LBS Management in the Beneficiary Countries

LBS MANAGEMENT

PROJECT Integrated hotspots management and saving the living Black Sea ecosystem Beneficiary countries Gap Analysis Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

LBS Management Guiding harmonization of policies in the Black Sea region

Gap Analysis of LBS/Hot Spots management

Project: Integrated hotspots management and saving the living Black Sea ecosystem HOT BLACKSEA 2.2.1.72761.225 MIS-ETC 2303

2015

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Document Control Sheet Joint Operational Programme “Black Sea Basin 2007-2013”1 EC Programme Integrated hotspots management and saving Project Full Title: the living Black Sea ecosystem

Project Acronym: Hot Black Sea

Grant Agreement No. 2.2.1.72761.225 MIS-ETC 2303

Coordinator: Dr. Georgeta Alecu

Project start date and duration: March 2013, 31 months

Project website: http://www.bs-hotspots.eu/

Package of Activities No: GA 1

Package of Activities Title: Harmonization of Hot Spots policies

Report Title: Technical Report on Gap analysis of Hot Spots management

Report Authors Alecu G., Voina A., Avaz G., Ozer E., Pekdemir E., Mihneva V., Velikova V., Utkina K., Komorin V., Kresin V., Iakovleva N., Godin E., Chorny B., Cherna T., Popovich I.

Responsible Partner Organization: ICPE-CA, Bourgas municipality

Partners involved: All project partners

Status: Final (F)

Draft (D)

Revised draft (RV)

Dissemination level: Public (PU)

Restricted to other program participants (PP)

Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (RE)

Confidential, only for members of the consortium (CO)

1The Programme is managed by the Romanian Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism.

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Disclaimer

The information contained in this report is subject to change without notice and should not be interpreted as a final commitment by any members of the HotBlackSea Consortium or the authors. This document cannot be copied, reproduced or distributed, entirely or partly, without written permission from the HotBlackSea Consortium. Acknowledgement of the authors of the document shall be clearly referenced. All rights reserved to the HotBlackSea Consortium.

Recommended citation: Alecu G., Voina A., Avaz G., Ozer E., Pekdemir E., Mihneva V., Velikova V., Utkina K., Komorin V., Kresin V., Iakovleva N., Godin E., Chorny B., Cherna T., Popovich I. 2015. LBS Management Report: Guiding harmonization of policies in the Black Sea region. HBS Project electronic publications, http://bs- hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/LSB%20Management%20Final%20Draft.pdf. 175 pp.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We sincerely thank all stakeholders who greatly contributed to the preparation of this report.

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CONTENT

INTRODUCTION ...... 12

I. Legislation/policy framework of LBS management ...... 13

1. Global level ...... 13

2. European level ...... 17

3. European policies and the Black Sea region ...... 22

4. Regional level ...... 24

5. National level in the project beneficiary countries (BG, GE, RO, TR and UA) ...... 28

II. Institutional framework of LBS management ...... 48

1. National level ...... 48

2. Regional level ...... 54

III. LBS management cycle and measures in place ( in each beneficiary country) ...... 56

IV. Programmes and projects related to LBS management (national and international) ...... 93

V. Needs in harmonization and other needs at the national and regional level (including between EU and Non-EU-member states in the Black Sea region) ...... 113

VI. Conclusions and recommendations ...... 117

ANNEX I. The last updated hot spots list of BG/GE/RO/TR/UA submitted to BSC ...... 126

ANNEX II. Basic parameters, priority substances, specific pollutants and hydromorphological elements in Bulgaria, according to the national legislation ...... 133

ANNEX III. Basic parameters, priority substances, specific pollutants and hydromorphological elements in Romania, according to the national legislation ...... 139

ANNEX IV. Basic parameters, priority substances, specific pollutants in Ukraine, according to the national legislation ...... 145

ANNEX V. Comparison between Annex I of the E-PRTR Regulation and the TR legislation ...... 146

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ABBREVIATIONS

BG Bulgaria BS Black Sea BSC Black Sea Commission (Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution), www.blacksea-commission.org BSIMAP Black Sea Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Program BSIS Black Sea Information System BS SAP Black Sea Strategic Action Plan CBD Conservation of Biological Diversity DPSIR DriversPressuresStateImpactRespones DEKOS Determination and Classification of the quality level of the seas and coastal waters project (Turkey) EC European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/ EcoQOs Ecosystem Quality Objectives EEA European Environment Agency EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency EU European Union EU FP European Union Framework Programmes, http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/home_en.html GE Georgia GES Good Environment Status GIS Geographic Information System GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security, http://www.gmes.info/ GOOS Global Ocean Observing System, http://www.ioc-goos.org/ GPA Global Programme of Action HS Hot Spot ICPDR Convention on the Protection of the DanubeRiver, www.icpdr.org/ IPPC Directive Industrial Pollution Prevention and Control Directive ISO International Organization for Standardization, http://www.iso.org KIYITEMA Abbreviation of a project in Turkey LBS Land Based Sources (of pollution) MAC Maximum Allowable Concentration MAD Maximum Allowable Discharge (of waste waters) MONERIS Model used by ICPDR to simulate nutrient reduction scenarios MSFD Marine Strategy Framework Directive NAFA National Agency for Fishery and Aquaculture NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization, www.nato.int/ PA Project Activity PM Particulate matter QA Quality assurance QC Quality control RO Romania SKKY Abbreviation of a project in Turkey SINHA Abbreviation of a project in Turkey TDA Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis TPH Total petroleum hydrocarbon TR Turkey TMKK Abbreviation of a project in Turkey TUBITAK The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, www.tubitak.gov.tr/ UA Ukraine UN United Nations

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UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nation Environment Programme WAQ Abbreviation of a model (Water Quality) WFD Water Framework Directive WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant

DEFINITIONS (as used in this report, but not agreed in the BS region)

Coastal area - the part of the land affected by its proximity to the sea, and that part of the sea affected by its proximity to the land as to the extent to which man's land-based activities have a measurable influence on water chemistry and marine ecology.

Compliance monitoring - it is the one checking the relevance of water quality and level of discharges against certain norms (governmentally established.

Condition monitoring - specifically relates to the conservation objectives and favourable conservation status.

Harmful activity - any activity which is capable of causing significant adverse effect on the environment including effects on human health and safety, flora, fauna, soil, air, water, climate, landscape and historical monuments or other physical structures or the interaction among these factors; they also include effects on the cultural heritage or socio-economic conditions resulting from alterations to those factors;

Emission - any kind of discharges, effluents or releases of polluting substances into the water, air or soil.

Emission controls - controls requiring a specific emission limitation, for instance an emission limit value, or otherwise specifying limits or conditions on the effects, nature or other characteristics of an emission or operating conditions which affect emissions.

Emission limit values - the mass, expressed in terms of certain specific parameters, concentration or level of an emission, which may not be exceeded during any one or more periods of time. The emission limit values for substances shall normally apply at the point where the emissions leave the installation, dilution being disregarded when determining them.

Environmental quality standard - the concentration of a particular pollutant or group of pollutants in water, sediment or biota, which should not be exceeded in order to protect human health and the environment.

Environmental (ecosystem) quality objective - a goal, which specifies a desirable target for environmental quality that should be met in some particular environment, such as a river, beach or industrial site.

Eutrophication - an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to an ecosystem.

Hot Spot – means a limited and definable local land area, stretch of surface water or specific aquifer that is subject to excessive pollution and necessitates priority attention in order to prevent or reduce the actual or potential adverse impacts on human health, ecosystems or natural resources and amenities of economic importance (the definition is from the revised LBSA Protocol,http://www.blacksea- commission.org/_od_LBSAProtocol.asp)

Hot Spots

(a) Point sources on the coast of the Sea which potentially affect human health, ecosystems, biodiversity, sustainability or economy in a significant manner. They are the main points where high levels of pollution loads originating from domestic or industrial sources are

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being discharged;

(b) Defined coastal areas where the coastal marine environment is subject to pollution from one or more point or diffused sources on the coast of the Sea which potentially affect human health in a significant manner, ecosystems, biodiversity, sustainability or economy.

Land-based sources - point and diffuse sources on land from which substances or energy reach the maritime area by water, through the air, or directly from the coast.

Local and manageable pressure – pressures that occur as a result of human activities taking place on a localised scale (i.e. a discharge, a specific dredge disposal or aggregate extraction site). These pressures can be managed through permits/consents and monitoring. They are referred to as ENDOGENIC MANAGED PRESSURES where the causes are managed as well as the consequences (Elliott, 2011).

Monitoring Programme –managed by an individual authority/agency but can include the monitoring of several ecosystem components, thus several organizations may implement it.

Monitoring Network – a group of state monitoring programmes set in line with the reporting obligations of the country to different Conventions and/or in implementation of national legislation.

Nutrient enrichment – a supple of inorganic forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and silica to an environment.

Operational monitoringI - real time (satellites, radars, any automatic devices working for real-time collection of data).

Operational monitoring II - the one related to the WFD, for instance, monitoring of water bodies at risk to evaluate the efficiency of measures taken.

Point sources - sources of pollution where emissions and releases are introduced into the environment from any discernable, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to pipes, outfalls, channels, ditches, tunnels, conduits or wells from which pollutants are or may be discharged.

Pressure – the mechanism through which an activity has an effect on any part of an ecosystem.

Self-monitoring – the industry itself is responsible for the monitoring

State (governmental) monitoring – monitoring carried out in implementation of legal/policy documents (from national to global level). Surveillance monitoring - can be any ‘look-see’ process, however, carried out long enough in time to identify trends.

Web-platform and databases level – makes the distinction between data sets which are collated in widely accessible formats (i.e. a website) and those that are collated and stored by individual agencies. These may or may not be accessible by request.

Widespread and unmanageable pressures – are those that are beyond the control of management that are occurring at regional scales. For example, temperature and hydrological changes associated with climate change, pH change due to volcanic activity (may be local but is not manageable). This is referred to as EXOGENIC UNMANAGED PRESSURES where the consequences are managed rather than the causes.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Inventory of major LBS management-related legal/policy documents (international level) ...... 13

Table 2. Black Sea European legislation applied at national level in the beneficiary countries, with a focus on LBS management...... 17

Table 3. Priority Materials List (Annex-4 to the TR Regulationon Surface Water Quality Management) 36

Table 4. Other Pollutants (Taken from the Annex-I of the EQS Directive, numbered 2008/105/EC) (Turkey) ...... 38

Table 5. Framework documents – Codes and Laws of Ukraine...... 41

Table 6. Decrees of the President of Ukraine ...... 42

Table 7. Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (CMU), orders of ministries, etc...... 42

Table 8. Organisations engaged with HS and LBS management in Turkey ...... 52

Table 9. Hot Spots‘ along the BG coast: municipal sources of waste waters...... 64

Table 10. Maximim permissible concentrations of pollutants in waste water ...... 67

Table 11. The projected situation of the sewerage systems in Romania (taking into consideration the compliance with the WFD and the deadlines set to achieve good ecological status of surface waters) 73

Table 12. List of pollutants from municipal and industrial LBS in UA ...... 89

Table 13. Emissions of some pollutants and carbon dioxide (in thousand tons) into the atmosphere in 2011 (Ukraine) ...... 90

Table 14. Planned and actual financing of the UA State Programme of Protection and Rehabilitation of the Environment of the Azov and Black Seas (exchange rate in 2014: 1USD = 9.5 UAH) ...... 101

Table 15. Budget and funding sources for the National (State) Program for the Development of Mineral and Raw Resources of Ukraine till 2030 ...... 103

Table 16. UA Program “Environmentally Sound Crimea”: budget and sources of financing ...... 104

Table 17. Budget of the UA State Program on the establishment of the state environmental network for the period 2000-2015...... 105

Table 18. Funds for the UNDP – GEF Dnipro Basin Environmental Program, 2nd Phase ...... 106

Table 19. Budget for the Development of Water supply and Water Treatment System in the city of Mykolaiiv (UA) ...... 106

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Table 20. World Bank (WB) and European Bank for Regional Develoment (EBRD) projects in the Black Sea region ...... 107

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Administrative structures responsible for water management, and in particular for management of point sources, in Bulgaria ...... 49

Figure 2. Scheme of the Georgian LBS-related institutional framework ...... 49

Figure 3. Sub-structure of the Minsitry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukriane – Black Sea protection and LBS management ...... 54

Figure 4. BG management cycle of a water body (including rivers) ...... 56

Figure 5. Setting environment targets ...... 58

Figure 6. BG application procedure for a permit of LBS activities ...... 61

Figure 7. Stages of a river basin management plan (PMBH) implementation...... 71

Figure 8. The evolution of the sludge quantities generated by the treatment stations in Romania (for the period 2005-2018)...... 74

Figure 9. DPSIR analytical scheme ...... 75

Figure 10. Stages to identify pressures and impacts in assessment of human activities ...... 75

Figure 11. The LBS management cycle in Turkey ...... 81

Figure 12. LBS management cycle – Ukraine ...... 84

Figure 13. Management cycle – LBS having discharges into the Black Sea ...... 85

Figure 14. Waste Water Discharges (mln.m3) stemming to the Black Sea from Ukraine (re-drawn from the UA LBS Report to the BSC, 2012) ...... 86

Figure 15. Discharges of wastewaters (thousand m3,for accidental pollution in m3) in Ukraine in 2008- 2012 (re-drawn from the UA LBS Report to the BSC, 2012) ...... 87

Figure 16. Discharges of pollution substances (key LBS, located in UA coastal areas) ...... 88

Figure 17. Annual volumes of waste water in UA - 2012 ...... 88

Figure 18. Key LBS in the UA coastal area (both municipal and industrial) ...... 89

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Figure 19. Solid wastes generated in Ukraine, thousand tons (re-drawn from the UA LBS Report to the BSC, 2012) ...... 90

Figure 20. Industrial wastes in the Black Sea UA Oblasts, tons ...... 90

Figure 21. Greenhouse gases emissions in Ukraine in the period 2008-2011/2012 (re-drawn from the UA LBS Report to the BSC, 2012) ...... 91

Figure 22. Total emissions in UA ...... 92

Figure 23. Emissions – stationary pollution sources in UA ...... 92

Figure 24. Emissions – mobile pollution sources in UA ...... 92

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INTRODUCTION

This Report has been prepared under the HBS Project “Integrated hotspots management and saving the living Black Sea ecosystem” (www.bs-hotspots.eu), Grant Agreement No2.2.1.72761.225 MIS- ETC 2303. The Project is financed by EC as an activity under the Joint Operational Programme “Black Sea Basin 2007-2013”2. HotBlackSea is an integral part of the overall ongoing process of harmonization of policies in the Black Sea region in the field of environment protection, taking into consideration relevant European acquis. Beneficiary countries of the HBS Project are Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.

The Report is part of the HBS Project activities (PA) planned within PA1: Harmonization of policies (Lead Partner ICPE-CA in cooperation with the Burgas Municipality). PA1 also included work on:

 Revision and finalization of the draft regional Methodology for identification and prioritization of Hot Spots (see http://bs-hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/Hot%20Spots%20Methodology.pdf)  Rivers monitoring strategies harmonization (http://bs- hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/Rivers%20Monitoring%20Report.pdf)  Promotion of market-based instruments for water pollution control based on examination of International experiences in view of their relevance to the Black Sea coastal states (see http://bs- hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/Economic_Instruments%20in%20the%20BS%20region.p df; http://bs- hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/Economic%20Instruments%20Compendium.pdf; http://bs-hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/BATs%20Guideline.pdf)3

Main aim of the LBS management Report was to find the gaps in the field of Black Sea protection against pollution from land-based sources and activities and to identify the needs in harmonization.

In the HotBlackSea Project Proposal we have described the baseline situation in terms of acting policies in the field of LBS management in the project beneficiary countries (as per 2011). What is the situation today, four years later? This Report communicates our findings and gives recommendations on harmonization in the field of LBS management.

The LBS Management Report is largely based on consultations with many stakeholders. Their opinion was collected through a special Questionnaire (http://bs- hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/HotSpots%20Questionnaire.pdf), in e-mail and Skype communications and during the meetings of the HBS project (http://bs-hotspots.eu/EventsGallery). Additionally, the HBS Project Consortium conducted extensive research to gather information on the LBS management in the project beneficiary countries – starting from legal/policy and institutional frameworks, going through cycles of pollution management, concrete measures undertaken in this field and ending with conclusions on major shortcomings and needs in improvements to better protect the Black Sea.

2The Programme is managed by the Romanian Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration. 3 Under this activity the HBS Project produced three major documents: Report on Economic instruments in the Black Sea region; Economic Instruments for Environmental Policy: Compendium of best available practices; BATS (Best Available Technologies to Prevent Industrial Pollution of Receiving Water Bodies (Guideline for selected Industries)

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I. Legislation/policy framework of LBS management

1. Global level

In LBS management, basically the same Conventions and soft-law documents act as in the case of LBS Monitoring (see the relevant Report of the HBS Project at: http://bs- hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/LBS%20Monitoring%20Final%20Draft.pdf), since the monitoring is an indispensable part of the LBS managment cycle. Apart from enlisting the major international documents (Table 1), we are further giving in more detail information on the GPA/UNEP Programme, which is one of the major international instruments guiding improvements in the field of LBS management (see also Footnote 7).

Table 1. Inventory of major LBS management-related legal/policy documents (international level)

N Legislation/policy Bulgaria Georgia Romania Turkey Ukraine Date of ratification 1 Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment 12.05.1995 No 29.03.2001 No 19.03.1999 in a Transboundary Context (Espoo C.) 2 UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 29.02.1996 02.06.1994 17.08.1994 14.02.1997 29.11.1994 3 UN Convention on Wetlands of International 24.01.1976 30.04.1996 21.09.1971 13.11.1994 29.10.1996 Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat- RAMSAR 4 Convention on the Conservation of European 01.05.1991 No 01.09.1993 09.01.1984 31.05.1995 Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Bern Convention 5 Convention on Migratory Species - Bonn 01.09.1999 11.02.2000 01.07.1998 No 19.03.1999 Convention 6 UN Convention on International Trade of 16.04.1991 13.09.1996 16.11.1994 22.12.1996 14.05.1999 Endangered Species-CITES 7 UNCLOS - The 1982 United Nations Convention 15.05.1996 No 17.12.1996 No 03.06.1999 on the Law of the Sea4 8 Convention on Access to Information, Public 25.06.1998 11.02.2000 11.07.2000 No 06.07.1999 Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention)5 9 Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer 15.01.2010 signatory 26.08.2009 No signatory Registers to the Aarhus Convention 10 Framework Climate Change Convention (FCCC) 12.05.1995 16.05.1994 08.06.1995 24.02.2004 22.09.1996 11 Kyoto Protocol (to the FCCC) 15.08.2002 28.05.1999 19.03.2001 26.08.20096 04.02.2004

12 UN Convention on Long-Range Transboundary 19.02.1981 13.01.1999 18.04.1983 16.03.1983 Air Pollution 13 Stockholm Convention on POPs 20.12.2004 11.04.2006 28.10.2004 14.10.2009 18.04.2007

14 Global Programme of Action7 1995 1995 No

4Article 207: Pollution from land-based sources. 5The Convention has no direct relation to LBS management, but regulates the rights of public to access the data/information related to environmental matters. TR is not party to it, however, in Turkey, the Law on the Right to Access to Information came into force in 2003 and the By-law was published in 2004 which determined the frameworks of providing information to the public. Based on this law, necessary amendments were made in the Environmental Law. 6 Turkey became party to the Kyoto Protocol on 26 August 2009, after the deposit of instrument of accession to the United Nations following the adoption of the Law (No. 5836) approving Turkey’s accession to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 5 February 2009 and adoption by the Council of Ministers of the Cabinet Decree (No. 2009/14979) on 13 May 2009.

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N Legislation/policy Bulgaria Georgia Romania Turkey Ukraine Date of ratification 15 Agenda 218 1992 14.06.1992 No 16 Johannesburg Plan of Implementation9 2002 2002 No 17 UNECE Water Convention (Convention on the No Protection and Use of Trans-boundary Watercourses and International Lakes)

18 International Convention for the Prevention of 19.05.2005 15.11.1993 18.03.1992 24.06.1990 21.09.1973 Pollution from Ships (Marpol Convention)10

19 The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the 08.11.1995 20.09.1991 Ozone Layer

20 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the 08.11.1995 19.12.1991 Ozone Layer

21 United Nations Convention to Combat 22.05.2001 23.07.1999 17.11.1998 31.03.1998 - Desertification (UNCCD)

22 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed 01.12.2006 No Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

23 Basel Convention on the Control of Trans- 16.02.1996 04.05.1999 27.02.1991 22.06.1994 08.10.1999 boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and (A) (A) (A) (A) their Disposals

24 Convention on The Trans-boundary Effects of No No Industrial Accidents

25 The Protocol on Civil Liability and Compensation No No for Damage Caused by the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Trans-boundary Waters to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Trans-boundary Watercourses and International

7The Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (GPA) was adopted in 1995 by the representatives of 108 governments and the European Commission, which have committed themselves to protect and preserve the marine environment from the adverse environmental impacts of land-based activities (UNEP, 1995 and 1995a; www.gpa.unep.org). As a non-binding global instrument, the GPA reflects the resolve of States to address the serious impacts of land-based sources of pollution and physical degradation of the coastal and marine environments. It is an action-oriented programme with an overarching goal to address the negative effects of land-based activities upon the coastal and marine environment. The GPA assists States in taking concrete actions that give tangible results within their respective policies, priorities and resources. The implementation of the GPA is primarily the task of Governments, in close partnership with all stakeholders including local communities, public organizations, non-governmental organizations and the private sector.

