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North-Central Nebraska Geology: Niobrara River Valley in Brown, Cherry, and Keya Paha Counties R University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Conservation and Survey Division Natural Resources, School of 10-2015 North-Central Nebraska Geology: Niobrara River Valley in Brown, Cherry, and Keya Paha Counties R. M. Joeckel University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] L. M. Howard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] S. T. Tucker University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/conservationsurvey Part of the Geology Commons, Geomorphology Commons, Hydrology Commons, Paleontology Commons, Sedimentology Commons, Soil Science Commons, and the Stratigraphy Commons Joeckel, R. M.; Howard, L. M.; and Tucker, S. T., "North-Central Nebraska Geology: Niobrara River Valley in Brown, Cherry, and Keya Paha Counties" (2015). Conservation and Survey Division. 398. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/conservationsurvey/398 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Conservation and Survey Division by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FIELD TRIP GUIDE (for the Nebraska Well Drillers Association) NORTH-CENTRAL NEBRASKA GEOLOGY: Niobrara River Valley in Brown, Cherry, and Keya Paha Counties R. M. Joeckel L. M. Howard Conservation and Survey Division (Nebraska Geological Survey) School of Natural Resources S. T. Tucker University of Nebraska State Museum Conservation and Survey Division, School of Natural Resources Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of NebraskaLincoln Guidebook No. 17 October 30, 2015 Field Guide for North-Central Nebraska Geological Field Trip Nebraska Well Drillers Association and Conservation and Survey Division (Nebraska Geological Survey) School of Natural Resources Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Nebraska-Lincoln R. M. Joeckel Conservation and Survey Division L. M. Howard Conservation and Survey Division S. T. Tucker University of Nebraska State Museum Guidebook No. 17 Conservation and Survey Division School of Natural Resources Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Nebraska-Lincoln October 30, 2015 Itinerary North-Central Nebraska Geological Field Trip October 30, 2015 Begin at Ainsworth, Nebraska (schedule is approximate: note that tour may run as much as one hour over scheduled time of completion) 7:30 Registration and check-in @ Rodeway Inn. Brief introduction to trip 8:00 (1 hr) Leave Ainsworth and proceed westward to Valentine, discussing Geology and ecology of the region on U.S. Highway 20. 9:00-10:30 (1.5 hr) STOP 1: Vicinity of Valentine, Nebraska: overview of Niobrara River Valley and examination of stratigraphy of Ogallala Group (Valentine and Ash Hollow Formations). Discuss composition of High Plains aquifer, as well as depositional history and fossil record of regional Cenozoic stratigraphic succession. Proceed to Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge (discussion of Nebraska Sand Hills on bus en route). 10:30-12:00 (1.5 hr) STOP 2: Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge: examine Fort Falls and Rosebud Formation (Oligocene), discuss surface hydrology, and examine lower part of Ogallala Formation (Miocene) and groundwater seepage along its basal contact with the Rosebud Formation. Brief discussion of ecological significance of modern Niobrara River Valley. 12:00-12:30 Lunch at Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge. Following lunch, proceed eastward from Valentine on Nebraska Highway 12 to Sparks and Smith Falls State Park 13:00-15:00 (2 hr) STOP 3: Smith Falls State Park: examine sediments of Ogallala Group and underlying Rosebud Formation, visit waterfall and Niobrara River. Proceed eastward to Springview, Nebraska on Nebraska Highway 12 and turn south on U.S. Highway 183 at Springview. 15:00-15:30 (0.5 hr) STOP 4: South of Springview, Nebraska: overlook of Niobrara River Valley and examine sediments of White River Group along U.S. Highway 183. 15:50-16:50 (1 hr) STOP 5: Vicinity of Long Pine, Nebraska: examine Long Pine gravels (Broadwater Formation) and discuss local stratigraphy and hydrogeology. Return to Ainsworth on U.S. Highway 20. 17:00 (0.50 hr) Return to Ainsworth and conclusion of tour. Completion of tour and sign out. Note that tour may run as much as one hour overtime. 1 Objectives of tour: The primary objective of this tour is to examine upper Eocene through Pleistocene strata in the contexts of regional stratigraphy, geological history, paleogeography, depositional environments, and geohydrology. An outline of regional stratigraphy and the High Plains aquifer will be presented in the process, as well as a brief discussion of upper Cretaceous strata (Pierre Shale) underlying the Cenozoic stratigraphic succession. The secondary objective of this tour is to elucidate regional geomorphology (including fluvial and eolian landforms), surface hydrology, and ecology during the course of the tour. Tour leader: This tour will be led by Dr. R. M. Joeckel, Associate Director for Conservation and Survey in the School of Natural Resources, Professor in School of Natural Resources and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, and Curator of Geology, University of Nebraska State Museum. 