23, 30 21–22, 24–25, 28, 30–32, 39, 47–49, 56–57, hominin, xxvii, 10, 29–30, 155, 234 63, 65, 70–71, 75, 109, 133, 136, 150–151, human, 17–18, 260 155, 170, 172, 214, 234–235, 240–241, 244, hunter-gatherer, xxvi, 59, 94–95, 103, 106, 113 254, 259, 261, 264, 266–267, 273, 288, 291, multilevel, 16–17, 27 310, 315, 327 Palaeolithic, xxviii, 3, 15, 27, 29, 95, 115, 288, activity, xxviii, 265, 327 308, 311, 315 adaptations, 17, 49 prehistoric, xxiv, 26 agency, 258, 261 small-scale, 40, 262 behaviour, 31, 63, 66, 247 state, 94, 96, 115 bonds, 19, 26, 152 The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe, xxvii, 2, 54, 315 brain, xxvii, 15, 18, 29, 93 western, 55 brain hypothesis, 18–19, 29, 237, 240, 241 Solutrean, 108–112, 111, 292, 314 carnivores, 16 Spain, 61, 145, 168, 181, 270, 292 cohesion, 43, 237 Spilaio, 200 communication, 235, 242, 244, 255–256 sports, 98, 102 complexity, 15, 29, 39, 237–238, 266, 274 Spy, 182 context, xxvii, 97, 131–133, 169 Staosnaig, 318, 321–323, 322, 329 developments, 27 Starosele, 121 display, 109, 264–265 Stoasnaig, 336 domain, 31–32, 43, 49, 54 Stoke Newington, 167, 171 dynamics, 27, 51 storage, 18, 25, 114 environments, xxvii, 32 Storakaig, 319, 321, 321, 334, 335 evolution, 18, 29, 94 Streletskian, 62, 68 factors, 237, 320 structure, 69–70, 306, 322, 326, 336, 337 field, 32, 39 See also dwelling; house; shelter groupings, 27, 62, 69 structuralism, 56–57 groups, 16, 33, 43, 69, 223, 264, 275 supernatural, 241, 259–264, 266, 312 interaction, xxvi, xxvii, 28–29, 41, 50, 243, 305, 336 Swanscombe, 149, 158, 166, 170–171 landscapes, xxiii, 18, 21, 23, 25–28, 75, 135, 326, Sweden, 146 338, 340 Switzerland, 292 learning, 58, 235 symbol, 18, 27, 30, 236, 255, 259–260, 275–276, life, 9, 15, 18, 25, 27, 95, 116, 133, 338 287–288, 300, 308–310, 312, 326 meaning, 24, 254 symbolic, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, 18, 28–29, 135, networks, xxv, 43, 164, 311 214, 237, 239–240, 243, 255–259, 262–264, norms, 236, 266 266, 268–269, 273, 314

414 Index

symbolic (cont.) Trou Magritte, 290 artefacts, 27, 29 Tsimane, 113 behaviour, xxiii, 56, 133, 288 Turkey, 190, 211 objects, 136, 212 Tursac, 277, 278, 287, 290 thought, 126, 237 symbolism, 2, 28, 56, 259, 274–275, 286, 316 Ukraine, 291, 297, 314 Syria, 118, 127 Ulbrich caves, 191, 203 Uluzzian, 198, 210 Tan-Tan, 263 Ulva Cave, 324, 337 Tanzania, 83, 265 Umm el Tlel, 118, 130 Tasmania, 177 Umm Qatafa, 91 Tasmanian Aborigines, 178 Upper Palaeolithic, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 10–11, Tassin de Saint Péreuse, 297, 313 14, 23, 25, 27–28, 61–62, 68, 70, 95, 111, technological, xxv, xxvi, 11, 32, 49, 96, 98, 112, 118, 114, 127, 133, 154, 190, 193–194, 199, 199, 123, 127, 131–133, 136, 151, 167, 170, 172, 205–206, 210–212, 219, 223, 232, 258–261, 267 266, 274–314, 289 adaptations, xxvi, 49 urbanism, 1–2, 4, 7, 12, 33, 94 evolution, xxv, 32, 117, 126, 136, 172 usewear, 121, 130, 231 systems, 49–50, 172 technology, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, 2, 23, 32–33, 35, 43, Vaal Holsdam, 91 48, 50, 55, 75, 96, 117–118, 121, 126–129, Vaal, Douglas, 91 132, 134, 148, 150, 153, 163, 167, 172, 182, Valdoe, 144 188 Veneri, 277 composite, xxv, 117–119, 121, 122, 124, 126–136, Venus ﬁgurine. See ﬁgurines 182, 230–231, 257 Vielmouly, 292 lithic. See lithic, technology Viveiros de Castro, E., 13 Temnata, 211 Vogelherd, 64, 65–67 Tenga, 330, 330 Volgu, 110 Terme-Pialat, 285, 290, 293 Terra Amata, 148 Wales, 157. See also Britain Teufelsbrücke, 292 Wanghailou, 218 Thames, 139, 144, 155, 166 Wansunt Pit, 166, 170–171 Theopetra, 191, 196–198, 200, 202, 206, 209 Warren Hill, 144, 171, 244, 246, 247–248, 252–253 theory of mind, 22, 34, 41, 237–241, 255, 263–264, Washoe, 18 266, 273–274 Waverley Wood, 144, 155, 165 Tibet, 7, 232 Weichselian, 184 Tingsijian, 218 Weinberg, 287 tool, 10–11, 20, 25, 29, 46, 62, 92, 112, 117–119, 119, West Runton, 149 122–123, 125, 127–128, 130–134, 139, 151, Westbury-sub-Mendip, 165 153, 175, 179, 182, 187, 221, 234, 255, 321 Whitlingham, 169 for thought, 32, 41, 50 Wilczyce, 292, 303 kit, 123, 188, 230, 232 Willendorf, 69, 277, 277, 279–280, 288–307, 290, manufacture, 24, 26, 41, 95, 97, 107, 111, 123, 294, 295 223, 241, 323, 327, 333, 340 Wolvercote, 167, 170–171 re-tooling, 122, 130 woman. See gender, female stone, 9, 11, 22, 24, 32, 34–39, 38, 50, 96, 110, 112, writing, 2, 47, 94, 96, 244 118–119, 120, 122–124, 128, 130–133, 135, 148, 215, 222, 232–233, 312, 339 Xiachuan, 218, 229 toolmaker, 115 Xueguan, 218 types, 129, 185, 231 use, 12, 22, 134 Yuanyouanchi, 231 tools, 119, 129, 131, 143, 167, 255 Yubetsu method, 221 stone, 41, 96–97, 107–108, 112–114, 133, 233 transport of, 22–23 Zaimis, 203 towns, 47–48, 50 Zambia, 265 trade, 20, 29, 46–47, 94 Zapotec, 48 Trasimeno, 285, 290 Zaraysk, 276–277, 277, 286, 290 Tripsana, 202 Zimbabwe, 98