8 Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be realized globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and other international actors. It was adopted by 178 governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992. Agenda 21, a non-binding set of recommendations, identified a number of steps, which States and international organizations must implement in order to improve the state of the human environment, including marine and coastal areas. Agenda 21, in its Chapter 17, defined new approaches to marine and coastal area management and development, at the national, sub-regional, regional and global levels, approaches that are integrated in content and are precautionary and anticipatory in ambit.

9 Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, which took place in August-September 2002, was adopted to further build on the achievements made since the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development and expedite the realization of the remaining goals. Plan calls on to advance implementation of the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities and the Montreal Declaration on the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, with particular emphasis during the period from 2002 to 2006 on municipal wastewater, the physical alteration and destruction of habitats, and nutrients. Finally, it urges to improve the scientific understanding and assessment of marine and coastal ecosystems as a fundamental basis for sound decision-making, through actions at all levels.

10MARPOL deals not only with ships but also with Port Reception Facilities and other issues which have relation to LBS.

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N Legislation/policy Bulgaria Georgia Romania Turkey Ukraine Date of ratification Lakes and to the 1992 Convention on the Trans- boundary Effects of Industrial Accidents

26 European Landscape Convention 20.10.2000 No 20.10.2000 13.10.2003 No 27 Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment Yes No Yes No Yes

The GPA (http://www.gpa.unep.org/index.php/about-gpa) encourages governments and regional organizations to prepare and implement comprehensive, continuing and adaptive action plans to protect the marine environment, recognizing the effects on food security, poverty alleviation, and ecosystem health, as well as the resulting economic and social benefits. UNEP serves as the Secretariat of the GPA with a mandate to: a) promote and facilitate its implementation at regional, national and sub-national levels; and b) play a catalytic role with other organisations and institutions in implementing the GPA internationally. UNEP has produced a number of guidelines, handbooks, Rapid Response Assessments, and State of the Marine Environment reports, including the 2010 report “Sick Water?- The central role of wastewater management in sustainable development” As a follow-up, UNEP has initiated a UN-Water Taskforce on Wastewater Management to develop a comprehensive multistakeholder agenda on managing wastewater sustainably. UNEP also established the Global Partnership on Nutrient Management and acts as its Secretariat. This provide a platform for governments, UN agencies, scientists and the private sector to forge a common agenda, mainstream best practices and integrated assessments, so as effectively to render policy making and investments “nutrient proof”.

One of the priorities of the GPA is:

. Apply integrated coastal area management approaches, including provisions to involve stakeholders.

And GPA also calls to building national LBS management programmes, which should include:

. Requirements and incentives to induce action to comply with measures, such as: economic instruments and incentives, taking into account the "polluter pays" principle and the internalization of environmental costs; regulatory measures; technical assistance and cooperation; education and public awareness.

Key words in the GPA are: ICZM, watershed management, ‘polluter pays’ principle, economic instruments and incentives, environmental impacts assessments and public awareness/participation, which will be further in the report attended when outlining gaps and achievements in the field of LBS management in the project beneficiary countries.

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2. European level

The history of the LBS-related European legislation and its transposition into the legislation/policy of Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey is presented in the Table below.

Table 2. Black Sea European legislation applied at national level in the beneficiary countries, with a focus on LBS management.

Title of Convention, Directive or Date of enforcement Transposed to the national legislation N Agreement Bulgaria Romania Turkey Directive 91/271/EC (WWTP Directive) 21.05.1991 Water act. Last amendment of the water Act Government Decision no. 188/2002 for Urban Waste Water Treatment 1. is in force since 26.07.2013. approving the rules on discharge Regulations (08.01.2006- The Regulation № 6 (since 9 of Nov, 2000, conditions of wastewater into the aquatic O.G.26047) last amendment since march, 2004) for environment, amended by Government emission standards for the admissible content Decision no. 352/2005 of harmful and dangerous substances in waste waters, discharged in water objects/ GD no. 210/2007 amending and supplementing certain acts which The Regulation № 2 (since 8 of June 2011, transposing the acquis in the field of last amendment since 17 of Febr., 2012) for environmental protection issuing permits for discharge of effluent water into water object and establishment of Water Law no. 107/1996 amended by GD individual emission limits for point sources of no. 948/1999, Law no. 404/2003, Law pollution/ no. 310/2004, Law no. 112/2006, Ministerial order № 970/28.07.2003 for Government Emergency Ordinance no. determination of vulnerable zones 130/2007, GEO 3/2010 approved by Law Regulation № 7 for conditions and order of no. 146/2010, GEO 64/2011, GEO discharging industrial waste waters into 71/2011 and GEO 69/2013 sewerage systems (since 2000)/ GEO no. 12/2007 amending and supplementing certain acts which transposing the acquis in the field of environmental protection, adopted by Law no. 161/2007

MO no. 662/2006 (approving the Procedure and competences of issuing permits and licenses for water management

MO MMGA1/MAPDR2 no. 344/708/2004 approving the Technical Norms on environmental protection and in particular the soil, when sewage sludge is used

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Title of Convention, Directive or Date of enforcement Transposed to the national legislation N Agreement Bulgaria Romania Turkey COUNCIL DIRECTIVE on Hazardous 12.12.1991 Regulation on Control of Hazardous Waste (91/689/EEC) Wastes (14.03.2005) 2.

COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 91/676/EC OF 12 12.12.1991 16/10/2000 GD no. 964/2000 approving the Action Regulation on Protection of Water DECEMBER 1991 concerning the Plan for the protection of water against Bodies Against Nitrate Pollution protection of waters against pollution /in ordinance № 2 for protection of water from pollution caused by nitrates from from Agricultural Activities caused by nitrates from agricultural pollution from agricultural sources/ agricultural sources, as amended by (18.02.2004)) sources (Nitrates Directive) Government Decision no. 1360/2005 3.. GD no. 210/2007 amending and supplementing certain acts which transposing the acquis in the field of environmental protection Council Directive 92/43/EC of 21 May 21.05.1992 09.08.2002 /in Biodiversity Protection Act GEO no. 57/2007 on regime of the 1992 on the conservation of natural protected natural areas, natural habitats, habitats and of wild fauna and flora wild flora and fauna amended by GEO no. 154/2008, Law no. 329/2009, /Habitat Directive/ adopted by Law no. 49/2011 and amended by Law no. 187/2012

Law no. 407/2006 of hunting and protection of wildlife fund amended by Law no. 197/2007 amended by Law no. 4. 215/2008, GEO no. 154/2008, Law no. 80/2010, GEO no. 102/2010 approved by Law no. 66/2011

GEO no. 195/2005 on environmental protection approved by Law no. 265/2006 amended by GEO no. 57/2007, GEO no. 114/2007, GEO no. 164/2008 , GEO no. 71/2011 and GEO no. 58/2012 SEVESO-II Directive 9.12.1996 Control of Major Industrial Accidents (18.08.2010) Council Directive 96/82/EC on the control 5. of major accident hazards

European Code of Conduct for Coastal 1998 Zones 6.

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Title of Convention, Directive or Date of enforcement Transposed to the national legislation N Agreement Bulgaria Romania Turkey Water Law no. 107/1996 amended by GD Surface Water Quality no. 948/1999, Law no. 404/2003, Law Management, Regulations no. 310/2004, Law no. 112/2006, (30.11.2012-O.G.28483) Government Emergency Ordinance no. 130/2007, GEO 3/2010 approved by Law no. 146/2010, GEO 64/2011, GEO 22/12/2003 /in the Bulgarian Water Act/ 71/2011 and GEO 69/2013

GEO no. 12/2007 amending and Directive 2000/60/EC of the European 08/05/2007 /in ordinance № 13 for supplementing certain acts which Parliament and of the Council characterization of surface water/ transposing the acquis in the field of establishing a framework for the 6.10.2000 environmental protection, adopted by Community action in the field of water 05/06/207 /in ordinance№ 5 for water 7. Law no. 161/2007 policy (Water Framework Directive monitoring, currently replaced by ordinance

(WFD)) № 1 for water monitoring/ MO no. 1012/2005 for the approval procedure regarding access mechanism to public information on water management

GD no. 210/2007 amending and supplementing certain acts which transposing the acquis in the field of environmental protection 22/12/2003 /in the Bulgarian Water Act/ Water Law no. 107/1996 amended by GD no. 948/1999, Law no. 404/2003, Law 08/05/2007 /in ordinance № 13 for no. 310/2004, Law no. 112/2006, Government Emergency Ordinance no. characterization of surface water/ 130/2007, GEO 3/2010 approved by Law no. 146/2010, GEO 64/2011, GEO Decision No 2455/2001/EC of the 05/06/2007 /in ordinance № 5 for water 71/2011 and GEO 69/2013 European Parliament and of the Council monitoring, currently replaced by ordinance of 20 November 2001 establishing the list № 1 for water monitoring/ GEO no. 12/2007 amending and 20.11.2001 8. of priority substances in the field of water supplementing certain acts which policy and amending Directive 09/11/2010 / in ordinance for ecological transposing the acquis in the field of 2000/60/EC quality standards for priority and some other environmental protection, adopted by pollutants/ Law no. 161/2007

MO no. 1012/2005 for the approval 05/06/2007 /in Ministerial ordinance № 321 procedure regarding access mechanism for establishment of priority and priority to dangerous substances in water area/ public information on water management

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Title of Convention, Directive or Date of enforcement Transposed to the national legislation N Agreement Bulgaria Romania Turkey

GD no. 210/2007 amending and supplementing certain acts which transposing the acquis in the field of environmental protection REGULATION (EC) No 166/2006 OF 18.01.2006 Yes Yes Regulation for permission and THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF licenses required for Environment THE COUNCIL of 18 January 2006 Law of Turkey (29.04.2009-O.G. concerning the establishment of a 27214) European Pollutant Release and Transfer 9. Register and amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC

Directive2006/7/EC of 15.02.2006 10/06/2008 GD no. 546/2008 concerning the Bathing Water Quality Regulations theEuropeanParliamentandtheCouncil management of bathing water quality (09.01.2006-O.G.26048) from15 February 2006 regarding the /in ordinance № 5 for management of bathing amended and completed by GD no. 389/2011 managementof bathing water water quality/ The preparation of the Revised 10. qualityandrepealing the Regulations is in progress. Directive76/160/EEC

DIRECTIVE 2006/113/EC OF THE 30.10.1979/12.12.2006 20.10.2000 /date of transposition in Bulgarian GD no. 201/2002 approving the technical EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE ordinance № 4 for quality of water intended norms on water quality for COUNCIL of 12 December 2006 for fisheries and shellfish breeding/ shellfish amended by GD no. 467/2006, GD no. 859/2007 (Directivefor the valorisationof

shellfishareas (2006/113/CE)) GD no. 210/2007 amending and supplementing certain acts which on the quality required of shellfish waters transposing the acquis in the field of 11. (codified version) /COUNCIL DIRECTIVE environmental protection

of 30 October 1979

on the quality required of shellfish waters

(79/923/EEC)/ Regulation on Control of the Pollution in Control of the Pollution in Waters Waters and Aquatic Environments and Aquatic Environments Caused 12. Caused by Hazardous Materials by Hazardous Materials

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Title of Convention, Directive or Date of enforcement Transposed to the national legislation N Agreement Bulgaria Romania Turkey (76/464/EEC) and Subsidiary Directives Regulations (26.11.2005- (82/176/EEC, 83/513/EEC, 84/156/EEC, O.G.26005) 84/491/EEC, 86/280/EEC)

Hazardous Materials in Water Directive (2006/11/EC) Preparation of the new regulations is in progress. DIRECTIVE 2008/56/EC OF THE 17.06.2008 30/11/2010 GEO no. 71/2010 establishing marine National and international projects EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE strategy approved by Law 6/2011 have been coordinated since 2012. COUNCIL of 17 June 2008 /in ordinance for protection of the amended by Law no. 205/2013 environment in marine water/ 13. establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive) DIRECTIVE 2008/105/EC OF THE GD no. 351/2005 on the approval of EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE Program for gradually disposal of COUNCILof 16 December 2008 discharges, emissions and losses of priority hazardous substances, amended by Government Decision no. 783/2006, on environmental quality standards in the 13/07/2010 GD no. 1038/2010 field of water policy, amending and Or №:256/01 November 2010 (State gazette 14. subsequentlyrepealing Council Directives 16.08.2008 88 publ. on 9 Nov. 2010) 82/176/EEC, 83/513/EEC, 84/156/EEC, 84/491/EEC, 86/280/EEC and amending Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council GD no. 351/2005 on the approval of Program for gradually disposal of COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2009/90/EC discharges, emissions and losses of 21/08/2011 priority hazardous substances, amended by Government Decision no. 783/2006, of 31 July 2009 laying down, pursuant to 31.07.2009 15. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Ordinance 1/2011 on monitoring, Chapter III GD no. 1038/2010 Parliament and of the Council, technical (art. 84 - 86). specifications for chemical analysis and Project of Government Decision for monitoring of water status amending of GD no. 351/2005

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3. European policies and the Black Sea region

The European policies are mandatory for Bulgaria and Romania only. Turkey, as a country in accession to EU, also takes into consideration the EU legal/policy documents and where possible transposes them into its national legislation.

The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) provides a framework for close bilateral relations between the EU and its neighbouring countries. During the last decade, the cooperation between EU and ENPI East Countries11 in the field of environment protection has intensified and currently encompasses a structured political process engaging all countries as key players in tackling the increasing economic, environmental and security challenges as well as the implementation of concrete projects, as is the case of the HBS Project.

Until 2014, the central elements of the ENP were the bilateral ENP Action Plans agreed between the EU and its partner countries, setting out an agenda of jointly agreed priorities for action. In the field of environment, ENP Action Plans priorities included shared rivers and seas which were interlinked in management due to the fact that the Black Sea is the final recipient of pollution loads of many major international and coastal river basins of the region. In recent years within various ENP projects, significant progress has been made by ENPI countries in cooperation as well as in approaching the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). However, as related to the BS protection, new challenges continually appear, lastly in development of ecosystem-based approach and spatial planning, which require serious changes at all levels of environment management – from legal frameworks to mentality of people.

Georgia and Ukraine participate in the Eastern Partnership (EaP), which was launched during the Prague summit in May 2009 with the goal to accelerate political association and further economic integration between the European Union and interested partner countries. Priorities of EaP include water management, convergence towards EU environment law, strengthened implementation of multilateral environment agreements, as well as data collection, monitoring, and assessment of environment data/information.

Georgia and Ukraine demonstrate interest in developing and applying ecosystem-based environment management, including procedures that are compliant with European Directives. Under the EaP framework Association Agreements (AA) between the EU and GE and UA were signed in 2014. The AA replaced the aforementioned ENP Action Plans. By signing the AA Georgia and Ukraine committed: to respecting the principles of sustainable development, to protecting the environment and mitigating climate change, to continuous improvement of environmental governance and meeting environmental needs, including cross- border cooperation and implementation of multilateral international agreements. Specifically, GE and UA will work to improve:

(a) environmental governance and horizontal issues, including strategic planning, environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment, education and training, monitoring and environmental information systems, inspection and enforcement, environmental liability, combating environmental crime, transboundary cooperation, public access to environmental information, decision-making processes and effective administrative and judicial review procedures;

(b) Air quality;

(c) Water quality and resource management, including flood risk management, water scarcity and droughts as well as marine environment;

11In the case of the HBS Project, they are Georgia and Ukraine.

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(d) Waste management;

(e) Nature protection, including forestry and conservation of biological diversity;

(f) Industrial pollution and industrial hazards, and

(g) Chemicals management.

EU Directives will be transposed into the national legislation of GE and UA and implemented according to the deadlines given in the AAa. The AA of Georgia, for instance, gives the following deadlines for major EU Directives transposition and implementation:

Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy as amended by Decision No 2455/2001/EC

# Article Of Provision Years of Directive implementation

1 General Adoption of national legislation and designation of competent authority/ies Within 4 years

2 3.1-3.7 Identification of river basin districts and establishment of administrative Within 4 years arrangements for international rivers, lakes and coastal waters

3 5 Analysis of the characteristics of the river basin districts Within 5 years

4 8 Establishment of programmes for monitoring water quality (related to Within 6 years surface waters)

5 13-14 Preparation of river basin management plans, consultations with the Within 10 years public and publication of these plans

Directive 91/271/EEC on urban waste water treatment as amended by Directive 98/15/EC and Regulation (EC) 1882/2003

# Article Of Provision Years of Directive implementation

1 General Adoption of national legislation and designation of competent authority/ies Within 4 years

2 5 & Assessment of the status of urban waste water collection and treatment Within 6 years Annex II

3 General Identification of sensitive areas and agglomerations Within 7 years

4 General Preparation of technical and investment programme for the urban waste Within 8 years water collection and treatment

Directive 91/676/EC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources as amended by Regulation (EC) 1882/2003

# Article Of Provision Years of Directive implementation

1 General Adoption of national legislation and designation of competent authority/ies. Within 4 years

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2 6 Establishment of monitoring programmes (related to surface water). Within 5 years

3 3 Identification of polluted waters or waters at risk and designation of nitrate Within 5 years vulnerable zones (related to surface water).

Directive 2008/56/EC Directive establishing a framework for Community action in the field of marine environmental policy

# Article Of Provision Years of Directive implementation

1 General Adoption of national legislation and designation of competent authority/ies Within 3 years

2 5&6 Development of a marine strategy in cooperation with relevant EU MS (in Within 8 years the case of cooperation with non-EU MS, the commitments of Georgia under the art. 6.2 will be aligned on those provided for by the Black Sea Convention).

3 5 & 8 – 10 Initial assessment of marine waters, determination of good environmental Within 5 years status and establishment of environmental targets and indicators.

4 5 &11 Establishment of a monitoring programme for on-going assessment and Within 7 years regular updating of targets.

5 5&13 Preparation of a programme of measures to achieve good environmental Within 8 years status.

4. Regional level

The coordination in policies and legislation development is of common interest for all Black Sea coastal countries. This is particularly true for the riparian EU Member States12 – being them also contracting parties to the Bucharest Convention and members of the Black Sea Commission (BSC, Bucharest Convention) – in so far the extent of such coordination influences their own ability to comply with EU legislation, notably those Directives which have relation to the Black Sea (WFD, MSFD, Habitats and Birds Directives, etc.).

The Black Sea regional harmonization work, inter alia in LBS management, is mainly coordinated by the BSC. The main legal documents in the field of LBS management are the Bucharest Convention itself and the regional LBS Protocol.

The Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest Convention) acts in the territorial sea and exclusive economic zone of each Black Sea coastal country as a contracting party to this Convention. It was signed in Bucharest in April 1992, and ratified by all six Black Sea coastal countries (Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russian federation, Turkey and Ukraine) in the beginning of 1994. Also referred to as the "Bucharest Convention", it is the basic regional framework agreement in the field of Black Sea environment protection. The Convention is supplemented by four Protocols, they are:

12Bulgaria and Romania.

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. The Protocol on Protection of the Black Sea Marine Environment Against Pollution from Land-Based Sources (1994 ratified) and the revised 2009 Protocol (adopted in 2009) ;

. Protocol on Cooperation in Combating Pollution of the Black Sea Marine Environment by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Emergency Situations (1994 ratified);

. Protocol on the Protection of the Black Sea Marine Environment Against Pollution by Dumping (1994 ratified); and

. The Black Sea Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation Protocol to the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution, which was signed in Sofia, Bulgaria in 200313and has entered into force in 2011.

The actual day to day implementation of the Bucharest Convention is managed by the Commission for the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (also sometimes referred to as the Istanbul Commission), and its Permanent Secretariat in Istanbul, Turkey. The main objective of the Convention is to substantiate the general obligation of the Contracting Parties to prevent, reduce and control the pollution in the Black Sea in order to protect and preserve the marine environment and to provide legal framework for co-operation and concerted actions to fulfill this obligation. In particular:

. To prevent pollution by hazardous substances or matter; . To prevent, reduce and control the pollution from land-based sources; . To prevent, reduce and control the pollution of the marine environment from vessels in accordance with the generally accepted rules and standards; . To prevent, reduce and control the pollution of the marine environment resulting from emergency situations; . To prevent, reduce and control the pollution by dumping; . To prevent, reduce and control the pollution caused by or connected with activities on the continental shelf, including exploration and exploitation of natural resources; . To prevent, reduce and control the pollution from or through the atmosphere; . To protect the biodiversity and the marine living resources; . To prevent the pollution from hazardous wastes in transboundary movement and the illegal traffic thereof; . To provide framework for scientific and technical co-operation and monitoring activities.