2 1. Introduction This field trip (Fig. 1) explores the middle Niobrara River Valley, which is among the most scenic and scientifically interesting features on the Great Plains. Biologists have long been aware of the uniqueness of the valley, but it is of particular interest to geologists and vertebrate paleontologists since the first scientific expedition to the area in 1857 because of the Cenozoic strata exposed along its length and their rich content of vertebrate fossils (Skinner and Johnson, 1984; Voorhies, 1987). Cenozoic strata within the valley (Figs. 2, 3) record more than 35 million years of erosion, deposition, environmental change, and biotic evolution, and the results of research performed in the area contribute substantively to our understanding of the changes in North American mammal communities over geologic time (Skinner and Johnson, 1984; Voorhies, 1987; see also: Tedford et al., 2004, Janis et al., 2008). Moreover, the cropping out of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in the field area (Fig. 4) means that the course of this trip provides glimpses some 70 million years of Earth history in total. In examining Cenozoic strata of the middle Niobrara River Valley, the observer is presented with a cross-section of the High Plains aquifer as it is expressed in a large part of north-central Nebraska. Likewise, while driving between the field trip stops described herein, the geomorphic and ecological significance of the Niobrara River Valley is readily apparent. 2. Geomorphic and biologic setting of the Niobrara River Valley The Niobrara River is in many ways a typical Great Plains River, flowing more than 440 miles (715 km) eastward from eastern Niobrara County, Wyoming to the Missouri River. According to Buchanan and Schumm (1990), however, seasonal changes in bed roughness and a nearly constant water-surface elevation through the year, which appear to be related to the 3 Fig. 1. Area and route of 2015 Nebraska Well Drillers Associaon field trip. 4 Fig. 2. A) Voorhies (1987) secon of strata in Fort Niobrara Naonal Wildlife Refuge. 5 Fig. 2. B) Composite secon of exposed Cenozoic strata in middle Niobrara River Valley from Skinner and Johnson (1984) 6 Fig. 3. Composite me‐stragraphic chart of Cenozoic strata in Nebraska, composion of High Plains aquifer, and im‐ portant events in geologic me. Note that enre composite stragraphic succession depicted here is not presented in field trip area. 7 Fig. 4. Bedrock geology of field trip area. 8 dynamics of winter ice and the river’s fine-sand-dominated bedload, make the Niobrara River unique in comparison with many other streams on the plains. The Niobrara River has a drainage basin of some 12,800 mi2 (33,150 km2) and it receives only a few large tributaries, although steady year-round baseflow in the river is evidence for a persistent hydrologic connection with the High Plains aquifer (Buchanan and Schumm, 1990). Channel width has decreased in many places on the Niobrara River since the 1870s and the braided aspect of the river is now less prominent than it was in the early 20th century. Near its mouth, the dynamics of the Niobrara River has also been greatly affected in the course of a few to several decades by the impoundment of Lewis and Clark Lake on the Missouri River (Bristow et al., 1999). Groundwater irrigation in the Niobrara Basin began in 1938 and increased considerably in succeeding decades, but the impact of groundwater withdrawal appears to be comparatively minimal in the field trip area. The few surface-water engineering projects along the length of the Niobrara River have had little effect in comparison with the many more heavily regulated river basins on the Great Plains (Buchanan and Schumm, 1990). The valley of the Niobrara River attains a maximum depth of approximately 460 ft (140 m), although in the field trip area its maximum depth is approximately 300 ft (91 m). The mouth of the Niobrara River, at the town of Niobrara in Knox County, Nebraska, lies very close to the western limit of Laurentide glaciation, which is approximated by the present course of the Missouri River in southern South Dakota and then by a line trending southward through the middle of Knox County, Nebraska and beyond. The Niobrara River eroded through unconsolidated sediments and eventually became incised into underlying bedrock strata during geologically recent times: in the least after 27,000 years ago, and possibly much more recently (Larson, 2001; Jacobs et al., 2007). 9 Today’s young, steep-sided Niobrara River Valley with its bedrock outcrops contrasts starkly with the Nebraska Sand Hills to the south, the largest dune field in the Western Hemisphere. Although currently stabilized, Sand Hills dunes were actively migrating as recently as ~700 years ago, and did so multiple times during the past 10,000 years, in response to severe drought (Miao et al., 2007).
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