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Encounters in the English Juvenile Periodical Press: the Reader-Responses of Boys and Girls, C

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Encounters in the English Juvenile Periodical Press: the Reader-Responses of Boys and Girls, C Encounters in the English Juvenile Periodical Press: The Reader-Responses of Boys and Girls, c. 1855-1900 ‘Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Lee Atkins’ September 2019 ABSTRACT This purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the role played by the English juvenile periodical press in the socialisation of boys and girls during the second half of the nineteenth century. Although scholars have long been familiar with the idea that juvenile periodicals were agents of socialisation, there has been little critical discussion about how readers responded to their magazines. Scholars usually attempt to discern the socialising messages that juvenile periodicals transmitted to young people by examining the texts rather than the response of the reader. The problem with this approach is that there is a danger of assuming that intended messages were absorbed without question by a passive readership. The relationship between reading and socialisation has thus been misunderstood and requires reassessment. This dissertation not only broadens the scope of the field of periodical studies, but also the wider history of juvenile reading. The difficulty of locating historical evidence of reader response has frustrated researchers since the mid-twentieth century. Despite recent breakthroughs in the field of book history, the responses of young people have largely remained elusive because they were often ephemeral and have rarely been preserved in historical archives. This dissertation, however, demonstrates that a study of “encounters” in the juvenile periodical press can offer mediated glimpses into reader response. Developing the work of Laurel Brake and Julie Codell, it considers how boys and girls were invited to become active participants in periodical culture through correspondence columns, prize competitions, and club pages. In doing so, the thesis sheds important new light on the following research questions: how did readers respond to socialising messages about informal education and self-improvement; how did juvenile periodicals prepare boys and girls for employment; and how successful were the editors of juvenile periodicals in moulding their readers’ understanding of recreation from a young age? 1 This study of encounters in the juvenile periodical press complicates our understanding of socialisation in two ways. First, it challenges the assumption that young people were passive recipients of adult teaching. Rather, it suggests that socialisation should be understood as a dialogue between editors who were eager to mould the values and behaviours of the rising generation, and readers who consulted magazines for advice and entertainment. Although the editors of juvenile periodicals often had their own agendas, boys and girls were consumers whose needs and desires were influential in shaping the content of magazines. Second, a study of encounters reveals that while some readers conformed to editorial expectations, others resisted or ignored attempts at socialisation. Thus, this dissertation argues that the relationship between reading and socialisation was more complex than scholars have traditionally assumed. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr Mark Towsey for being an enthusiastic and patient supervisor. His expertise, detailed feedback, and friendship have been invaluable. I am also grateful to Dr Richard Huzzey, my secondary supervisor, for his advice and guidance in bringing this thesis together. I would also like to thank Dr Stephen Kenny for his encouragement and support. I would like to express my gratitude to the University of Liverpool for the generous scholarship that made this research project possible. It has been an honour to be the recipient of the Duncan Norman Research Scholarship and I am grateful to the trustees for providing me with the financial support necessary to continue my studies. My appreciation extends to my fellow PhD students at the University of Liverpool for including me in a vibrant research community. As friends and colleagues, they have ensured that the past five years have been an enriching experience. The process of completing this thesis has not been without its challenges. Accordingly, I would like to extend special thanks my cousins Terence, Michael, Adam, and Ryan, for their support and encouragement. Finally, I wish to dedicate this thesis to my parents, Karen and Colin, who have always believed in my abilities and encouraged me to follow my dreams. This dissertation would not have been possible without your love and patience. 3 CONTENTS Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 3 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 8 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 8 Defining the Juvenile Reader ............................................................................................... 12 Historiographical Review: Towards a History of Juvenile Readers .................................... 19 Methodology: Encounters in the Juvenile Periodical Press ................................................. 27 Scope, Sources, and Structure .............................................................................................. 36 Chapter One: The Origins of the ‘Improving’ Juvenile Periodical Press and the Emergence of Reader Participation ..................................................................................... 43 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 43 The Origins of the Juvenile Periodical Market, 1751-1855 ................................................. 46 Establishing the Blueprint: Reader Participation in the Boy’s Own Magazine .................... 55 The ‘Penny Dreadfuls’ and a “New Class of Periodicals for Boys” .................................... 61 The Response of the ‘Improving’ Juvenile Periodical Press: Commercial Magazines ....... 70 The Response of the ‘Improving’ Juvenile Periodical Press: Religious Magazines ............ 78 The Dawn of Girls’ Magazines: Girl’s Own Paper and Atalanta ........................................ 85 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 91 Chapter Two: Education ....................................................................................................... 93 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 93 Literary Competitions and Self-Improvement ..................................................................... 95 Biographical Competitions and the Diffusion of Historical Knowledge ........................... 115 Distance Learning Schemes ............................................................................................... 131 4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 151 Chapter Three: Employment .............................................................................................. 154 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 154 Employment Advice in Young Folks ................................................................................. 157 Employment Advice in the Boy’s Own Paper ................................................................... 173 Employment Advice in the Girl’s Own Paper ................................................................... 188 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 202 Chapter Four: Leisure ......................................................................................................... 205 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 205 The ‘Problem’ of Male Youth Leisure ............................................................................... 208 Anxieties about Recreation for Girls .................................................................................. 219 Hobbies and Indoor Pastimes ............................................................................................. 228 Sport and Physical Recreation ............................................................................................ 239 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 260 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 262 Appendices
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