The Protocols to the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution

1. Protocol on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Black Sea from Land-Based Sources and Activities (2009) (not in force) The purpose of this Protocol is to prevent, control and to the maximum extent possible eliminate pollution from land-based sources and activities in order to achieve and maintain a good ecological status of the Black Sea, including its marine and coastal ecosystems. The Scope of this protocol is to protect and preserve:

. The marine environment of the Black Sea; . Coastal areas of the Black Sea, including brackish waters, coastal waters, marshes, and coastal lagoons; . Ground waters communicating with the Black Sea.

13Signed by Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in 2002, by Georgia in 2009.Ratified by Bulgaria, Georgia, Turkey and Ukraine so far.

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This Protocol is applied to:

. Emissions of polluting substances originating from land-based point and diffuse sources that may have a measurable adverse effect on the marine environment or coastal areas of the Black Sea. These emissions include those which reach the marine environment through rivers, canals or other watercourses, including groundwater flow, coastal disposals and outfalls, disposal under the seabed with access from land, or through runoff; . Inputs of polluting substances transported through the atmosphere into the marine environment of the Black Sea from land-based sources; . Activities that may directly or indirectly affect the marine environment or coastal areas of the Black Sea such as works which cause physical alteration of the natural state of the coastline, including alteration or destruction of the landscape or habitats.

The LBSA 2009 is signed by all BS states, however, it is ratified by Georgia only, and thus this Protocol is not yet enforced. The acting regional legal document in the field of LBS management is still the old LBS Protocol, which dates back to 1992 (ratified in 1994).

2. The PROTOCOL ON PROTECTION OF THE BLACK SEA MARINE ENVIRONMENT AGAINST POLLUTION FROM LAND BASED SOURCES (1992) (the acting regional Protocol) In accordance with Article VII of the Convention, the member states take all necessary measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea caused by discharges from land-based sources on their territories such as rivers, canals, coastal establishments, other artificial structures, outfalls or run-off, or emanating from any other land-based source, including through the atmosphere.

The member states undertake:

. to prevent and eliminate pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea from land-based sources by substances and matter according to Annex I to this Protocol; . to reduce and, whenever possible, to eliminate pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea from land-based sources by substances and matter according to Annex II to this Protocol.

Main policy document in the field of LBS management is the regional Black Sea Startegic Action Plan (BS SAP).

The regional BS SAP (2009)

Full name: Strategic Action Plan for the Environmental Protection and Rehabilitation of the Black Sea (Adopted in Sofia, Bulgaria, 17 April 2009, http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_bssap2009.asp).

New environmental management approaches have been recently recognised in the BS region, these are:

• Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM); • The Ecosystem Approach; and • Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)

These approaches became the core of the new Black Sea Strategic Action Plan (Note: the SAP1996 (http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_bssap1996.asp) was suspended in 2009), based on the sound understanding of the priority transboundary environmental problems and consequent formulation of ecosystem quality objectives. The BS-SAP2009 includes short-, mid- and long-term targets to tackle the sources of possible degradation – municipal, industrial and riverine discharges, overfishing, habitat destruction, ballast waters, illegal discharges from ships and other ship-related threats, climate change, lack of integrated coastal zone management and spatial planning, and others. The intention is to reach ‘Good environmental status’ of the whole Black Sea and to sustain it as likewise stated in the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

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5. National level in the project beneficiary countries (BG, GE, RO, TR and UA)

BULGARIA

In the relevant EU normative and guidance documents (e.g.WFD Guidance № 28) “point sources of pollution” are identified as the points where there is a discharge of wastewater containing one or more pollutants. Herein, for the purposes of this report different definition is ‘adopted’, which is closer to the ‘point sources’ definition given in the Black Sea LBSA Protocol to the Bucharest Convention (http://www.blacksea- commission.org/_od_LBSAProtocol.asp)14. So, for the present analysis of the BG legislative base, the point land – based sources are considered to be two major types: 1) Natural: rivers and small gullies flowing directly into Black Sea coastal waters and transferring loads into the sea environment, and 2) Artificial: emitters, polluters (WWTPs, sewerage systems, industrial sources).

The LBS management in Bulgaria is mainly regulated by six normative documents:

. Water act (since 1999, last amendment since 26 of July 2013); . Regulation № 1 for monitoring of water (since 11 of April, 2011); . Regulation № 2 (since 8 of June 2011, last amendment since 17 of Febr., 2012) for issuing permits for discharge of effluent water into water object and establishment of individual emission limits for point sources of pollution; . Regulation № H-4 (since 14 of Sept, 2012) for characterization of surface water; . Regulation № 6 (since 9 of Nov, 2000, last amendment since March, 2004) for emission standards for the admissible content of harmful and dangeroussubstances in waste waters, discharged in water objects; . Regulation for Environmental Quality Standards for priority substances and some other substances.

Additional important documents are:

. Ordinance on conditions and procedures for issuing the complex permits, 11.9.2012; . Law on Amendments and Supplements of the Law on Environmental Protection, 26.10.2012.

In the BG management process, main focus is placed on point sources of pollution. Diffuse sources15 are poorly addressed, and in particular LBSs other than sources of atmospheric pollution remain out of control. It is well known that ground waters in the Black Sea basin are often heavily polluted, erosion is a serious problem, and agriculture is a source of nutrients/pollutants. However, assessments of these diffuse sources of pollution are nearly absent, hence, there are no specific measures to tackle the existing problems related to them.

Issues related to point sources management are treated in The Water Act in chapters III “Water use and use of water objects”, IV “Regime of issuing permits”, VIII “Protection of water and water objects”, X “Water management”.

Here the definition of water management as for natural sources (rivers, lakes) coincides with a part of the definition given in the Water Act i.e. “activities related with water use, protection and recovery”. The management of rivers and lakes follows the steps according to the WFD 2000/60/EC.

As for the emitters of polluted water, the management process includes the regulation of their possible pressure upon the receiving water object or water body.

14“Point sources” means sources of pollution where emissions and releases are introduced into the environment from any discernable, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to pipes, outfalls, channels, ditches, tunnels, conduits or wells from which pollutants are or may be discharged. 15“Diffuse sources” means sources of pollution, other than point sources, from which substances enter the environment as a result of land run-off, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage or by hydrologic modification or destruction of habitats.

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The water management in Bulgaria is implemented at two levels: 1) National and 2) Basin level (Water Act, art. 148). It is carried out on the basis of River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) (Water Act, par. 1; art. 149 par. 1). The first BS/Rivers Basin Management Plan (Programme of measures as required by the WFD) was prepared in 2009 (for the period 2010-2015, see http://bsbd.org/bg/index_bg_7872391.html, in Bulgarian), currently it is under revision and public consultation before adoption (for the period 2016-2022, see http://www.bsbd.org/v2/bg/page_3078744.html, in Bulgarian). MSFD also requires preparation of Programmes of measures with revision every 6-years where needs are identified. The first MSFD Programme of measures has been recently developed (by the end of 2015, see http://bsbd.org/bg/merki_13_rdms.html, based on the 2012-2013 BG BS Initial Assessment, GES and environmental targets identification – following Art. 8, 9 and 10 of the MSFD) and is currently under consultation.

Gaps in legislation/policy and institutional framework which prevent Bulgaria to sustain and/or further develop LBS/Hot Spots management.

1. Further clarification in Regulation №1 of the rules for waste water monitoring planning under the responsibility of BSBD; 2. Further clarification in Regulation №1 of the rules for the monitoring planning under the responsibility of NIMH with consideration of the data/information needs (Black Sea-basin management); 3. Further clarification who is responsible for the proposal or assignment for elaboration and proposal of a method for inventory of the sources of priority substances in Reg. № 1 and Reg. for EQS (Environmental Quality Standard) for priority and some other substances; 4. Lack of criteria and / or procedure for assessment of the precision of environmental status assessment; 5. Lack of normative procedure for human pressure analysis and assessment; 6. Lack of normative procedure and/or criteria of environmental targets setting; 7. Lack of agreed methodology for determination of the minimum admissible water flow in rivers; 8. Need in further improvement of legislative base when setting the IEL (individual emission limits) for waste waters.

List of documents which need to be revised

1. Regulation №1 for water monitoring; 2. Regulation for environmental quality standards for priority substances and some other substances; 3. Adaptation of the CIS (Common Implementation Strategy) WFD guidance documents to be applicable to the regional conditions in the Black Sea basin area according to art. 135 par. 2 and 3; 4. Development of procedures for environmental targets setting in the Water Act or in a regulation; 5. Development of methodology for determination of minimum admissible water flow in rivers; 6. Regulation № 2 for issuing permits for discharge of effluent water into water object and establishment of individual emission limits for point sources of pollution.

In relation to the key words of the UNEP GPA:

. ICZM – practically absent . Watershed management – Black Sea basin management is in paper available, in practice – first steps; . ‘Polluter pays’ principle – applied; . Economic instruments and incentives – almost absent; . Environmental impacts assessments – applied; . Public awareness/participation – public hearings in place, awareness is paid attention, clearing-house mechanism well advanced.

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GEORGIA

The International Conventions to which Georgia is a party are presented in Table 1 (above). More detail information can be found on the webpage of the Ministry of Environment (http://moe.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=33&lang_id=ENG).

Among EU Directives, currently, mostly taken into consideration are the WFD and The Bathing Water Directive, namely:

 Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC (15 February 2006)

The national legislation as related to LBS encompasses:

Laws:

 The Constitution of Georgia,  Law of Georgia on Water,  Law of Georgia on Protection of Environment,  Law of Georgia on Environmental Impact Permit,  Law of Georgia on Public Health,  Law of Georgia on Protection of Atmospheric Air,  Law of Georgia on Soil Protection.

Regulations:

 Order N297/N of Labor Health and Social Affairs of Georgia on Environmental Quality Norms;  Sanitary Protocols for Protection of Surface Waters from Pollution (in Georgian). Appendix N 2.1.4.000- 00;  Order of the Minister of Environment Protection of Georgia on Calculation of Maximum Admissible Discharge limitis of Pollutants Discharged with Wastewater into Surfacce Water Bodies;  Order of the Minister of Environment Protection on Regulation on the Protection of Surface Waters against Pollution;  Order of the Minister of Environment Protection on Environmental Technical Regalement

Important policy document is: “National Environmental Action Plan of Georgia, 2012 – 2016” (approved by the Resolution of the Government #127 of 24 January 2012). This Plan contains provisions which aim at improvement of the BS protection, and inter alia to better management of LBS in Georgia.

And: NBSAP of Ajara region, which is a main policy document in the autonomous republic environmental protection.

Used Guidelines:

APHA (1998) Standard Methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th Edition. American Public Health Association. Washington, DC(Ambient Monitoring).

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In relation to the key words of the UNEP GPA:

. ICZM – practically absent . Watershed management – first steps, the EU EPIRB Project (http://blacksea-riverbasins.net/en/imprint) is working through a case study to support Georgia building watershed management; . ‘Polluter pays’ principle – applied; . Economic instruments and incentives – absent; . Environmental impacts assessments – applied, but with certain lack of transparency; . Public awareness/participation – public hearings in place, awareness is paid attention, however, clearing-house mechanism is not well advanced.

Detail on the GE/EU AA was already given above.

ROMANIA

For this analysis of the Romanian legislative base, the point land – based sources of pollution are considered to be of two major types: 1) Natural: rivers and small waters flowing directly into Black Sea coastal waters and transferring loads into the sea environment, and 2) Artificial: emitters, polluters (WWTPs, sewerage systems, industrial sources).

The management of land – based sources in Romania is regulated mainly by the following documents:

. Water Law no. 107/1996 amended by GD no. 948/1999, Law no. 404/2003, Law no. 310/2004, Law no. 112/2006, Government Emergency Ordinance no. 130/2007, GEO 3/2010 approved by Law no. 146/2010, GEO 64/2011, GEO 71/2011 and GEO 69/2013; . MO no. 245/26.03.2005 approving the methodology for risk assessment of hazardous substances in List I and II of priority/hazardous priority substances to the aquatic environment; . Order no. 1072 / 19.12.2003 approving the organization of national support integrated surveillance monitoring, control and decision to reduce the contribution of pollutants from agricultural sources to surface water and groundwater and approving appropriate surveillance and control program and procedures and instructions for data monitoring assessment of surface and groundwater; . Law no.218/24 November 2011 for the ratification of the Protocol on preserving biodiversity and landscape in the Black Sea regarding the Convention on the Protection of Black Sea against pollution, signed in Sofia, in 14 June 2004; . Law no. 98/1992 ratifying the Convention on the Protection of Black Sea Against Pollution; . Governmental Decision H.G no. 1856/2005 (MOf.23/11.01.2006) on the national allowable emissions limits for specific atmospheric pollutants; . Order no. 818/2003 Procedure for issuance of integrated environmental permit . Law no. 104/15.06.2011 on ambient air quality; . Law no. 271 of 23 June 2003 to ratify Protocols to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution; . Decision no. 1593 of 18 December 2002 on the approval of national plan for preparedness, response and cooperation in case of marine pollution with hydrocarbons; . Order no. 84/2012 on measures for the recovery and conservation of sturgeon populations in natural fish habitats and development of sturgeon aquaculture in Romania; . Order no. 799 of 6 February 2012 of the Minister of Environment and Forests on the approval of Normative content of the technical documentation for obtaining the permit for water management and water management authorization; . Order no. 662 of 28 June 2006 the Minister of Environment and Water Management on the approval of Procedure and powers of approving the issuance of permits and authorizations for water management;

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. Decision no. 445 of 08/04/2009 on the impact assessment of certain public and private projects on the environment; . Emergency Ordinance no. 71 of 30 June 2010 on the Marine Strategy approved by L. no. 6/2011 and amended by L. no. 205/2013; . Law no. 210 of 27 June 2013 approving Government Ordinance no. 20/2012 on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues; . Order no. 135 of 10 February 2010 approving the methodology for the application of environmental impact assessment for public and private projects; . Order no. 501 of 08/04/2003 approving the Regulation for the first inventory of pollution sources to aquatic and groundwater.

In relation to the key words of the UNEP GPA:

. ICZM – advanced; . Watershed management – advanced; . ‘Polluter pays’ principle – applied; . Economic instruments and incentives – not well advanced; . Environmental impacts assessments – applied; . Public awareness/participation – public hearings in place, awareness is paid attention, clearing-house mechanism is well advanced.

TURKEY

In Turkey, the pressures on the Black Sea coastal areas are increasing daily, particularly where industrialization and tourism densities are high. As a result of human activities, Black Sea transitional and coastal waters are negatively impacted, thus decreasing water quality and degraded ecosystems are observed. In response and lastly in prevention, using EU and world-wide best available practices, TR pays attention at environment protection and steadily develops a holistic approach in the management of its resources. The latter is in its very initial stage, but the Black Sea is studied to identify its main pressures, sensitive areas, detect and classify its water qualities, and consequently to take necessary measures and ensure for its good environmental status in the end.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD), which is an obligation of all EU member and EU candidate countries, targets the member states to achieve “good quality” of their waters until the year 2015. Elevating the water status to a “good quality” can only be accomplished by keeping the concentration levels of pollutants in the water bodies (water, sediment, and biota) below certain Environmental Quality Standards (EQS). In observing the EQS, all EU-member states are required to build/improve their basin management plans and relevant monitoring programmes, and take the necessary operational (management) measures so that the EQS to be satisfied. In TR, legal and policy documents, introducing the necessary regulations, so that to develop effective and efficient management of surface waters (rivers, lakes, streams, reservoirs, and coastal and transitional waters) and groundwaters, including monitoring of water quality with the purpose of restoration and/or conservation, are not yet fully developed. Classifications of Black Sea water quality are not specified in a dedicated policy document, as well as measurable environmental targets for coastal and marine waters are absent. Within the “National Environment Laws and Regulations” and determined to be relevant to LBS, water bodies and Hot Spot management, the TR legislation/policy includes: . Environmental Law (09.08.1983 - Law No:2872) . Water Law (Draft to be enacted)

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. Control on the Pollution in Waters and Aquatic Environments Caused by Hazardous Materials Regulations (26.11.2005-R.G.26005) . Water Pollution Control Regulations (31.12.2004-R.G.25687) . Water Pollution Control Regulations (Draft) . Surface Water Quality Management, Classification, and Monitoring Regulations (30.11.2012- R.G.28483) . Bathing Water Quality Regulations (09.01.2006-R.G.26048) . Urban Waste Water Treatment Regulations (08.01.2006-R.G.26047)

The TR national legislation is presented in detail further below.

Environmental Law (09.08.1983-Law No: 2872) The aim of the “Environmental Law,” is to provide the means for the protection of the environment and sustainable development, which is the common right of all the living. According to this law, it is forbidden to discharge, store, transfer, and to remove away all types of waste and residuary, through methods that will directly or indirectly harm the environment and that are against the standards and methods determined by the related regulations. In circumstances, where pollution may occur, the polluters are responsible for prevention; and where there is an actual pollution they are responsible for taking the necessary measures for stopping the pollution, and removing and minimizing the effects of the pollution. Thus, people who pollute and harm the environment are responsible for the damages caused by their pollution, and no excuses are accepted. Within the framework of this law, the fundamental principles of protection and sustainable use of the seas, surface and ground water resources, and the areas of fishery products are provided. People who carry out the production, sales, storage, utilization, and the transportation of the hazardous materials; and also the gathering, transportation, temporary and interim storage, recycling, reuse, and elimination of hazardous wastes are responsible in terms of the liabilities enforced by this Law.

Regulation on Control of the Pollution in Waters and Aquatic Environments Caused by Hazardous Materials (26.11.2005-R.G.26005) As a result of the studies carried out in order to harmonize the Hazardous Materials Directive No: 76/464/EC (HMD) and the subsidiary directives with the Turkish Laws and Regulations; “Control on the Pollution in Waters and Aquatic Environments Caused by Hazardous Materials Regulation (TMSKKY)” was prepared. This regulation was prepared in accordance with the article 8 of the Environmental Law (09/08/1983 - No: 2872) and the articles 2 and 9 of the Law Regarding the Establishment and the Duties of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry16 (01/05/2003 - No: 4856), in order to detect, prevent, and gradually minimize the pollution in waters and the aquatic environments. The aforementioned Regulations contain the technical and administrative basis regarding the determination of hazardous materials causing pollution on surface, estuary, and regional waters, implementation of pollution minimization programmes, prevention and monitoring of pollution, implementation of a hazardous materials inventory, and determination of discharge standards and quality criteria.

16The reorganization in TR last year brought to changes in the names of the Ministries. Now the Ministry of Environment is not anymore responsible for Forest but for Urbanization.

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According to the “Control on the Pollution in Waters and Aquatic Environments Caused by Hazardous Materials Regulations,” the definition of “hazardous materials” implies the materials or material groups that are posing risk for the aquatic environments and displaying characteristics such as toxicity, permanence, and bioaccumulation. According to the Regulation, the less hazardous materials are: the materials which are less hazardous when compared to the hazardous materials in Annex-1 of this regulation. Moreover, if the Hazardous Materials in Annex-2 are very hazardous materials, excluding the materials which transform into harmless materials relevant to the level of their toxic, non-volatile, and bio accumulative characteristics, they are basically the hazardous materials in Annex-1 of this regulation. Regulation on Water Pollution Control (31.12.2004-R.G.25687) “Water Pollution Control Regulation (31.12.2004-R.G.25687) (SKKY)” took effect in order to determine the legal and technical fundaments required to implement water pollution prevention activities, targeting the protection and the best utilization of the TR ground and surface water resources potential, consistent with the sustainable development targets. The regulation was prepared based on the articles 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, and 20 of the “Environmental Law (09/08/1983 - No: 2872),” and article 9 of the “Law Regarding the Establishment and the Duties of the Ministry of Forestry and Environment (01/05/2003 - No: 4856).” It is a revised version of the “Water Pollution Control Regulation,” dated 04/09/1988 and numbered R.G 19919. The regulation contains quality classifications and utilization targets for the aquatic environments, fundaments of planning and prohibitions regarding the conservation of water quality, waste water discharge principles and the fundaments of discharge permits, elements regarding the waste water infrastructures, and the methods and elements of monitoring and inspection for the prevention of water pollution. SKKY consists of 8 chapters, and annexes. The first part of the regulation consists of the aim, scope, legal basis, and the definitions; and the second part consists of the bases regarding the conservation of waters. With the change of the regulation, published in the Official Gazette No: 26786 on 13.02.2008, materials with toxic, non- volatile, and bioaccumulative characteristics were defined as “Hazardous Materials” and the pollutant factors, listed in Article 6 of Chapter 2, and from which the waters will be protected against, were revised as follows: . Fecal wastes, . Organic wastes, . Chemical wastes, . Excess discharge of food products, which cause excess production increase, in means which upset the receiving environment balance, . Waste heat, . Radioactive wastes, . Discharge of materials, mud, garbage, excavation wastes, and similar wastes, combed out from the sea bottom, . Petroleum based solid and liquid wastes from the vessels (bilge water, dirty ballast water, sludge, mud, oil, and similar wastes), . Materials not listed above and described in the annexes of the “Control on the Pollution in Waters and Aquatic Environments Caused by Hazardous Materials Regulations” published in the Official Gazette No: 26005 on 26.11.2005.

The fifth part of the Regulation defines the discharge principles of the waste waters. According to this, in the 26th Article, which defines direct discharges into the receiving environments, it is specified that the sectors stated in the 31st Article, which have hazardous materials in their waste waters, should consult the relevant authorities for a “Hazardous Materials Discharge Permit,” within the decrees of the Control on the Pollution in Waters and Aquatic Environments Caused by Hazardous Materials Regulation. In the 31st Article of the Regulation, the

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT industries were grouped according to their production types, and 16 sectors were formed. The waste water standards, listed in the Regulation, are not applied to the dry operating establishments in these sectors. The industrial sectors are listed below: . Food industry sector, . Liquor industry sector, . Mining industry sector, . Glass industry sector, . Coal preparation, processing, and power production sector, . Textile industry sector, . Petroleum industry sector, . Leather and leather products sector, . Cellulose, paper, and cardboard industry sector, . Chemical industry sector, . Metal industry sector, . Wood products and furniture industry sector, . Mass machine production, electrical machines and equipments, spare parts industry sector, . Vehicle factories and repair shops industry, . Mixed industries; big and small industrial parks, . Other establishments producing industrial waste waters.

Revision of the “Water Pollution Control Regulation (SKKY, No: 25687, 31/12/2004)” has started in 2011, and the studies to knowledge-base the planned amendments are still in progress. As a result of the aforementioned studies, based on the articles of the “Water Pollution Control Regulation”, “Regulations Regarding the Conservation of Water Basins, and the Preparation of Management Plans” and “Surface Water Quality Management Regulations” were prepared by the TR Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, and took effect in 2012. The studies for the “Water Pollution Control Regulation” are presently carried out under the supervision of the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning. When the current “Water Pollution Control Regulation” and the new Draft Regulation were compared, it was noted that important application changes were made to the Draft Regulation. In the Draft Regulation, cleaner production, recycling and reuse of waste waters, utilization of best existent technologies, and minimizing the pollution load on the receiving environment were highlighted, and these subjects took their place among the top Fundaments of the document. In accordance with this, the goal of minimizing pollutant discharges yearly, while recycling gray waters and having the industrial enterprises apply cleaner production technologies, were also added to the Fundaments. The acting SKKY Regulation will be revoked when the revised “Water Pollution Control Regulation,” which is currently published as a draft (04/07/2011 - No: 644), comes into effect.

Regulation on Surface Water Quality Management (30.11.2012-R.G. 28483) With the purpose of determining the methods and principles for the identification and classification of the biological, chemical, physico-chemical, and hydromorphological qualities of surface, coastal, and transitional waters; providing the means for the monitoring of water quality and quantity, introducing the utilization purposes of these waters while considering the conservation-utilization balance in harmony with the sustainable development targets, and protecting and raising the water quality levels, the “Regulation for the Management, Classification, and Monitoring of Surface Waters” was published. The Regulation consists of 5 chapters and annexes. The first chapter of the Regulation consists of the aim, scope, legal basis, and definitions; the second chapter contains the general decrees; the third chapter contains

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT the characterization of pressures and effects on the water masses; the fourth chapter contains the programme for the quality classifications and quality improvement of the water masses, and the fifth chapter consists of various and final decrees. The number of Annexes to the Regulation is eight. Annex-1 contains the Characterization of Pressures and Effects for the Water Masses, Annex-2 contains the Quality Level Classification of Surface Water Masses, Annex-3 contains the Protected Areas in Surface Water Masses, Annex-4 contains the Priority Materials, Annex- 5 contains the Environmental Quality Standards of Surface Water Masses, Annex-6 contains the Surface Water Masses Monitoring Plan, Annex-7 contains the Trophic Levels of Surface Water Masses, and Annex-8 contains the Mixing Zones for the Surface Water Masses. The aforementioned Regulation was prepared in accordance with the Articles 2, 9, and 26 of the “Decree Law Regarding the Establishment and Duties (04/07/2011 - No: 645)” of the Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs and the articles 3 and 9 of the “Environmental Law (11/08/1983 – No: 2872).” These include all the surface, coastal, and transitional waters, excluding the open seas. According to this Regulation, it is essential to determine environmental quality standards for the pollutants and pollutant groups with the purpose of surface water resources protection and preservation. “Priority Materials List (in total 33, with 20 being hazardous),” included in Annex-4 of the Regulation, is presented in Table 3. Worth mentioning is that the Priority Materials List is compatible with the “Environmental Quality Standards Directive” – No: 2008/105/EC - Annex-II (formerly “Water Framework Directive” No: 2000/60/EC - Annex X). This list contains pesticides, biocides, metals, and other groups of chemicals such as Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Biphenylethers with Polybromides (PBDE), etc.

Table 3. Priority Materials List (Annex-4 to the TR Regulation on Surface Water Quality Management)

No. CAS Number17 EU Number18 Pereferential Material Name19 Pereferential Hazardous Material Name

(1) 15972-60-8 240-110-8 Alachlor

(2) 120-12-7 204-371-1 Antrasen X

(3) 1912-24-9 217-617-8 Atrazine

(4) 71-43-2 200-753-7 Benzene

(5) - - Brominated diphenylether20 X21

32534-81-9 - Pentabromodiphenylether (28, 47, 99, 100, 153 and 154)

(6) 7440-43-9 231-152-8 Cadmium and its compounds X

(7) 85535-84-8 287-476-5 Chloroalkanes, C10-134 X

(8) 470-90-6 207-432-0 Chlorfenvinphos

17CAS: Chemical Abstract Service. 18EU Number: European Inventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances (Einecs) or the European Chemical Materials List. 19Typical individual representatives, from which the material groups are selected, are listed as indicative parameters (in parenthesis, and without a number). The indicative parameter for these material groups are required to be defined through the analytical method.

20These material groups normally contain considerable amounts of individual compounds. Currently, appropriate indicative parameters cannot be given.

21Pentabromobiphenylether (CAS-No 32534-81-9).

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No. CAS Number17 EU Number18 Pereferential Material Name19 Pereferential Hazardous Material Name

(9) 2921-88-2 220-864-4 Chlorpyrifos (Chlorpyrifos-ethyl)

(10) 107-06-2 203-458-1 1,2-dichloroethane

(11) 75-09-2 200-838-9 Dichloromethane

(12) 117-81-7 204-211-0 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)

(13) 330-54-1 206-354-4 Diuron

(14) 115-29-7 204-079-4 Endosulfan X

(15) 206-44-0 205-912-4 Fluoranthene22

(16) 118-74-1 204-273-9 Hexachlorobenzene X

(17) 87-68-3 201-765-5 Hexachlorobutadiene X

(18) 608-73-1 210-158-9 Hexachlorocyclohexane X

(19) 34123-59-6 251-835-4 Isoproturon

(20) 7439-92-1 231-100-4 Lead and its compounds

(21) 7439-97-6 231-106-7 Mercury and its compounds X

(22) 91-20-3 202-049-5 Naphthalene

(23) 7440-02-0 231-111-14 Nickel and its compounds

(24) 25154-52-3 246-672-0 Nonylphenol X

104-40-5 203-199-4 (4-nonylphenol) X

(25) 1806-26-4 217-302-5 Octylphenol

140-66-9 - (4-(1,1′,3,3′-tetramethylbutyl)-phenol)

(26) 608-93-5 210-172-5 Pentachlorobenzene X

(27) 87-86-5 231-152-8 Pentachlorophenol

(28) - - Polyaromatic hydrocarbons X

50-32-8 200-028-5 (Benzo(a)pyrene) X

205-99-2 205-911-9 (Benzo(b)fluoranthene) X

191-24-2 205-883-8 (Benzo(g,h,i)perylene) X

207-08-9 205-916-6 (Benzo(k)fluoranthene) X

193-39-5 205-893-2 (Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) X

(29) 122-34-9 204-535-2 Simazine

(30) - - Tributyltin compounds X

36643-28-4 - (Tributyltin-cation) X

(31) 12002-48-1 234-413-4 Trichlorobenzenes

(32) 67-66-3 200-663-8 Trichloromethane (chloroform)

(33) 1582-09-8 216-428-8 Trifluralin

22Fluoranthene is in the list as an indicator for other more dangerous hydrocarbons.

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The eight other pollutants, listed in the “Directive Regarding the Pollution Caused by the Discharge of Certain Hazardous Materials into the Aquatic Environments,” numbered 76/464/EEC, are not included in the “Annex II: Priority Materials List” of the “Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) Directive,” numbered 2008/105/EC. However, for these 8 other pollutants, EQS’ are determined in the Annex-I of the “Environmental Quality Standards Directive,” numbered 2008/105/EC (Table 4).

Table 4. Other Pollutants (Taken from the Annex-I of the EQS Directive, numbered 2008/105/EC) (Turkey)

No. CAS Number Other Pollutants

(6a) 56-23-5 Carbon-tetrachloride

(9a) Cyclodiene pesticides

309-00-2 Aldrin

60-57-1 Dieldrin

72-20-8 Endrin

465-73-6 Isodrin

(9b) not applicable DDT total 1

50-29-3 para-para-DDT

(29a) 127-18-4 Tetrachloro-ethylene

(29b) 79-01-6 Trichloro-ethylene

1 DDT total: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2 bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane (CAS number 50-29-3; EU number 200-024-3); 1,1,1- trichloro-2 (o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (CAS number 789-02-6; EU number 212-332-5); 1,1- dichloro-2,2 bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (CAS number 72-55-9; EU number 200-784-6); and 1,1-dichloro-2,2 bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane (CAS number 72-54-8; EU number 200-783-0) total of isomers.

In minimization of pollution, caused by priority materials and specific pollutants, necessary measures for the decrease and gradual elimination of the emissions, discharges, and losses are determined, evaluated, and updated by relevant institutions under the supervision of the Ministry of Environment, and followed up or enforced by this Ministry. The measures take into consideration the environmental quality standards for surface waters (Annex V). For the discharge of non-volatile pollutants, the measures included in the “Control of the Pollution in Waters and Aquatic Environments Caused by Hazardous Materials Regulation” are applied. In areas, which were found to be risky by the Ministry of Environment, and /or in the protected areas determined by this Ministry, additional restrictions may be imposed on the discharge limits defined in the aforementioned regulation. In the activities, where dangerous and hazardous materials are used, all the measures, which could prevent the pollution of surface waters, are determined, followed up, and enforced by the Ministry of Environment, considering the possibility of accidents as well. Regulation on Bathing Water Quality (09.01.2006-R.G.26048) “Bathing Water Quality Regulation,“ was prepared, in accordance with the articles 8 and 11 of the “Environmental Law (09/08/1983 – No: 2872)” and the article 9 of the “Law Regarding the Establishment and Duties of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (01/05/2003 – No: 4856),” with the aim to determine the quality levels of waters that are utilized for swimming and other recreational purposes and to prevent, mainly, the microbiological pollution of waters with the purpose of protecting human health and the environment.

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The aforementioned regulation contains the technical and administrative fundaments regarding the determination, monitoring, inspection, and reporting on the criteria/indicators determining the bathing and recreational waters quality, excluding the waters used for health/healing purposes and in swimming pools. According to this regulation, it is forbidden to discharge any type of waste water into aquatic environments, which are used for bathing and recreational purposes and could be negatively impacted. Discharge into rivers and dry gullies, in ways that could change the quality of bathing water, is either not permitted. Moreover, dumping of all types of solid wastes and residues into aquatic environments, which are used for bathing and recreational purposes, is not permitted. The studies for the transposition of the “Management of Bathing Water Quality Directive,” numbered 2006/7/EC into the TR national laws and regulations are being carried out under the coordination of the Ministry of Health, and with contributions from the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs and the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning. The new regulations are scheduled to be published within the end of the year 2014. The physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters, which will be required for bathing and recreational waters quality monitoring, are enlisted in a Table included in the Annex-1 of the Regulation. For the assurance of the quality of the waters utilized for bathing and recreational purposes, the quantity and the contents of currently or potentially effective pollution sources should be determined, with the purpose of stopping pollutions at their sources, periodical inspection studies should be carried out on rivers, lakes, and sea waters, with the integration of geographical and topographical data, within the framework of the relevant institutionilsed laws and regulations. Relevant studies have been initiated by the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning of the TR in the last months of the year 2012; and primarily, considering the current status and the infrastructure of the country, determination of the monitoring parameters and standard analysis methods, and profiling of the national bathing waters were undertaken within a project named “Determination of Bathing Water Profiles in Turkey’s Shorelines”.

Regulation on Urban Waste Water Treatment (08.01.2006-R.G.26047) “Urban Waste Water Treatment Regulation (08/01/2006-R.G.:26047)” came into effect in order to protect the environment against the negative effects of the collection, treatment, and discharge of urban waste waters and waste water discharges from specific industrial sectors. These regulations were prepared in accordance with articles 8 and 11 of the “Environmental Law (09/08/1983 – No: 2872)” and the article 9 of the “Law Regarding the Establishment and Duties of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (01/05/2003 – No: 4856).” The aforementioned regulation contains the technical and administrative fundaments regarding the collection, treatment, and discharge of urban and specific industrial waste waters being discharged into the sewage system, and the monitoring, reporting, and inspection of these discharges. The regulation consists of four chapters. The first chapter of the regulation contains the aim, scope, legal basis, and definitions; the second chapter contains the principles and the fundaments; the third chapter contains urban waste water treatment rules, and the fourth chapter contains the sensitive and less-sensitive water areas. The number of annexes to this regulation is four. Annex-I contains the fundaments for the determination of sensitive and less-sensitive water areas; Annex-II contains monitoring and the evaluation of the results, Annex-III contains the industrial sectors, and Annex-IV contains the discharge limits regarding the secondary and advanced treatments in the urban waste water treatment facilities. The “Urban Waste Water Treatment Regulation,” published in the Official Gazette No: 26047 on 08/01/2006, will be revoked after the revised “Water Pollution Control Regulation (SKKY)” (currently published as a draft) comes into effect. As it is observed in the draft SKKY regulation, “Urban Waste Water Treatment Regulation” was handled within the revised SKKY.

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Ministry of Environment and Forestry determines the sensitive and less-sensitive water areas in accordance with the criteria listed in the Annex-I of the Regulation. When less-sensitive water areas are being determined, the risk related to the possibility of transfer of discharged pollution loads into neighbouring regions to cause important environmental impacts, is also being considered. It is necessary to monitor the treatment facilities for waste waters and the receiving environments in order to provide the means for the protection of the environment from the negative effects caused by waste water discharges. After considering the distance among the waste water producing industries and settlements with similar wastes, their geographical and topological characteristics, and their sizes, it is beneficial to construct a joint treatment facility for the economically and technically feasible ones. Urban waste water discharge points are selected at the farthest point possible in a way to minimize the effects on the receiving environment. The permits for the discharge from the urban waste water treatment systems into the receiving environment are subject to the regulation SKKY in its article 37.

Regulation on Regarding Permit and Licenses Required by the Environment Law of Turkey (29.04.2009- O.G. 27214)

The aim of this regulation is to define all the works and procedures related to the permits and licenses, required by the Environmental Law No: 2872, to be received by the activities and facilities listed in Annex-1 and Annex-2, the duties and responsibilities of the authorities, environmental management units, and environmental officers, and the liabilities of the environmental consulting companies, enterprises, and entrepreneurs.

Other Regulations in TR related to LBS and Water Management are given below:

• Regulation on control of groundwater against pollution and degradation (07.04.2012, 28257 Official Gazette) • Regulation on Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (25.04.2012, 28274 Official Gazette) • Regulation on the Control of Packaging Wastes (24.08.2011, 28035 Official Gazette) • Communiqué on the interim waste storage facilities (26.04.2011, 27916 Official Gazette) • Communiqué on recycling some non-hazardous wastes (17.06.2011, 27967 Official Gazette) • Communiqué on tanker cleaning facilities (29.01.2011, 27125 Official Gazette) • Communiqué on imports of ozone depleting substances (31.12.2011, 28159 Official Gazette) • Communiqué on integrated pollution control and prevention on textile industry (14.12.2011, 28142 Official Gazette) • Regulation on The Incineration of Wastes (06.10.2010, 27721 Official Gazette) • Regulation on bringing back the fields disturbed by mining activities to the nature (23.01.2010, 27471 Official Gazette) • Regulation on The Control of Major Industrial Accidents (18.08.2010, 27676 Official Gazette) • Regulation on the determination of the procedures and principles on the tariffs of waste water infrastructures and domestic solid waste disposal facilities (27.10.2010, 27742 Official Gazette)

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• Regulation On The Procedures And Principles To Be Used For The Incentive Measures Of The Waste Water Treatment Facilities In Accordance With The Article 29 Of The Environmental Law (01.10.2010, 27716 Official Gazette) • Regulation on using the urban and domestic sludge on the soil (03.08.2010, 27661 Official Gazette) • Regulation on the control of soil pollution and areas polluted by point sources (08.06.2010, 27605 Official Gazette) • Regulation on Reception of Waste from Ships and Waste Control (18.3.2010, 27525 Official Gazette) • Communiqué on recycling non-hazardous and inert wastes (12.05.2010, 27579 Official Gazette) • Communiqué on technical procedure of waste water treatment facilities (20.03.2010, 27527 Official Gazette)

Harmonization of Regulations with EU aquis in Turkey:

Harmonization activities are in progress. The level of transposition of EU legislation/policy documents into the TR legislation is presented in Table 2 (see above the sub-chapter of Legislation/policy: European level (N2)). In relation to the key words of the UNEP GPA:

. ICZM – not well advanced, . Watershed management – there were projects in support of building river-basin management plans; . ‘Polluter pays’ principle – applied, . Economic instruments and incentives – not well advanced, . Environmental impacts assessments – applied but transparency is not sufficient, . Public awareness/participation – public hearings, awareness is paid attention, clearing-house mechanism is not well advanced.

Conclusions

As a general evaluation related to harmonization of regulations in Turkey, no progress was made in the horizontal legislation and fields pertaining to biodiversity/bioresources/habitats protection. Limited was the progress in the control of air quality, industrial pollution, noise, waste management, and climate change. Most visible progress was made in the development of water quality regulations. The complicated institutional framework of environment protection in TR (further discussed in Chapter II) slows down the revision of documents and adoption of modern instruments.

UKRAINE

In the field of LBS management the following major legal and policy documents are in force in Ukraine:

Table 5. Framework documents – Codes and Laws of Ukraine

№ Title of the document and explanations dd.mm.yy 1. Water Code of Ukraine – framework document on the state system of water 06.06.1995 management and water quality 2. Land Code – framework document on land use policy 25.10.2001 3. Code on Mineral Resources of Ukraine – framework document on mineral 27.07.1994 resources use

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№ Title of the document and explanations dd.mm.yy 4. Forest Code of Ukraine – framework document on forest resources 21.01.1994 management, use and protection 5. Law of Ukraine Nr1989-III “On the establishment of the State environmental network for the period 2000-2015” – regulations on the development of the 21.09.2000 state environmental network 6. Law of Ukraine Nr 2818-VI “On the strategy of the state environmental policy in Ukraine for the period up to 2020” – framework document on the 21.12. 2010 environmental strategy on protection and rehabilitation of the environment 7. Law of Ukraine Nr 443-XIV “On hydrometeorological activity”– framework document providing fundamentals on organisation and carry out of 18.02.1999 hydrometeorological activity 8. Law of Ukraine Nr 1807 “On the Protection of the natural environment” - key 25.06.1991 framework document 9. Law of Ukraine Nr 2707-XII “On air protection”– framework document 16.10.1992 describing key provisions on atmospheric air protection 10. Law of Ukraine Nr 2894 “On wild animals” – regulates protection activity 12.12.2001 11. Law of Ukraine Nr 367 “On fishing industry, commercial fishing and water bioresources protection” – describes fundamentals for fisheries and bio- 8.06.2011 resources protection 12. Law of Ukraine № 5072-VI “About the Red Data Book of Ukraine” – provides frameworks for state management, regulation, protection and rehabilitation of 05.07.2012 the rare animals and flora, registered in the Red book 13. Law of Ukraine № 4881-VI “About state procurements” - for procurements of goods, works and services needed for implementation of the projects of the 05.06.2012 targeted “green” investments. 14. Law of Ukraine № 4836-VI “State targeted program of the development of water sector and ecological rehabilitation of the basin of the Dnieper River till 24.05.2012 2021” – is directed on the protection and rehabilitation of the Dnieper river basin 15. Law of Ukraine № 4709-VI “About marine ports” – framework document on 17.05.2012 management of marine ports

Table 6. Decrees of the President of Ukraine

№ Title of the document dd.mm.yy 1 “About the declaration of the natural offshore area of the Black Sea as a national 21.11.2008 botanical reserve “Zernov’s Phyllophora field”” Nr 1064/2008 2 “About the declaration of the natural offshore area of the Black Sea as a national 31.08.2012 botanical reserve “Small Phyllophora field”” Nr 527/2012 3 “About the status of security of water resources of State and quality drinking water supply of population in the settlements of Ukraine” Nr 350/2013 25.06.2013

Table 7. Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (CMU), orders of ministries, etc.

№ Title of the document dd.mm.yy 1. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 815 “On the approval of the 20.07.1996 Regulation of state water monitoring” 2. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 661 “On the approval of the 20.08.1993 Regulation of state soil monitoring” 3. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 1100 “On the order of the 11.09.1996

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№ Title of the document dd.mm.yy development and approval of norms for maximum allowable discharges for pollutants and the list of pollutants” – defines the procedure of the development and approval of maximum allowable discharges of pollutant substances into water bodies 4. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 391 “On the approval of the 30.03.1998 Regulations of the state environmental monitoring system “ 5. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 343 “On the Rules and procedure of organization and carry out of monitoring in the domain of the 09.03.1999 atmospheric air protection” 6. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 431 “Rules for the 29.03.2002 protection of internal marine waters and territory sea against pollution” 7. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 465 “On the approval of 25.03.1999 Rules for the surface waters protection against waste waters” 8. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 269 “On the approval of 29.02.1996 Rules for the protection of territorial marine waters against pollution” 9. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 1376 “State environmental 05.12.2007 program on natural environmental monitoring” 10. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 880-р “About the approval of the Concept of the strategy of the state environmental policy in Ukraine for 17.10.2007 the period up to 2020” 11. Decision of the Council of National Safety and Defense of Ukraine “About the measures and activities aimed at improvement of the environmental monitoring 25.04.2013 system and state waste management systems” 12. Order of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine Nr 57 “Program for the improvement of quality of basic observations and natural 08.02.2002 environmental monitoring“ 13. Order of the Ministry of Emergencies of Ukraine Nr 1128 “List of standards and other similar normative documents, developed in USSR, which will be used 20.08.2012 during implementation of hydrometeorological activity up to 01.09.2017” 14. Order of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine“ Nr 51 “On 26.02.2004 approval of Regulations for agricultural soils monitoring” 15. Order of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine Nr 116 “Instruction on the procedure of development and approval of maximum 15.12.1994 allowable discharges for substances with return waters into water bodies" 16. Order of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine Nr 96 “On the approval of Regulations for carry out of monitoring and scientific support of 11.03.2013 mineral resources use” 17. Order of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine Nr 429 04.11.2011 “Regulations on marine environmental inspections” 18. Order of the State Committee for Statistics of Ukraine Nr 230 “On the approval 30.09.1997 of the state statistical format Nr 2 TP (water management)23” 19. Order of the State Environmental Inspection Nr 136 “Regulations on the State Azov-Black Sea Environmental Inspection” 12.12.2011 20. Order of the State Department of marine and river transport of Ukraine Nr 59 - КНД 31.0.017-2000 “Instruction on carry out of internal monitoring of the environment components around coastal transport facilities/enterprises” 07.08.2000

23 In Ukrainian – 2-ТП (водхоз)

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№ Title of the document dd.mm.yy 21. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 1207 “On approval of criteria for risk assessment of economic activities in land use, land appraisal 17.12.2012 and land auctions and identification of periodicity of planned state supervision (control )” 22. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 1149 “On rules for establishing the limits of special use and identification of the prognostic of 05.12.2012 allowable catches of aquatic resources” 23. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 963 “On approval of the Rules of state accounting of artesian wells, their equipment with devices for 08.10.2012 measuring of the volumes of extracted ground waters” 24. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 897 “On amendments to the Rules of compilation of the register of users and their equipment for whom 03.10.2012 shall be established the secured electricity supply” 25. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 884 “On amendment to the Statute of the State Environmental Fund” 26.09.2012 26. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 944 “On approval of the State Program “Water of Crimea” in 2013-2020” 29.08.2012 27. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 755 “On approval of the new Composition of Coordination Council of Formation of The Ecological 15.08.2012 Network” 28. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 837 “About improvement of the ecological state of the water reservoirs and other water bodies of the 25.07.2012 Autonomous Republic of Crimea” 29. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 649 “Some issues of advanced payments for procurement of equipment , devise and automobiles 16.07.2012 needed for implementation of the targeted environmental (green) projects” 30. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 630 “On amendments to the Rules of functioning of national system of assessment of the anthropogenic emissions and absorption of the greenhouse gases that are not regulated by 16.07.2012 the Montreal Protocol on ozone depleting substances” 31. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 596 “On approval of Rules of confirmation of legality of withdrawal of the aquatic biological resources from 04.07.2012 their habitats and processing of the extracted products” 32. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 391 “On amendments to the Rules of use of the funds, foreseen in the State Budget for implementation measures aimed at reduction of the emissions (increase of absorption) of 07.05.2012 greenhouse gases” 33. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 332 “On approval of the regime of district and zone of sanitary protection of the spa Skadovsk” 25.04.2012

In accordance with Chapter 8 "Standards and norms in the field of the using and protection of waters and aquatic resources» of the Water Code of Ukraine, the regulations of the Ukrainian legislation of the LBS Management system includes: 1) standards of environmental safety of water use; 2 standards of environmental quality of water objects; 3) regulations limiting allowable pollutants; 4) industrial technology standards of the formation of substances discharged into water objects; 5) technological standards of water use.

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The Water Code is the basis for the development and introduction of any standards in the LBS Management system of UA.

Ukrainian existing practice of nature protection management includes both - environmental regulations and stimulation mechanisms. The same relates also to hot spot management practices. Economic incentives are used for improvement of environmental performance of companies and industries and of environmental behavior and thinking of citizens (for detail see the Report on Economic Instruments in the Black Sea Region, http://bs- hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/Economic_Instruments%20in%20the%20BS%20region.pdf).

There are eight tools used in management practice:

1. economic and nature-resource legislation and environmental requirements in common legal frameworks; 2. environmental monitoring; 3. environmental standards and norms; 4. licensing of economic activities; 5. environmental certification; 6. Environmental Impact Assessment and environmental expertise; 7. target environmental and resource programs; 8. environmental auditing.

Economic and nature-resources legislation in Ukraine The national legislation includes well-known environmental principles, for example “polluter pays”, “sustainable development”, “prevention and precaution” principles, etc. International environmental agreements prevail over national legislation and such approach ensures better coordination of activities and environmental regulation. Legal frameworks of rational nature use and environmental protection includes corresponding environmental legislation as well as environmental requirements and norms in common legislation (civil, administrative and criminal legislation). The list of such requirements and norms is constantly reviewed and up-dated.

Effectiveness and efficiency of rational nature use and environmental protection depend upon the quality, availability and completeness of environmental information. The State Statistical Committee of Ukraine collects statistical environmental data which are used for hot spots management. Data are provided by industries and companies by filling in statistical formats (2-TP (water management), 2-TP (air), 1-N hazardous wastes24, etc.); also data are provided by monitoring bodies. Environmental information and data are presented in Environmental passports developed by regional Departments of Ecology and Natural Resources.

Environmental monitoring Environmental monitoring is a system of observation, assessment and prognostication of the state of environment and natural resources; environmental monitoring is critical to knowing whether the quality of our environment is getting better or worse. Information gathered through environmental monitoring is important to many different decision makers.

System of standards and norms The system of standards and norms used for rational nature use and environmental protection is a complex of interconnected limitations and requirements to quality/efficiency of environmental activity and requirements to technological and management processes, products and services. Such requirements ensure environmental safety for population and industries, provide generic conservation and guarantee rational use and rehabilitation of natural resources.

Environmental norms and limits include:

. norms for discharges and emissions of pollutants by stationary and mobile pollution sources; . norms for waste generation and disposal;

24 In Ukrainian: 2-ТП (водхоз), 2-ТП (повітря), 1-Н (небезпечні відходи)

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. limits for water abstraction and use of forest resources; . quota for killing / capture / use / collection of bio-resources, including animals, plants, etc.; . norms for visits and activities to/in protected areas; . forbidding to build / closure of industries having negative impact on environment in specific (protected, etc.) areas; . limits to use toxic substances, including a number of heavy metals, in some industries.

Licensing of economical activities In Ukraine environmental licenses are issued for performing activities related to nature management and protection of environment against negative impacts (for example, environmental auditing (see further explanations), commercial fishing, etc.) as well as activities having potential impact on the environment (for example, storage of oil products, manufacturing of chemicals, etc.).

The following activities require license: . utilization, storage, transportation, disposal, dumping of industrial and municipal wastes (except radioactive wastes):; . performance of nature protection activities on territories (aquatories) and protected areas; . environmental passportisation of equipment, enterprises, territories; . environmental auditing of companies and organizations; . assessment of environmental safety of materials, substances, technologies, industries, industrial sites, etc.; . utilization, storage, transportation, disposal, dumping of chemicals and substances, having negative impact on the environment; . environmental consulting; . development of Environmental Impact Assessment and assessment of design/project documentation (e.g. construction, industry, etc.).

Environmental certification Environmental certification is required for the following: technological processes, industrial products, industrial wastes, environmental services and sites. There are several ways for getting certificate, but most widely used is the certification on ISO 14001 and EMAS (EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme).

Environmental Impact Assessment and environmental expertise Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is performed on design and construction stages for facilities used for economic activities. It allows to assess the feasibility and viability of planned activities and economical, technical, organizational, sanitary and other measures, developed for the protection of environment and reduction of anthropogenic pressure.

Environmental expertise is performed for assessment of planned activities, having potential negative impact on the environment. Environmental expertise should be performed for all planned, pre-design, design documentation/ materials/ activities for existing facilities.

Target environmental and resource programs Such programs are one of the main tools for implementation of environmental policy at all levels: microeconomic (industrial enterprise), municipal, regional, national and global levels. These programs are usually integrated, multi-purpose, and inter-disciplinary and foresee administrative-control instruments (clear and defined objectives and administrative control under their achievement) as well as economic tools (economic encouragement, promotion, achievement of planned aims, etc.).

National environmental plans and programs are already developed, approved and being implemented. National program for protection and rehabilitation of the Azov and Black Seas was implemented during 2001-2010 (approved by the Law of Ukraine Nr 2333-III, date: 22.03.2001). Programs for protection of river basins are also developed.

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Also industrial enterprises develop and implement environmental programs and plans. Some industries have already introduced Environmental Management Systems according to ISO 14001.

Environmental auditing Environmental auditing includes assessment of environmental performance, compliance with regulatory requirement, and analysis of used technologies, norms, and financial parameters of the company in order to prevent penalties and increase profit. Environmental audit is performed by companies having certificate allowing them to carry out such type of activity.

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II. Institutional framework of LBS management

1. National level

BULGARIA

Management authorities at the National level25 (Water act, art. 151) are:

Council of Ministers: . Adopts National programs for rational and sustainable water use; . Proposes to the National assembly a National strategy for development and management of the water sector; . Adopts RBMPs.

The Minister of water and environment: . Elaborates and proposes to the Council of Ministers National Strategy for development and management of the water sector; . Issues integrated/complex permits; . Organizes and leads the water monitoring; . Approves a list of priority and priority dangerous substances; . Approves methods for water analysis in case that Bulgarian standards are missing and methods for analysis of the monitoring data.

The Minister of water and environment through the Executive environmental agency: . Carries out laboratory and in-situ measurements necessary for water status assessment; . Carries out the monitoring at the National level; . Creates and maintains special data bases, charts, registers and information system for water.

The Minister of water and environment through the Regional Environmental Inspectorates26: . Carries out the monitoring of effluent water; . Maintains a data base for the results of the monitoring of effluent waters, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the effluent water and control activity over point sources of pollution /emitters/; . Maintains the list of the polluters emitting priority and priority dangerous substances, general and specific pollution substances up-to-date.

The Minister of water and environment through Directors of National Parks27 /in the area of the territory of the Park/: . observes and controls the environmental components and factors having impact over the water status.

Management authority at the Basin level (Water Act, art. 153, 155) is the Black Sea Basin Directorate (BSBD, for the Black Sea Basin Area). It is helped and consulted by the Basin Council (Water Act, art. 153). As BSBD

25Herein, the functions and responsibilities having relation to point sources management are only mentioned. 26Actually,these institutions function at the regional (meaning local) level, not national, but they are mentioned for the National level in the Water Act. 27Tthese institutions also function at the regional (meaning local) level, not national, but they are mentioned for the National level in the Water Act.

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT has a lot of responsibilities, those of them that are having regard to the management of point sources are presented in further detail in Chapter III.

The subordination of the administrative structures responsible for water management and in particular for management of point sources is given in the scheme below:

Figure 1. Administrative structures responsible for water management, and in particular for management of point sources, in Bulgaria (Abbreviations: ExEA – Executive Environment Agency, REI – Regional Environment Laboratories, BSBD – Black Sea Basin Directorate).

GEORGIA

Management and monitoring authorities at the National level, as related specifically to the Black Sea, are:

The Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources of Georgia

↓

The National Environment Agency Department of Environment Pollution Monitoring

↓ ↓ Laboratory of Environment Pollution Monitoring (Batumi)

↓ ↓

The Fisheries and Black Sea Monitoring Centre (Batumi)

The Centre of Laboratory Researches (Poti)

Figure 2. Scheme of the Georgian LBS-related institutional framework

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Note: Among all stakeholders contacted, only one governmental organization in Georgia - National Environmental Agency (Fisheries and the Black Sea Monitoring Center) - described the national LBS management institutional framework. Further investigation will be undertaken

ROMANIA

Management authorities at the National level are:

Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MMSC) is the central public authority which implements the national policy for environment, water and forestry management. It is serving directly or through specialized technical bodies, authorities or public institutions under its subordination and coordination.

The main tasks of MMSC are:

. Integration of environmental protection requirements into other sectoral policies, in line with European and international requirements and standards; . Protecting biodiversity, coastal infrastructure rehabilitation of Romanian seaside, ecological and economical re-dimension of the Danube Delta; . Improvement of environmental quality in urban and rural areas; . Risk management and prevention of disasters caused by floods.

According to GD no. 48/2013, concerning the organization and the functioning of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MMSC), and according to a number of modified normative acts in the domain of environment and climate change, the units that operate under the MMSC subordination, authority or coordination are shown in the tables below:

1. Units that operate under the subordination of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change

Unit name I. Public Institutions with legal personality entirely financed from the state budget

1. National Agency for Environment protection 2. Biosphere Reserve Administration "Danube Delta " 3. National Guard of Environment 4. National Agency for Fishing and Aquaculture 5. Commissariats for Forestry and Hunting II. Units with external and state budget funding 1. Project Management Units (PMU) 2. Project Implementation Units (PIU)

2. Units that operate under the autority of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change

N Unit name 1. National Administration of Meteorology 2. National Forest Administration - Romsilva

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3. Units that operate under the coordination of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change

N Unit name Units financed from own revenues 1. Environment Fund Administration 2. "Romanian Waters" National Administration

National Environmental Protection Agency (ANPM) is the specialized central public administration, subordinated to the MMSC, being competent in the implementation of policies and legislation on environmental protection, mandated by the Government Decision no. 1000 of 17 October 2012 on the reorganization and operation of the National Environmental Protection Agency and public institutions subordinated to it.

ANPM responsibilities are:

. providing technical support to substantiate normative documents, strategies and sectorial environmental policies harmonized with the communautaire acquis and based on the concept of sustainable development; . implementation of environmental legislation; . coordination of implementation of environmental policies and strategies at national, regional and local level; . environmental representation in internal and external relations, according to the mandate granted by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change; . authorization of activities with potential environmental impact and ensuring compliance with legal requirements; . ensure operating of national reference laboratories for air, waste, noise and vibration and radioactivity; . coordination of implementation of sectorial action plans and the national action plan for environmental protection.

Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Authority (DDBRA) is a public institution subordinated to the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, according to the Law No. 82/1993 subsequently completed and modified. The main objectives of the DDBRA are:

. Conservation and protection of the existing natural heritage . Encouragement of sustainable use of the natural resources . Provision of support, based on the results of research, for management, education, training and services

National Administration of Meteorology (ANM) provides products and services essential to the community. ANM main activities are climate monitoring of Romanian territory, develop climate directories and atlases, environmental impact studies, research studies on variability and climate change, etc.

„Romanian Waters"National Administration (ANAR) was established by the Government Decision no. 107/2002, amended and completed by GEO no. 73/2005 and is the National Authority, coordinated by central authority in the water sector.

ANAR has under its subordination 11 Water Basin Administrations, as follows: Somes-Tisa, Crisuri, Mures, Banat, Jiu, Olt, Arges-Vedea, Buzau-Ialomita, Dobrogea Litoral28, Prut, Siret, and National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management and Complex Explotation „Stanca Costesti”.

28This is the Organization responsible for the Black Sea-related issues.

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ANAP has the following main responsibilities:

. administration, operation and maintenance of the National System of Water Management infrastructure, National Hydrological and hydro-geological infrastructure system and National System of Water Resources Quality Supervision; . realizing the informatics and telecommunications system within the Water Management System units; . developing and implementing river basins management plans; . fulfilling the commitments made by the Romanian state under international agreements and conventions in the field of water; . implementation of the EU directives in the field of water.

TURKEY

There are several organizations engaged with HSs and LBS management. These organizations are given in Table 8.

Table 8. Organisations engaged with HSs and LBS management in Turkey

Organization Responsibilities in HS’s Management

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and  Definition & revision Urban Planning (General Directorate of  Developing politics Environmental Management)  Monitoring  Developing investment plans for rehabilitation  General Directorate of Environmental  Conservation of the natural protected areas Management  Coordination of required projects with  General Directorate of Cultural and Natural universities & research institutes Heritage  Following international procedures and  Coastal City Branches of the Ministry) requirements  Reporting to UNEP MAP & BSC  Representing of Turkey in Councils and Working Groups in Barcelona and Bucharest Conventions

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water  Developing politics Affairs  Monitoring  General Directorate of Water Management  Water management based on basin  General Directorate of Stat Hydraulic Works  Rehabilitation and Planning

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Transport, Maritime  Developing politics Affairs and Communications  Representing of Turkey in Councils and Working Groups in Barcelona and Bucharest Conventions

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and  Developing politics Livestock  Protection of groundwater and surface waters  General Directorate of Fisheries and against nitrate pollution Aquaculture  Monitoring  General Directorate of Agricultural Research  Developing investment plans for rehabilitation

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Organization Responsibilities in HS’s Management

and Policy, GDAR  General Directorate of Plant Production Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health  Developing politics for drinking and bathing  General Directorate of Health for Borders waters and Coastal Areas  Monitoring  Agriculture and Fisheries Directorate  Measurements

UKRAINE

The key management authority is the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine. Also its local Departments of Ecology and Natural Resources in coastal oblasts (administrative units) are responsible for the LBS management. State Environmental Inspection, State Azov-Black Sea Environmental Inspection, State Ecological Inspection for the Protection of Environment in the North-Western region of the Black Sea and Republican Environmental Committee in Crimea are responsible for inspections and checking the compliance with environmental norms and other requirements.

Thus, the list of key organizations of the Ukrainian State LBS system includes:

1) Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine:

 Water department;  Monitoring department;  Department of the protection areas;  UkrSCES.  2) State Environmental Inspection:

 State Ecological Inspection for the Protection of Environment in the North-Western region of the Black Sea;  State Azov-Black Sea Environmental Inspection;  State Azov Sea Environmental Inspection.  3) State hydrometeorological services (HMS) of Ministry of Emergencies:

 subdivisions of the marine network HMS;  The marine branch of the Ukrainian Research Hydrometeorological Institute.  4) State Sanitary-Epidemiological Service (SES) of the Ministry of public health of Ukraine:

 Subdivisions of SES of the coastal cities and regions (Odessa, Kherson, Mykolaiv, Zaporizhia, Donetsk and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea), that carry out sanitary-epidemiological control of marine waters in the areas of domestic and drinking water using.  5) The Ministry of housing-communal services

 Organizations plumbing sewer facilities that discharge waste water into the sea and control the status of marine waters in the vicinity of the discharge.

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The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine is responsible for the development of national environmental programs and action plans (approved by Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) or by the Cabinet of Ministers); local authorities are responsible for the development of local action plans and programs.

The general structure of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine r is presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Sub-structure of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine – Black Sea protection and LBS management

Environmental monitoring

Inter-Agency Commission on Environmental Monitoring was established for: o coordination of activities performed by various ministers, state agencies and other monitoring bodies, o development of the state environmental monitoring policy, o development of monitoring system and o providing unified normative-methodological basis (Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 1551, date: 17.11.2001).

The Commission consolidates organizational and financial activities and resources of various monitoring bodies for performing environmental monitoring and integrated environmental assessment, including assessment of hot spots.

2. Regional level

As already mentioned above, the Bucharest Convention and its LBS Protocol are the regional documents governing the LBS management in the Black Sea coastal states. The BS SAP contains operational (management) targets which call for measures to tackle LBS in the BS coastal states. The regional List of Black Sea Hot Spots is presented in Annex I (Note: the HBS Project proposed revision of this List, see the Report on the Update of the Hotspots Lists, http://bs-hotspots.eu/Deliverables).

The institutional framework consists of the Black Sea Commission, the BSC Permanent Secretariat and the national focal points, who report to the BSC on the national measures to tackle LBS. The focal points are organised in an Advisory Group on LBS to the BSC. There is also a regional Activity Center (AC) on LBS, which is based in TR. Annually, the AC on LBS prepares the BSC report on land-based sources of pollution.

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The BSC ensures for harmonization in LBS management at the regional level and traces for compliance of the BS coastal states with the regional legal and policy documents.

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III. LBS management cycle and measures in place ( in each beneficiary country)

Gap analysis on hot spots management in the Black Sea beneficiary coastal states (based on the obligations related to national and higher level legislation/policy)

BULGARIA

1. Management cycle, gap analysis of LBS/HotSpots management from legal/policy point of view

A short representation of the BG management cycle of a water body (including rivers) is given below:

Monitoring of water body status and human pressure upon it

Measures for sustaining and/or improvement: Include in the monitoring Human Statusasse -Regulation process – program suitable indicators pressureassessm ssment permits, control activity/i nspections Water body -other type of measures (e.g. research, problem- Impact oriented projects, good assessme practices codes, Ecological aims/targets for: -pressure -status

Figure 4. BG management cycle of a water body (including rivers)

Correct implementation of the above mentioned functions requires a good/comprehensive data/information basis, based on frequent sampling campaigns. The ability to forecast water quality and quantity requires modeling as well. There is a need a lot of efforts to be put into investigations, research pilot/problem-oriented projects, modeling, trainings/capacity building, close relation and support by research institutes and universities (not only NIMH and IO-BAS, as so far involved in monitoring, research, and assessments).

The freedom of BDs to implement a flexible approach when designing programs of LBS control is granted by the art. 4 par. 7 of Regulation N 1which says “in relation with the peculiarities and characteristics of the WBs, BDs could plan and carry out additional observations/measurements” (….and implement respective measures, where needed is the presumption).

Probably ongoing ‘compliance monitoring’ programs are close to the best LBS control that could be organised with the current financial and human resources of BG. Monitoring is carried out (both governmental and self- monitoring), inspections are conducted. For instance, in 2012 among all inspections, 12 ended with fines for non- compliance with regulations. However, it is not clear what the money from fines are used for.

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However, there are still issues to be further clarified in the current normative documents /if the conception for LBS monitoring and consequent management remains the same.

Environmental Quality Standards: According to Regulation № 1 art. 101 par. 1 p. 4 and Regulation for Environmental Quality Standards for priority substances and some other substances art. 6 par. 5, the Minister of Environment and waters has to approve a method for inventory of the sources of priority substances. All the three responsible institutions (ExEA, REI, and BSBD) have to apply this method in order to implement actions and meet their obligations, however, it is not written who has the obligation to propose or assign the elaboration and propose to the Minister the mentioned method.

Human pressure analysis and water status assessment: Issues related to human pressure analysis are considered in the Water Act, Regulation № 1, Regulation № H-4 for characterization of surface water (art. 7, 8), Regulation for Environmental Quality Standards for priority substances and some other substances, Regulations for the structure and activities of Regional Environmental Inspectorates, Structure regulation for Environmental Executive Agency and Regulation for the activity, work organization and personnel of Basin Directorates.

Requirements for analysis of human pressure are given in the Regulation №H-4, art. 7. The responsible institution is BD. The regulation lacks special rules for implementation of this analysis but there is a requirement that BD has to use any information (not only monitoring data) to ensure assessments are properly conducted. There is a requirement for development of a set of criteria for determination of significant pressures, which is to be approved by the Minister in a ministerial order. It is not said who/which organization is responsible for the development of this set of criteria and shall propose to the Minister for approval the necessary documents.

Logically, the obligation in pressure analysis should belong to ExEA and REI, together with BD, having in mind their structure and functions, as stipulated in the Water Act, Regulation № 1 and other Regulations. They are the organizations responsible for reporting data collected in the waste water monitoring to BDs, for maintenance and regular update of the list of polluters (LBSs) emitting priority and priority dangerous substances, general and specific pollution substances, and inventory of sources of priority substances.

WB status assessment is the responsibility of ExEA at national level and of BDs at basin level. The role of each institution in the process is well specified in the mentioned already above legislative documents. The document, where the procedure of WB status assessment is written, is Regulation 1. The Regulation transposes the requirements of the WFD guidance documents.

However, there is still a need in development of а guidance on how to conduct human pressures analysis and produce comprehensive assessments, which would be useful in decision-making. This guidance document should include a strategy to cover all point and diffuse sources, and requirements for the type and quality of data sets used for their assessment. Modeling is also recommendable, especially to ‘connect’ pressures with impacts. The aim of this analysis is to not only list the sources, but to provide a quantitative assessment of each one with calculation of the total pressure upon a WB, and the share of each pressure type (i.e. nutrient load, detergent load, pesticide load, micropathogenic load, etc.) and where possible impacts to be in concrete identified. This is a prerequisite for prioritization of sources based on their significance (art.9, Regulation № H-4). Such a strategy should also include rules for monitoring of the pressure sources: parameters, frequencies, time for sampling, etc. The monitoring program has to allow for representative assessment of the loads stemming to WB, their cumulative effect and the assimilation capacity of the receiving body should be also taken into consideration.

Impact analysis: The assessment of the impact (i.e. the effect of the each of the sources upon water body (WB) status is a missing element and still has to be largely developed. There is only general concept about the influence of part of the pressure types but no quantitative assessment is possible, i.e. “how much pressure “is responsible” for how much impact”. Impact analysis should also include understanding of how the processes in water bodies take place. The conceptual understanding is a scientific task but measures has to be taken so that experts from water management bodies to be familiar with these issues, e.g. having regular trainings, allocation of budget for access to relevant publications etc.

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Impact analysis is a crucial element for a good water management as it is narrowly related with the environmental target setting process and the following measure planning and implementation, as well as assessment of the risk a water body to fail fulfillment of the ecological objectives set for it. Legislative texts that require impact analysis are given in the Water Act art.156 з, p. 2 and Regulation № H-4 for characterization of surface water (art. 8). As a whole, the impact analysis and assessment are poorly addressed in the BG legislation – there is a lack of rules for its implementation and no development of necessary documents (instructions) is so far in place. The only responsible institution for impact analysis is BD (art. 8 par. 1 p. 3).The text allows the BD to initiate activities (research projects, special monitoring programs, etc.) in order to fill in this gap.

Ecological aims/targets: Setting of environmental aims is concerned only in the Water Act chapter III “Environmental aims”. In the chapter the requirements of WFD as concerns environmental aims and terms for their achievement are transposed. In the legislative documents there are no special texts illustrating the role or the responsibilities of institutions in setting the targets. The only texts which enact a responsible institution are those which describe the responsibility of BDs to elaborate a RBMP. In normative documents there are no any procedures of how this setting should be done or what kind of information and /or analysis should be done in order implement this task. The relationship between setting environmental aims/targets and other water management steps is missing in the legislation. Further improvement of the normative base is needed giving criteria and procedure of how appropriate setting of environmental aims/targets should be carried out or at least some requirement to elaborate by – law documents establishing such a procedure.

Setting the appropriate environmental aims/targets and terms for their achievement is a complicated task as it should be based upon the results of human pressure and impact analysis. The gaps in these preceding stages of WB management process, as well as a WB assessment done with insufficient data (as is often the case), do not allow one to have a good knowledge about the characteristics of the receiving environment (the WB) and to properly understand the causal chain pressure-status-impact. This lack of knowledge hampers the process. A good water management plan should include not only definitions for “good or high water body status” expressed as ecological quality ratio for all relevant biological quality elements or ecological quality standards for general, specific and priority substances, but also aims (limits) for maximum admissible human pressure upon the receiving water body. These admissible pressures are to be determined on the basis of robust knowledge about the carrying/assimilative capacity of the receiving WB in different seasons, and periods (a day, a month, a year), the relation of how much pressure results in how much worsening of the status, as mentioned already above. The permissible loads /pressures/ should correspond to at least good water status. As a result of this kind of environmental aims setting process, water managers could compare at any time the assessment of the load onto a certain WB with the maximum allowable load and to take where necessary measures for further regulation of the pressure. Determination of the permissible loads also allows for sharing of the total admissible pressure among the water users when issuing permits. An illustration of how setting the environmental targets would improve if this approach was applied, and what is the missing part at present, is given below:

Missing part

Compare Human pressure Environmental aims for Environmental aims for assessment max. admissible pressure WB status

Measures: Revision of permits, issuing permits- share among all the users

Figure 5. Setting environment targets

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An attempt for application of the above mentioned approach is foreseen in the Water Act as for water quantity: there is a requirement for a minimum admissible river flow to be determined (Water Act art.116 par. 2 p. 1) and used when issuing permits for water extraction or water transfer between rivers. I case a river quantity is under the minimum, a revision of permits, introduction of a ban for issuing new permits and other measures (not related to permits) are foreseen (Water Act, art. 117 par. 3). The minimum admissible river flow is determined in RBMPs (Water Act, art.117 par. 2) in accordance with a method approved by the Minister (Water Act, art. 135 par. 1 p. 1). There is no special requirement how this minimum water flow should be determined nor a procedure or criteria for doing this.

Another important issue, where maximum allowable pressure should be precisely identified, is the extraction of sediments from river beds. Water Act requires a revision of all permits for sediment extraction on a yearly base and comparison of the permitted quantities with the ability of the river to recruit them during the previous year. If the river is not able to recruit its sediments, the permit is revised (Water Act, art. 57, pr. 3). However, how to identify the maximum allowable pressure is not clear.

Measures, in particular, issuing of permits: Issuing permits is regulated in the Water Act, Regulation N 2, Regulation № 6 and regulation for water use.

In the Water Act, practically all human activities, that might have significant impact on water bodies, are regulated by the permit regime established in BG. Therein two aims are reached: 1) a base for regulation of human activities impact on water status 2) receiving information about the type and location of human activities having impact on water status – information that could be used for the first steps of human pressure analysis and priority substances inventory.

The applicant for a permit is obliged to present documentation concerning the activity he/she applies for to the competent body which issues permits. The required documentation includes information for technical parameters of the water or water body use, assessment of benefits and harm to the water environment, etc. The body issuing permits makes an assessment for the compliance of the application with several requirements including: the limitations set in RBMP (environmental aims, measures as specified in the River-basin Management Plan), requirements concerning protection of environment, set in international agreements and internal legislation. If there is non-compliance the competent body rejects the application. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) or strategic environmental assessment (SEA) have to be provided as well.

In the case of rivers, important step for regulation of the impact upon surface waters are pressures related to effect upon morphology, water quantity and water quality of a river. These could in turn influence the pressure of the river flowing into the sea.

What is the permit regime concerning water use and water object use for discharge of wastewater?

Requirements for issuing permits for water use are given in the Regulation for surface water use. Water usage is defined as water object use and water extraction. As for water extraction from rivers the competent body for issuing permits is the Director of BD. The procedure for permits for water use and water object use obliges the applicant to present a lot of preliminary studies results to the competent body:

. a feasibility study of the activity . a technical project for the implementation of the activity . a comparative assessment for the benefits of the activity and harm to the environment that would be in place if activity is implemented . hydrological and climate characteristics of the area, hydrological study . minimum allowable water flow after the water extraction (if the case) . risk assessment for the water ecosystem . in case of aquaculture – description of technology

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. hydromorphological studies in case of permit for sediment extraction, an assessment of the sediment extraction upon river morphology, erosion, ecosystem function.

In the issued permits there are requirements for installation of a certified measurement device for water quantity, for implementation of a self-monitoring program for water quality and quantity, and for reporting the data collected to BDs. Water user has to assure that the minimum necessary for normal ecosystem functioning water flow will be present after the water extraction during the whole year. There is a requirement about the qualification of the person who can perform the mandatory assessments and studies.

In the LBS management, basic parameters, priority substances, specific pollutants and hydromorphological elements considered in Bulgaria, according to the national legislation are presented in Annex II to this Report.

In conclusion, it can be summarized that there are plenty requirements for preliminary studies that have to be undertaken before a permit for a certain activity is legally issued. The decision is taken by the competent body based on expert judgment concerning the truthfulness and accuracy of the assessment provided in the application.

The conditions of use of a water object for discharge of waste water is not included in the above mentioned document but are regulated by two other policies: Regulation № 2 for issuing permits for discharge of effluent water into water object and establishment of individual emission limits for point sources of pollution and regulation N 6 for emission standards for the admissible content of harmful and dangerous substances in waste waters, discharged in water objects.

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The BG application procedure for a permit includes several steps, as demonstrated below:

Applies information, prepared by a competent specialist, according to art. 59 par. 2 of Water Act, Evaluates if the application is compliant with the Water act about: Applicant BSBD requirements including: -Limitations set in RBMP . aim of water use -requirement of the international . water object /water body/ where the discharge will be done agreements and internal . altitude & coordinates of discharge point statement legislation . decision for EIA or assessment that such is not necessary -the available water quality & or SEA assessment REI quantity in receiving water object . maps for the discharging object, the water object, discharge point and the sewerage system, WWTP, a proposal for self -monitoring points, points for monitoring the water quantity If yes . information about the sewerage system and its equipment . information about the WWTP: quality & quantity of the waste water at the entrance & at the exit of the WWTP; terms for WWTP put into operation, location of discharge Start the procedure of points and way of discharge . data about maximum hourly, average daily, and yearly issuing permit water quantity of discharge water, number of equivalent inhabitants . Information about the enterprises which are to be connected into the sewerage system including a list and content in the wastewater of the priority and priority dangerous substances, general and specific pollutants, that are typical for the type of production typical pollutants in the waste water and their emission levels . Other required by the competent body information etc. . + (only for industrial sources :) . number of staff, working hours, working days, seasonality of operation . water supply data . description of the technology . list of typical for this kind of production priority and priority dangerous substances, general and specific pollutants that will be discharge in effluent water - emission levels of the pollutants that is expected to be reached by application of the technology foreseen . -data about the local WWTP . -plan of action in case of emergency situation - and other relevant information

Figure 6. BG application procedure for a permit of LBS activities

Setting the individual emission limits (IEL) for each discharge point is regulated by both regulations: № 2 and № 6. Regulation № 6 transposes the requirements of the Directive 91/271/EEC amended by the Directive 98/15/EEC. Regulation № 2 requires the competent body to apply he so called “combined approach” when setting the IEL /individual emission limits for each discharge of wastewater/.

Combined approach by definition given in the Water Act means: “control of waste water discharge into surface water bodies through the simultaneous application of the best available techniques and/or emission standards at the waste water sources, on the one hand, and the requirements to achieve the objective of water quality in surface water body receiving the waste water on the other hand.” In practice this means the limits could be not less than those reached by best available techniques. There are no legislatively set sources of information about best available techniques. If the emission concentration of a substance declared by the applicant in his/her project is higher than in ‘best available techniques/practices’, the expert has to assess if it is allowable or

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT not, “comparing” it with the set environmental objectives. There is also a requirement that IEL have to be equal or less than those set in Regulation № 6. The limits set in this regulation are according to load expressed by the equivalent citizens’ number and are not related to the environmental objectives of the receiving water body. The possibility to set lower limits than those in Regulation 6 are motivated only for the purpose of “reaching the environmental aims”.

As for the IEL of those industrial water discharges, which are not included in regulation № 6, Regulation № 2 requires that the limits has to be set by the applicant (art. 35 par. 3). These values are assessed by the BD after a statement from REI (art. 35 par. 6). REI makes its statement on the basis of data obtained by a self-monitoring and control sampling from previous periods for the same wastewater discharge or other identical discharge or other available information at a national or European level (art. 13).

It can by summarized that there are legislative texts and a wish for assessment of compliance of a WWTP discharge characteristics with the environmental aims set for a WB.

The missing part is how to relate the projected discharge values of each WWTP with ecological aims taking into account all the other pressures present in this particular WB and its natural peculiarities (i.e. water depth, water volume, stagnation conditions, dry – ups, mixing characteristics, biota, etc.). The weakest link is the lack of knowledge on contamination of biota, the response of biota to pollution along the gradients of impact of an LBS. Also there is no guideline how to identify ‘mixing zones’ and hence there is no proper control/monitoring in them.

It is quite complicated (if not impossible) to relate each WWTP project with the environmental objective set in the RBMP (e.g. for phytoplankton biomass, or macrozoobenthos biotic index value). It has also to be taken into account that law foresees a possibility of the applicant to appeal against the issued permits including the permitted discharge water quantities or emission limits. There is a need in further development of the legislative base and maximum allowable loads for each WB to be set in the RBMPs.

And the most serious gap in all is that ‘Hot Spot” is not properly understood in BG. The non-compliance is based on standards, which say about the permissible levels (concentrations) of pollutants in the waste waters. However, Hot Spot is not the source of pollution itself. According to the LBSA Protocol to the Bucharest Convention, the Hot Spot is:

.”. a limited and definable local land area, stretch of surface water or specific aquifer that is subject to excessive pollution and necessitates priority attention in order to prevent or reduce the actual or potential adverse impacts on human health, ecosystems or natural resources and amenities of economic importance”.

Therefore, the adverse impact should be well known, as well as the causative cumulative pressure. Neither fixed standards should be applied to individual sources, nor the permits should miss the effect of ‘accumulation and cumulating’ in the cases when several LBSs discharge into the same WB.

According to the Bulgarian legislation there is no definition for “a coastal zone” and there is also no methodology adopted for identification and determination of significant point sources of pollution (Hot Spots). The Black Sea- related land based sources of pollution (point) are chosen according to a simple logic: if they discharge directly to the Black Sea or to a close water body flowing into the Black Sea in the end. The range of 3 km of land off the Black Sea coast is taken into consideration, however, in this choice of geographical scope no justification of the impact on the Black Sea is being provided.

Rivers as water objects, in BG are managed in line with the rules stipulated in the WFD 2000/60/EC. Applying the WFD principles, the rivers in BG have been typologised and subdivided into water bodies. Reference conditions and classifications system for water status assessment have been also developed and is being applied in regular assessments.

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Measures in place

Out of 99.11х106m3/year waste waters, about 1.5% (1.3411х106m3/year) is discharged into the Sea without any treatment, and 2.38211х106m3/year are insufficiently treated.

However, with the disproportional increase of the coastal population in BG, due to internal migration and opportunities for seasonal jobs, the domestic and sewage water discharges tend to increase during the last decade. In line with the transposition of the Directive 91/271/EEC, concerning urban wastewater treatment in Bulgaria, relevant actions have been in place during the last years. For instance, in 2011 the reconstruction and modernization of the WWTP "Varna" (city of Varna) was completed, a new city collector for wastewater was built. However, the plant is still lacking installation for phosphorus treatment. A new wastewater collector connected to the WWTP in the St.”Constantin and Helena” resort (Varna region), modernization of the WWTP "Golden sands" (Varna region) and building one nautical mile discharge pipe into the Black Sea are planned with the deadline for implementation by 2015. Yet, some of the WWTPs in the region remain not included for reconstruction in the management plan by 2015, and not for all of them removal of N and P is planned (Table 9). Given the predictions for the precipitation and storm events and storm water storage capacity in the Bulgarian Black Sea region, the non-point land based discharge along with the atmospheric deposition of nutrients are most likely to increase, altogether exerting further pressure to the Black Sea ecosystem state.

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Table 9 contains the official municipal BG HSs (as reported to the BSC until 2014) – directly or indirectly discharging into the Black Sea – and the measures planned until 2015.

Table 9. Hot Spots29‘ along the BG coast: municipal sources of waste waters

Treatment Sludge

Status on treatment level as at 31/12/2008 Forecast of treatment level (until the end of each Receiving Forecasts by the end of the last transitional General data Status as at 31/12/2008

(indicated status by '0','1') transitional period) (indicated year or no plan by 0) area period

- Sludge re- Sludge re- Sludge disposed: Sludge disposed

used: used

2 Name of aSA Sludge

UWWTP generated

primary primary

Fresh1 =

Coastal=

secondary secondary

dd/mm/yy)

notreatment notreatment

more stringent more

NA, SA, C SA, NA,

Sludge treated Sludge

Sludge generated Sludge

other

landfill

Others

landfill

Others soil and soiland

soil and soiland

agriculture

Incineration

agriculture

Incineration

more stringent (indicate date date (indicate stringent more organic design capacity (ODC) capacity design organic

0/1- 0/year- tDS/y tDS/ tDS/y - p.e. 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1-N 0/1-P 0/year 0/year 0/year 0/year-N 0/year-P 1/2 - tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr other other r r r

UWWTP Balchik 23 740 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 0 2 SA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 229.3 114.7 0 91.7 22.9 0

Achtopol - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2014 2014 0 0 0 2 SA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43.6 21.8 0 17.4 4.4 0

29 Sources directly discharging, and all in the range of 3 km off the coast into the land, if they discharge into a water body flowing into the Black Sea.

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Table 9. Hot Spots29‘ along the BG coast: municipal sources of waste waters

Treatment Sludge

Status on treatment level as at 31/12/2008 Forecast of treatment level (until the end of each Receiving Forecasts by the end of the last transitional General data Status as at 31/12/2008

(indicated status by '0','1') transitional period) (indicated year or no plan by 0) area period

- Sludge re- Sludge re- Sludge disposed: Sludge disposed

used: used

2 Name of aSA Sludge

UWWTP generated

primary primary

Fresh1 =

Coastal=

secondary secondary

dd/mm/yy)

notreatment notreatment

more stringent more

NA, SA, C SA, NA,

Sludge treated Sludge

Sludge generated Sludge

other

landfill

Others

landfill

Others soil and soiland

soil and soiland

agriculture

Incineration

agriculture

Incineration

more stringent (indicate date date (indicate stringent more organic design capacity (ODC) capacity design organic

0/1- 0/year- tDS/y tDS/ tDS/y - p.e. 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1-N 0/1-P 0/year 0/year 0/year 0/year-N 0/year-P 1/2 - tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr other other r r r

UWWTP k.k.Zlatni piasaci 22 500 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2015 2015 0 2 SA 120 120 0 120 0 0 0 1113 556.5 0 445.2 111.3 0

2323. UWWTP Varna 612 500 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2014 0 1 SA 8878.8 8878.8 0 8878.8 0 0 0 5808 2904 0 2 580.8 0

1861.5 1024. UWWTP Burgas 397 745 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 SA 7 1861.57 0 1861.57 0 0 0 2561.9 1281 0 8 256.2 0

UWWTP Tsarevo 17 000 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 SA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 141.2 70.6 0 56.5 14.1 0

Sozopol - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2014 2014 2014 2014 0 2 SA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1264.2 632.1 0 505.7 126.4 0

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Table 9. Hot Spots29‘ along the BG coast: municipal sources of waste waters

Treatment Sludge

Status on treatment level as at 31/12/2008 Forecast of treatment level (until the end of each Receiving Forecasts by the end of the last transitional General data Status as at 31/12/2008

(indicated status by '0','1') transitional period) (indicated year or no plan by 0) area period

- Sludge re- Sludge re- Sludge disposed: Sludge disposed

used: used

2 Name of aSA Sludge

UWWTP generated

primary primary

Fresh1 =

Coastal=

secondary secondary

dd/mm/yy)

notreatment notreatment

more stringent more

NA, SA, C SA, NA,

Sludge treated Sludge

Sludge generated Sludge

other

landfill

Others

landfill

Others soil and soiland

soil and soiland

agriculture

Incineration

agriculture

Incineration

more stringent (indicate date date (indicate stringent more organic design capacity (ODC) capacity design organic

0/1- 0/year- tDS/y tDS/ tDS/y - p.e. 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1-N 0/1-P 0/year 0/year 0/year 0/year-N 0/year-P 1/2 - tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr tDS/yr other other r r r

Sinemoretz - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2014 2014 0 0 0 2 SA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35.9 18 0 14.4 3.6 0

Sarafovo30 (Bourgas) - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2014 2014 0 0 0 2 SA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33.6 16.8 0 13.4 3.4 0

UWWTP Pomorie 40 000 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 SA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48.4 24.2 0 19.4 4.8 0

The HBS Project Report on the update of the Hotspots Lists of the project beneficiary countries (http://bs-hotspots.eu/Deliverables) gives information on which of the BG HSs were tackled by 2015 (e.g. Sozopol, Sarafovo, Chernomoretz, etc.) and what new hot spots have appeared along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast.

30 This LBS has been already excluded from the official BG HSs List. The source was eliminated, waste waters are transported to the Pomorie WWTP.

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GEORGIA

1. Management cycle, gap analysis of LBS/HotSpots management from legal/policy point of view

The management cycle includes the organizations described in the Institutional framework of Georgia (see the relevant sub- Chapter II.1 above).

In GE, the key rules of protection of surface waters against contamination are established by the order No130 dated September 17, 1996 of the Minister of Environment Protection “On approval of the rules of protection of the surface waters of Georgia against pollution”. This document defines the key principles of preventing the surface water contamination, such as: controlling water quality in water bodies; regulation of discharge of pollutants into surface waters; regulation of economic activities, which have an impact on the condition of water bodies; monitoring the fulfillment of established conditions for the discharge of pollutants from point and diffuse sources; monitoring of surface waters quality, etc. The document defines the norms of water quality in reservoirs under the water consumption categories: drinking; household and fishing. In addition, to provide for normative quality of surface waters, the document requires that the norms of maximum admissible discharge of pollutants are established for each point of discharge.

The rule of development and approval of the norms of maximum admissible discharge has been defined by order 169 dated December 29, 1997 of the MENRP “On approval of the regulation on maximum admissible norms of emission of harmful substances into the environment and pollution of the environment with microorganisms.” In particular, according to the document’s requirements, the norms of maximum admissible discharge of pollutants into water body are established for each pollution source based on its technological characteristics, location, background conditions so that the total amount of pollutants does not exceed maximum admissible limits for the given territory. The norms of maximum admissible discharge of pollutants are calculated by water consumers using methods developed by the Ministry of Environment Protection, in the process of preparation of environmental impact assessment report, on the basis of which the MENRP issues an environmental impact permit.

“Sanitary Rules and Norms of the Protection of Surface Water Bodies against Pollution” were approved by the Order of the Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Protection no. 297 from August 16, 2001,"On the Approval of Rules of the Environmental Quality". The Regulation defined two categories of water use (water bodies of the first category and water bodies of the second category). The first category includes the water bodies used as sources for centralized or non- centralized drinking water supply and for the food industry, while the second category refers to the water bodies used for cultural and domestic purposes, for recreation and sports including the water bodies within the settlements and coastal waters. For the above mentioned water bodies, including those used for cultural and domestic purposes, maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) of 1346 harmful substances and for 4 levels of degree of their contamination were set up (the permissible level of pollution, the moderate pollution, the high level of pollution, and the particularly high level of pollution).

According to the Law on Environmental Impact Permit, for all those activities, which are not subjected to environmental impact permit, it is essential to observe environmental technical regulations determined by the order 745 dated November 13, 2008 of the Minister of Environment Protection “On environmental technical regulations.” This document defines that technical regulations are applied to all industrial and non-industrial facilities which discharge wastewater into surface water objects and their activity are not subject to environmental Impact Assessment procedures. GE MACs for waste water are given in Table 10.

Table 10. Maximim permissible concentrations of pollutants in waste water

Ingredient Maximum allowable concentrations in waste water

Suspended solids 60 mg / l

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) 25 mg 02 / l

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Ingredient Maximum allowable concentrations in waste water

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 125 mg 02 / l

Total Phosphorus 2 mg / l

Oil 5,0 mg / l

Total nitrogen 15 mg / l

Detergents 2,0 mg / l

Fats 5 mg / l

Phenols 0.1 mg / l

Chromium (Cr +6) 0,1 mg / l

Nickel (Ni +2) 1,0 mg / l

Zink (Zn+2) 4.0 mg/I

Lead (Pb +2) 1,0 mg / l

Tin (Sn +2) 2,0 mg / l

Copper (Cu +2) 3,0 mg / l

Formaldehyde 0.05 mg / l

Iron total 2.0 mg / l pH 6,5-8,5

Water temperature The temperature of the discharged waste water should not be more than 5°C of the average of the warmest month water temperature observed in the last 10 years.

Violation of water protection procedures is punishable by fines as envisaged by the Georgian Code of Administrative Violations (Article 58).

The GE List of industrial activities, which require permit includes: a. The processing of minerals (the processing of construction (including inert) materials, except for those envisaged under clause "c", are not subject to ecological expertise); b. Any manufacturing technology, which uses asbestos; c. The production of cement, asphalt, lime, plaster and brick; d. The manufacturing of glass and glass products; e. The recycling of solid domestic waste (including the waste incineration plants) and/or the arrangement of landfills; f. The disposal of toxic and other hazardous waste and its burial, and/or the recycling of this waste, decontamination; g. The production of any capacity related to coal gasification, dilution, briquetting and coking;

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h. The installation of main oil and gas pipelines; i. The arrangement of storages and terminals for oil and oil products, as well as liquid and natural gas. The volume of one of the tanks located on the territory of these storages and terminals, or the total volume of these tanks, should exceed 1,000 cubic meters; j. The construction of international and national roadways, railways and bridges located thereon, and underway crossings, as well as the buildings for the engineering protection of these highways, railroads and their territories; k. The installation of high-voltage (35 kV or more) air and cable transmission lines and substations (110 kV and more); l. The arrangement of a hydro-electric power station (2 MW or more) and a thermal power plant (10 MW and more); m. The construction of an underground railway; n. The arrangement of a water reservoir (10,000 cubic meters and more); o. The arrangement of a wastewater treatment facility (with volume of 1,000 cubic meters or more per 24 hours) and the main sewage collector; p. The arrangement of an aerodrome, airport, railway station and a sea port; q. Chemical industry, namely: the chemical processing of intermediate products and the production of chemical substances; the manufacturing and processing of pesticides, mineral fertilizers, chemical dye, polish, peroxides and elastic material (rubber or plastic materials); the production of gunpowder and other explosives; the production of accumulators; the manufacturing of graphite electrodes; arrangement of a dam, harbor, pier, breakwater and shaft r. Oil and gas refineries (500 tons or more per 24 hours); s. Any metallurgical production (with the capacity of more than a ton per hour), except for the cold processing of metals and jewellery production; t. The storage of toxic and other hazardous substances.

Note: More details will be provided after further investigation on the subject.

Gaps:

Since 2006 the system of permits of discharges has been canceled. Only few industrial activities are included in the list of activities which undergo impact assessments and are the object of sanctions in case of violations of standards. So, the system of control on LBS does not work properly.

Since 2005 the principle “Polluter Pays” is not applied and the system of control of discharges has actually collapsed. Regarding MACs, the Water Law does not clearly refer to Order N297/N: Environmental Quality Norms in Georgia; Sanitary Protocols for Protection of Surface Waters from Pollution (in Georgian). Appendix N 2.1.4.000-00.

One of the important issues of regulating pollution from land base sources is prevention on spot. Cleaner Production (CP) is theoretically an element of the GE governmental policy. Nevertheless, CP activities have been slow to start. The most important reason for the latter is the absence of economic incentives in the country.

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT 2. Measures in place

. Since June 2012 Batumi household wastewater mechanical and biological treatment unit is operational, which receives more than 70% of household waters from the territory of the city. . Municipal development program in Batumi is ongoing (water, sewerage and treatment unit rehabilitation works were planned to be finished in December of 2013, however, they were not). . Current works of water and canalization rehabilitation of Batumi will be finished in 2014. . Sewerage mainline on territory of Sarpi-Gonio already finished and running and enters Batumi treatment unit. . Department of Environment protection and Natural Resources of Ajara systematically develops target programs for the coastline area of Ajara in order to avoid seawater pollution.

ROMANIA

1. Management cycle, gap analysis of LBS/HotSpots management from legal/policy point of view

A short representation of stages of a river basin management plan (PMBH) implementation in Romania is given below:

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Figure 7. Stages of a river basin management plan (PMBH) implementation

In Romania, "Romanian Waters" National Administration is the responsible authority for the national Integrated Water Monitoring System (SMIAR) and for the related data base compilation. Within SMIAR, water bodies (sensu WFD) were identified and annually their status is evaluated, taking into consideration the impact of significant land-based sources of pollution (e.g. treated and untreated waste waters). The national Authority on water management reports to the European Commission data concerning the waste waters treatment situation in RO.

According to the RO Water Law no. 107 / 25th of September 1996, Chap. III Water Management, Section 1 Water resources knowledge, Art. 35 stipulates a National Fund of data on water management. The hydrometeorology, hydrogeology and management water information are obtained through units of the "Romanian Waters" National Administration, from other authorized specialized units and directly from the water users. The organizing, keeping and managing the National Fund of water management, is unitary established by the the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. Preparation and updating of the data fund is ensured by the "Romanian Waters" National Administration. Authorized specialized units, like the water users that produce data/information that can constitute the National Fund of water management data are obliged to keep them for 5 years and to send them monthly to the "Romanian Waters" National Administration, according to a procedure established by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. The National Fund of the water management data also includes records of water which belong to the public domain, as part of the water management information system called Water Cadastre. Thus, the organization of the National Fund hydrological data and of the water management data and of the water cadastre is established by the central public authority in the water sector (namely Ministry of Environment and Climate Change), and their actualization is ensured by the "Romanian Waters" National Administration.

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Environmental Quality Standards:

Order no. 501 from 08/04/2003, according to its Art. 1, covers the initial inventory preparation of the pollution sources for the water environment and the groundwater, following the industrial activities, the purpose of surveillance and control of the management of priority / priority hazardous substances specified in Annex 1in the program of approved action by GD 118/2002.

The inventory of the pollution sources contains: a) Sources of pollution from socioeconomic activity; b) Security sheets of chemical substances properties potentially toxic to aquatic and groundwater environment; c) Dynamics of quantities used, produced, marketed, stored and discharged into the aquatic environment and groundwater; d) Waters affected by pollution; e) Specific elements of permits / authorizations for water management; f) Updating inventory - coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change; g) Technological measures for neutralization/disposal of priority/priority hazardous substances.

The authority managing the inventory and which ensures the exchange of information is the "Romanian Waters" National Administration and its territorial units. The inventory update is coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. This inventory is updated in full every 5 years.

In line with the provisions of the Water Law no. 107 / 25 September 1996, the standards which the waste waters must respect to be permitted for discharge into surface water receptors were established through GD no. 188 / 28 February 2002. In other words, the latter policy document specifies the norms concerning the disposal of waste water into aquatic environments and others. Namely, GD no. 188 / 2002 establishes:

. Technical norms concerning the colection, treatment and disposal of urban waste waters, (NTPA 011/2002); . The standards concerning the disposal conditions of the waste waters into localities sewerages and directly into treatment stations, (NTPA –002/2002); . The standards establishing the polutant loads limits for industrial and urban waste water disposed into natural receivers, (NTPA – 001/2002);

For the monitoring/analysis of the water state/quality, the list of technical specifications and standard methods is established by a GD at the proposal of the central public authority in the water domain (Ministry of Environment and Climate Change) according to the art. 36 of the Water Law, completed with the law 310/2004.

Human pressure analysis and water status assessment:

Master Plans on basins and groups of basins are developed and implemented in line with the Water law, section 3: Planning in water management and arrangement, Art. 43. They ensure for the sustainable, unified, balanced and complex management of the water resources and of the aquatic ecosystems, as well as for the wetlands protection.

The Master Plan is the main instrument of water planning, development and management at the level of hydrographical basin district and includes a hydro basin arrangement plan – with quantitative and qualitative management components- in line with the Order of the former Ministry of Environment and Climate Change no. 1258/2006 concerning the approving of the Methodology and Technical Instructions for elaborating the Master Plan. The management plans of the hydro districts are elaborated and adopted according to the requirements of the Directive no. 2000/60/CE of the European Parliament and the Council from 23 October 2000 which establishes a frame of community policy in the water domain.

Before elaborating the Master Plans, analyses of the hydro basins characteristics and of the human activities impact on surface and ground water bodies’ status, as well as economic analysis of the water use are carried out.

After approval of the first Master Plans, according to the law, these are updated every 6 years. The analysis of the characteristics of the hydro basins, the impact of the human activities over the water bodies status and the economic

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT analysis of the water use are reviewed and, if the case, are updated within at least 3 years before every update of the Master Plans.

The management plans at the level of hydro basins contain information on the significant pressures and the human activities impact on surface and groundwater state, namely:

. Evaluation of the point pollution sources; . Evaluation of the diffuse pollution sources, including the terrains filtering mode; . Evaluation of pressures on the hydro morphology of the water bodies; . Analysis of other types of human pressures impacting the water state.

The waste waters represent one of the pressures which affect the quality of surface water, a large part of these waters are either inadequately treated or untreated. In Romania, in the period 2007 – 2012, the municipal waste water volume increased by 14.6%, the untreated waste water volume remained at a high level.

The industrial and municipal waste water collection in the local sewerages or in the urban waste water treatment stations is managed under the conditions mentioned in the Annex 2 of the GD 188/2002, modified and completed by GD 352/2005.

After joining the EU, in the process of transposition of the European legislation/policy into the national legislation, to the above mentioned policy documents (NTPA011, NTPA01 and NTPA02), Romania issued the GD no. 210/28.02.2007, which modified and completed the existing policy documents so that to improve the management of waste waters.

Taking into account the deadlines set by the EU Directives, Romania planned the following:

Table 11. The projected situation of the sewerage systems in Romania (taking into consideration the compliance with the WFD and the deadlines set to achieve good ecological status of surface waters)

Year Surface waters Coastal waters Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total equivalent agglomerations equivalent agglomerations equivalent agglomerations inhabitants inhabitants inhabitants 2010 359 15437048 8 826211 367 16263259 2013 196 2181777 1 32390 197 2214167 2015 497 2993491 1 4828 498 2998319 2018 1542 5296926 1 3509 1543 5300435

Total 2594 25909242 11 866938 2605 26776180

The implementation of the Directive 91/271/CEE brings improvements concerning the water quality of the rivers in Romania, by treatment of the urban used water before disposal into water resources. The requirements of this directive had and will have as impact the increase of the sludge volume in all the countries of the European Union, thus also in Romania. Compared to the sludge quantities resulted from the WWTPs existent in 2007, of about 172529 tons of dry substance/year, it is estimated, according to the National Management Plan of the hydro basins in Romania, that the sludge will reach 520850 tons of dry substance/year by 2018 (Fig. 8).

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Figure 8. The evolution of the sludge quantities generated by the treatment stations in Romania (for the period 2005-2018).

The competent authorities for the implementation of the Directive 91/271/CEE concerning the urban waste water treatment are: Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration, "Romanian Waters" National Administration with Water Basin Administrations, National Environmental Guard, National Regulatory Authority for Public Services of Communal Administration, Local Public Administration, Local operators of public water and sanitation services.

The “Romanian Waters” National Administration, according to the provisions of the GD no. 210/2007, is entrusted with specific tasks: to monitor the discharges from urban waste water treatment plants and reports the collected data to the European Commission. Reports are regularly prepared on the status of the waste water treatment in Romania. The reports contain inventory of human agglomerations and of existing sewerage and treatment facilities together with information on their operation. Data are available since 2007 and reflect waste water collection and treatment at the level of human agglomeration, counties, and river basins and at the national level, as well as the situation with investment projects and their costs. For instance, country-wise the collection and treatment levels of biodegradable organic load (in %) of urban agglomerations with more than 2,000 inhabitants have improved in recent years. In 2012, 58.95% of all waste waters of Romania (for agglomerations over 2,000 inhabitants) were collected (12% increase as compared to 2007) and 48.32% of the collected waste waters were treated (11% increase as compared to 2007.

Impact analysis: River Basin Management Plan represents a tool for the implementation of the Water Framework Directive and has as the main aim the sustainable and balanced water resources management and aquatic ecosystem protection, as well.

The River Basin Management Plan (RBMP) is closely correlated with the socio-economic development, and an important stage in its elaboration is the pressure and impact assessment. This process of evaluation of human pressures and theirs impacts on the water bodies leads to the identification of the water bodies which are at risk of failing the Water Framework Directive’ environmental quality objectives, having in view the following main steps: Identification of the driving forces and pressures; Identification of significant pressures; Impact assessment; Analysis of the risk of failing the environmental quality objectives. The assessments preceding the RBMP follow the DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) model. In Figure 9 the DPSIR analytical scheme is illustrated.

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Figure 9. DPSIR analytical scheme

Impact evaluation of different types of significant pressures, as identified for each RBMP, provides the information used for the water status characterization and in the consequent risk analysis.

The figure below presents the milestones/stages of pressures/impacts assessment of human activities.

Figure 10. Stages to identify pressures and impacts in assessment of human activities

In risk analysis (of failing to meet environmental objectives) the following issues are included:

. Potential changes of the chemical and ecological status of a water body (in case of no measures); . Development of programme of measures;

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. Cost effectiveness and cost benefit analysis for the measures identified; . Application of the exemptions.

In line with the WFD requirements, the first National River Basin Management Plan in Romania was endorsed on 22nd of December 2009. This plan was prepared to manage the Danube River Basin, which includes the Black sea transitional waters and coastal waters as well. For this Plan, the following significant categories of anthropogenic pressures on surface water bodies (in the Danube Basin) were identified: point pollution sources, diffuse pollution sources, and hydromorphological alterations. For the risk assessment, the following risk categories were considered: pollution with organic substances, pollution with nutrients, pollution with hazardous substances and hydro-morphological alterations, having in view that these 4 pressures’ categories have been identified as most significant and in need to be addressed by relevant management.

Ecological objectives/targets: In essence, the ecological objectives by 2015, sensu the WFD, include:

. For surface water bodies: achieving good ecological and chemical status, and good ecological potential and good chemical status for heavily modified and artificial water bodies; . For groundwater bodies: achieving good chemical status and good quantitative status; . For protected areas: achieving environmental objectives specified by the relevant legislation; . No further deterioration of surface water and groundwater status.

If to a water body is applied more than one environmental objective, the most stringent environmental objective for that water body is applied (Art. 4.2 of the Water Framework Directive).

The ecological targets are updated every 6 years in the River Basin Management Plans.

In Romania, the status of water bodies is analysed and characterized on the basis of classification and evaluation established in line with the Water Framework Directive. The classification and assessment system of the water status according to the Water Framework Directive is presented in the Annex 6.1. of the National River Basin Management Plan. For surface water, the environmental objectives representing "good status" for natural water bodies as well as "good ecological potential" and "good chemical status" for heavily modified and artificial water bodies are also defined in Annex 6.1. of the National RBMP, as required by the Water Framework Directive.

In the 2004 RO Report on the analysis of river basins, the risk of not achieving environmental objectives was assessed for all bodies of standing water. Such water bodies were classified into three classes: "Risk free", "possibly at risk" and "at risk". For the current Management Plan, the risk of not achieving the environmental objectives for surface water bodies was assessed in the light of the redefined water bodies status in 2008, updating the information on significant pressures and their impact on water as well as reformulating the measures to be applied until 2012/2013 so that to achieve the objectives of the Water Framework Directive. Additionally, innovative tools, such as mathematical modelling, were used to estimate the pressures and effects of the initial measures proposed. Available models used were: MONERIS (for nutrients reduction scenarios), WAQ models (for nutrients) and QUAL 2K (for organic substances)31. Similar to 2004, in 2008, to assess the risk of not

31The WAQ(Water Quality) model was applied to all water bodies at the sub-basins level and the model QUAL2K(A Modelling Framework for Simulating River and Stream Water Quality) - only for bodies at risk in terms of organic substances. The model WAQ predicts water quality in terms of nutrients (total nitrogen and total phosphorus), taking into account immission and emissions related to point source pollution, diffuse and natural background. The applied modelling targeted the 2015 quality objectives, assessing the impact of the major measures as well as building scenarios where additional measures would be applied to reduce pollution. The QUAL2K model was used to forecast water quality in terms of pollution by organic substances as well as other pollutants. Also, it was used to assess current nutrient emissions and those predicted for the year 2015, taking into consideration the scenarios proposed at the level of the Danube River Basin by ICPDR (Internationally tested by the MONERIS model). The modelling exercises listed above allowed to propose additional measures for the water bodies at risk In Romania (those which otherwise would not achieve the environmental goals by 2015).

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT achieving the environmental objectives for water bodies the significant pressures identified were taken into consideration, as well as evaluation of their impact was conducted. In the risk assessment the following risk categories were considered:

. Nutrient pollution . Pollution by organic substances . Hazardous substances pollution . Morphological alterations given that these four types of pressures have been identified, both in the International District Danube and at national level as the most important issues in water management.

The risk was evaluated with the aim of achieving good ecological and chemical status by the year 2015, taking into account the baseline scenario (implementing initial measures until 2012-2013 for the anthropogenic activities causing significant pressures).

Risk categories Ecological risk is defined for the three risk categories of pressures: organic substances pollution, nutrient pollution as well as morphological alterations. The ecological risk assessment is carried out on the basis of biological parameters (phytoplankton, macroalgae, and macrozoobenthos). However, in the absence of precise correlations between pressures/impacts and the role of measures in the change of the environment status (biotic components), abiotic parameters (physicochemical and hydro morphological elements) are also used. This risk is quantified given the worst situation found in the risk categories (organic substances pollution, nutrient pollution as well as morphological alterations).

Chemical risk (the risk of failing to achieve good chemical status) is defined by a single category, namely pollution caused by priority substances and other pollutants, considering the threshold values proposed by the Directive 2008/105/EC on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy and which amends the Water Framework Directive.

The total risk consists of the ecological risk and the chemical risk, and the assessment is given by the worst situation found at these two risk categories.

The bodies of water at the level of which there is significant pressure and / or significant impact and for which there is no implementation of the necessary measures to achieve the objectives by 2015 are identified as "at risk".

Based on the analysis carried out in elaboration of the national RBMP, 36.5% of the Romanian water bodies are at risk of failing to achieve the environmental quality objectives by 2015 because of the presence of significant point and diffuse pressures (pollution by organic substances, nutrients and hazardous substances), significant morphological alterations (hydrology, morphology) and due to other types of pressure. The water bodies of the Danube River and its arms and some transitional and coastal water bodies in the Black Sea are at risk of not achieving the environmental goals by 2015, both because of the pollution sources in Romania and transboundary environmental problems (sources located in other countries) and due to morphological alterations (e.g. dams, coastal construction and others).

For bodies of water at risk of not achieving the environmental objectives, Romania has proposed additional measures to tackle point and diffuse sources of pollution (industrial and agricultural activities and also municipal wastewater), as well as for the morphological alterations. The optimal combination of initial major measures and additional measures, selected based on the application of cost-effectiveness analysis and benefit cost, lead to the establishment of a program of measures aimed to achieve the environmental objectives. Having in mind the transboundary character of certain types of pollution (coming to Romanian waters from other countries), Romania also refers to the ‘exceptions’ that can be applied to the environmental objectives under the Article 4.4-4.7 of the Water Framework Directive.

Issuing of permits:

"Romanian Waters" National Administration (ANAR) with its 11 subordinate Water Basin Administrations is the competent authority to issue permits and authorizations for water use. The Water Law no. 107/1996 introduces requirements for water users to request and consequently obtain permit and authorization for a specific water use (based on preliminary environmental impact assessment).

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Water use permits and authorizations are issued based on Order no. 662 of 28 June 2006 of Ministry of Environment and Climate Change approving the "Procedure and powers of issuing permits and authorizations for water management."

Permit of the water management/use shall be issued according to Article 52 of the Water Law 107/1996 as amended and supplemented, under substantiating documentation of the request made in accordance with the Order of the Environment Ministry no. 661 of 28 June 2006. The request of a water user must be based on studies and environmental impact assessment. Program staging is requested in case where the existing installations require upgrade, extensions, refurbishment or operation of water purification installations with capacity and efficiency compared to the thresholds given for pollutants concentrations in waste water, or in fulfilling the conditions to protect water and water ecosystems, as stated in the HG 352/2005.

Water users in Romania conduct self-monitoring of discharged waste water (measuring required pollutants) and report to the Water Basin Directorates/County Water Management System on concentrations and loads of pollutants, on the amount of discharged waste water and also submit information on the waste water treatment technology applied.

The obligations of the water users are set in GD No. 352/2005, which amends the GD 188/2002. These policy documents specify the rules on conditions for discharge of waste water into the aquatic environment. Also, the Water Basin Directorates and the County Water Management Systems check every six months or quarterly in own laboratories the quality of waste water discharged from municipal treatment plants into natural water resources (in the frames of the governmental/state monitoring).

Representatives of the ANAR ("Romanian Waters" National Administration) through regional offices and inspection services of water regularly check the compliance with permits issued to the water users. In case of non-compliance penalties are applied. Thus, in 2012 and in the 1st quarter of 2013, in total 17,724 of planned and unplanned inspections were in place. The total amount of fines imposed was about 8.000.000 lei (~ 1,777,777 Euro).

What is the permit regime concerning water use and water object use for discharge of waste water? In accordance with Article 7 of the Decree no. 661 of 28 June 2006, regulating the content of the technical documentation which the users need to compile in order to obtain a permit for water use, there in the potential water users should prepare:

a) General information on the facility and its location; b) Description of the area, where the facility is established; c) Investment purpose and coordination elements; d) Detail information on:

1. Facility construction-technical measures to prevent the direct or indirect discharges into water resources of substances belonging to the groups of hazardous substances specified in the Lists I and II of priority/priority hazardous substances, as specified in the Government Decision no. 351/2005.

To the categories of installations/facilities covered by the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 152/2005, concerning integrated pollution prevention and control, the technical documentation for a permit application should be prepared in accordance with its provisions and Order no. 799/2012. The following should be ensured:

1. Equipment and installations for measuring water flows and volumes of water captured, collected and discharged; 2. Apparatus and installations for water quality monitoring of the discharges stemming into the environment; 3. Industrial pollution control, waste management; 4. Information system, system of hydrometeorological forecast, warning and alarm system of the population in case of incidents or accidents to hydraulic structures; 5. Works to restore the reference cadastral axle affected by the proposed objective; 6. Works for site restoration in the area affected by the execution of the investment (establishment of the facility); a) Consideration of best available techniques; b) Plans:

. Plan for framing the proposed investment works in the area; . Overall plan of the proposed investment work, falling within the urban plan of the area

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(Note: Also to be mentioned: deposits of raw materials and products, landfills, water treatment facilities and wastewater treatment plants, drains, pipes, sewers to discharge potential pollutants);

. Plans of situation and transversal and longitudinal profiles; . Plan for location of drilling and geological and hydro geological sections; . Plans for temporary works on beds (water body bottom); . Specify the sanitary protection zones, fishing areas, etc.

In the LBS management, basic parameters, priority substances, specific pollutants and hydromorphological elements considered in Romania, according to the national legislation are presented in Annex III to this Report.

2. Measures in place

Waste water treatment continues to be a challenge for Romania. Despite some progress in recent years observed (particularly in the regional operators performance), the pollution related to LBSs continues to be a priority issue.

Progress was made in improving the infrastructure for waste water treatment at 20 WWTPs (funded by ISPA and Sectorial Operational Program (POS) – environment). In the coastal area, the South Eforie treatment plant was rehabilitated in 2013 for operation in maximum load, and the station was upgraded with tertiary treatment stage and sludge stabilization.

Sludges from wastewater are stored in urban landfills and a small portion is used in agriculture or is being incinerated. It is necessary to identify management solutions for sludge from waste water treatment, especially in the context of future EU funded integrated projects for large cities.

Significant financial resources are still needed to ensure adequate water use infrastructure in Romania and meet EU environmental requirements, particularly in the context of large differences between regions and specific needs in the various regions. At the level of those 11 basins/river areas basin a program of action was developed. It includes both initial/major and additional measures to achieve the environmental objectives established for all water bodies in Romania (sensu the WFD).

According to the RO Water Law no. 107/1996, amended and supplemented, master plans and programs of measures are developed and updated by the "Romanian Waters" National Administration, they are endorsed by the basin committees based on the proposals of Ministry of Environment and Climate Change and are approved by Government Decision.

In Romania, initial/major measures were established taking into consideration the requirements of the EU environmental Directives, and other European and national legal/policy documents. Additional measures to reduce pollution and measures for hydromorphological alterations were prioritized based on cost-effectiveness assessments. The latter were developed in view of the ratio between the measure cost and its effect in terms of the biological quality elements (the good ecological status to be achieved, sensu the WFD).

For the period 2010-2027 the total cost of the national major and additional measures stands at 20.992 billion euros, of which 97.8% are the costs to implement the major measures and 2.8 % are the costs of the additional measures.

In the period after accession to the European Union (2007-2012), RO has approximately invested 3.314 billion Euros to improve its wastewater collection/treatment infrastructure.

The total value of the investment planned for the wastewater infrastructure is approx. 12.187 billion euro, this is the cost assessed in the National River Basin Management Plan for both major and additional measures to be implemented until 2027.

Achieving "good status" of all surface water bodies and groundwaters by 2015 is the main objective of the EC Water Framework Directive, as mentioned already. According to the assessments made so far under the National RBMP, in total 1241 of surface water bodies and 19 groundwater bodies will not reach the good status/good potential (ecological or chemical) by 2015. Hereby, the need to urgently implement the measures specified in the programs is more than obvious.

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Article 15 (3) of the WFD stipulates that within three years from the date of publication of each river basin management plan, EU Member States must submit to the European Commission an interim report describing progress in implementation of the planned measures.

In 2011, strategic environmental assessment for the RO Master Plan for coastal protection and restoration (Black Sea is meant) was prepared, following the procedure set in the GD 1076/2004, which specifies what strategic environmental assessment for plans and programs should include.

In 2012 the implementation of the measures stipulated in the Master Plan was launched, focusing on the restoration and improvement of the environment, developing a program and undertaking consequent rehabilitation works on the protection of the Black Sea coast from the effects of coastal erosion. In tackling erosion, the following issues were taken into consideration:

. Rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea shoreline, adjacent land and land and marine ecosystems; . Protection of economy-related infrastructure; . Population security endangered by marine erosion processes.

Additionally, there is a national plan to develop and implement an integrated program for the coastal zone monitoring that would support decision-making and management of the shoreline erosion in a sustainable manner (medium and long-term for the next 30 years).

References:

1. Elena ŢUCHIU, ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURES AND THEIR IMPACTS ON SURFACE WATER BODIES – IMPORTANT STEP IN ELABORATION OF THE RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLANS, "Romanian Waters “National Administration. 2. "Romanian Waters" National Administration - Summary of water quality in Romania in 2012 (extract), Bucharest 2013.

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TURKEY

1. Management cycle, gap analysis of LBS/HotSpots management from legal/policy point of view

The integrated and basin-based water management concept is currently only partly employed in TR, though the country plans to fully implement it soon. The vision for such a concept implementation is briefly summarized in the diagram below:

Policy-making

MoEUP,MoFWA, MoH, MoFAL, MoTMAC Legislation-making

MoEUP,MoFWA, MoH, Reevaluation MoFAL, MoTMAC MoEUP,MoFWA, MoFAL

Monitoring/Auditing

MoEUP &MoFWA (all water

Measures/Rehabilitation Integrated Water bodies), MoH (drinking & /Protection bathing water), MoFAL Management (groudwater & rivers as nitrate Investment Planning, Developing pollution) Action Plans etc.

MoEUP, MoFWA, MoFAL

Classification

MoEUP,MoFWA, MoH, MoFAL

Presure/Impact Analysis

MoEUP,MoFWA

MoEUP: Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning MoFWA: Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs MoTMAC: Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications MoFAL: Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock MoH: Ministry of Health

Figure 11. The LBS management cycle in Turkey

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In Turkey, there are no specific or directly acting regulations on HS management. However, related requirements are stipulated in the national environmental law and in a number of regulations involving LBS indirectly. Instead of national regulations, international documents in action are in place and oblige TR to comply with. The latter contain definitions and requirements for monitoring and rehabilitation activities as related to HSs. The HSs-related activities in TR are coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (MoEUP), mainly in line with the Barcelona and Bucharest Conventions and their LBS Protocols. In this context, there have been several recent projects (since 2001) coordinated by MoEUP with the participation of the TUBITAK Marmara Research Center. The projects aimed to define HSs in Turkey and to develop optimal investment plans to rehabilitate these hot spots. The projects were implemented successfully and delivered recommendations. However, at the management level there are exist certain problems in taking onboard the recommendations of the scientific community and in consequent development of effective HSs measures in TR due to the long bureaucratic procedures, which would endorse and implement the concrete practical actions proposed (as identified by the projects). The international supervision of compliance is also far from being efficient, hence, the stimulus for the BS countries (not only TR) to observe the obligations stipulated in the regional legal agreements (e.g. obligations under the LBS Protocol to the Bucharest Convention) is nearly nonexistent. Besides, there are no regionally agreed criteria/indicators which would allow to measure/trace progress in compliance with the LBS Protocol to the Bucharest Convention.

Moreover, in TR there is no clarity on the distribution of responsibilities, overlaps are in place, hence, authorities get often confused in their duties and audits of performance are limited in number, therein, the LBS management is not yet adequately and cost-efficiently organised.

Also, in Turkey, a cost-efficient and integrated monitoring programme for analysis of water bodies status is not yet developed. There is an effort in place, of course, to prepare and implement such a programme meeting as well the WFD and international marine conventions requirements. However, due to the mentioned confusion in responsibilities of the many governmental organisations involved, bureaucratic issues like tender procedures and the lack of stable funding provided on an annual basis, an integrated and regular monitoring in TR is still not being implemented. There is a need to establish a single/main authority which would manage an effective monitoring of all kinds of water bodies and provide the needed funding on a regular basis. The last years’ experience, when the governmentally funded monitoring in the TR Black Sea was not sustained, has shown that there is a need to legally identify a TR integrated monitoring programme and its institutional framework. This new monitoring should be built in a way to allow tracing of pressures/impacts with consequent risk analysis and recommending on measures to ensure environment quality improvements.

In its accession to EU, Turkey plans to meet the requirements for harmonisation with EC Directives, especially the WFD and MSFD, which are among the best available practices in ecosystem-based environment protection.

2. Measures in place

Here the information provided is ‘forward-looking”. Firstly, in TR there should be taken effective measures to avoid confusion of responsibilities, e.g. of the different authorities engaged in LBS management. Recently, restructuring of the governmental organisations in TR took place with the aim to better distribute responsibilities and improve the management of environmental protection among others.

Since 2008, in finalization and implementation of ongoing national projects, such as DEKOS, SINHA, KIYITEMA, TMKK etc. (described in Chapter IV of this report: Programmes and projects related to LBS management, see further), TR has invested a lot of effort to develop integrated environment monitoring, inter alia, of the Black Sea. TR works to meet the international marine Conventions and EC directives requirements under the coordination of the both most relevant Ministries - Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning & Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. However, the efforts to develop an integrated monitoring should not only in paper be seen, but also in practice for all defined water bodies of Turkey. To facilitate the process of consequent assessments, a governmental institute should be nominated to collect the data/information generated in monitoring studies, no matter they are part of the state monitoring or in the frames of different projects collected. In parallel, investigation on the capacity building needs for the establishment of a regular and integrated water monitoring should be undertaken and relevant recommendations should be given on trainings.

Although re-identification of the HS’s along all coastal areas of Turkey – it was undertaken in the SINHA Project in 2010 - the new hot spots list elaborated under the SINHA Project was not reported to UNEP MAP and BSC. The reason for this non-

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT reporting was mentioned to be the lack of official request from these international organizations. Having in mind the rules of the BSC, and its WorkPlan, the reasoning of no reporting of changes in the national HS List of Turkey was not correctly substantiated. If TR had revised its HS List at the national level, it had to be reported to the BSC without a formal request from this organization.

However, the revised List of TR HotSpots (along the BS coast) has never been nationally recognised at the first place. Therefore, the List needs to be first nationally approved, and then automatically reported to the BSC.

In Turkey, it is necessary to define environmental targets for the specified water bodies, to classify the latter based on criteria given in the WFD for instance. TR needs to define the discharge limits (loads thresholds) according to the carrying capacity of the ambient environment as well. In ongoing projects like TMKK and KIYITEMA, studies on determination of specific pollutants and environmental targets have been already carried out. The deadline to identify the TR ecosystem quality objectives/environmental targets was defined as the end of 2014.

To manage the HS’s effectively, not only the WFD implementation should be ensured in TR, but also of the MSFD. Thus, the DEKOS project was financed by the MoEU (national MSFD-oriented project) and implemented since 2011. The MISIS Project (www.misisproject.eu) financed by EC has been implemented since 2013, it is an international project aimed to support TR in its BS environmental protection taking into account the principles of the MSFD. Both projects’ results need to be taken into consideration by the TR authorities to ensure robust control on pressures/impacts and build relevant programmes of measures.

UKRAINE

1. Management cycle, gap analysis of LBS/HotSpots management from legal/policy point of view General information In Ukraine there are four key organizations, responsible for LBS management. a. the State Environmental Inspections perform control over emissions, waste generation and disposal, WW discharges into water bodies; b. the State Environmental Investment Agency of Ukraine provides funds for various projects, including those aimed at reduction of green-house gases emissions; c. the State Service of Geology and Mineral resources performs control over use of natural resources, in particular, it issues permissions for underground water abstraction (used for industrial purposes); d. the State Agency for Water Resources of Ukraine issues permissions for water abstraction from surface water bodies (used for industrial and municipal purposes). Also Water Resource Basin Departments perform monitoring of surface water quality.

Norms of emissions and discharges are agreed with the Sanitary-Epidemiological Service authority under the Oblast Administrations. The Department of Ecology and Natural Resources under each Oblast State Administration approves the norms of emissions and WW discharges.

The general scheme of the LBS management cycle is presented in Figure 12.

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Figure 12. LBS management cycle – Ukraine

Management of LBS, having discharges into the Black Sea Management of LBS having WW discharges into water body is performed through the development of Maximum Allowable Discharge (MAD) of pollutants. MAD norms are calculated as follows:

Maximum Allowable Discharge = Maximum volume of return water (m3/hour) x maximum concentration of pollution substance (g/m3)

Organizations should take into account WW discharges from other LBSs (apply basin principle) and assimilation capacity of the receiving water body when calculating MAD norms. MAD values depend upon the background concentrations and type of the receiving water body. There are 3 types of water bodies: o water bodies used for fishery, o water bodies used for municipal purposes, and o water bodies used for drinking water supply.

MAD norms should correlate with environmental standards of water quality; however, these environmental standards are still not developed.

MAD norms are developed for step-by-step achievement of normative water quality in water bodies (compliance with Maximum Allowable Concentration – MAC) in monitoring point, located downstream from the LBS (max 500 m on river and 250 m in marine coastal waters). The industry is responsible for making contract on MAD development. MAD norms are developed by organizations, having license on performing this type of activity. The amount of pollutant substances, discharged into the water body, should be lower or equal to the approved values. If norms are exceeded, LBS must pay penalties. Also LBS should develop corresponding measures, allocate funds and indicate timeline. It is prohibited to discharge pollution substances, which are not indicated in MAD norms.

MAD norms are agreed with Water Resource Basin Departments and local State Sanitary-Epidemiological Service authorities (if WW discharge is near the settlement of recreational area). The Department of Ecology and Natural Resources under each Oblast Administration approves MAD norms. According to the legal requirements each 3-5 years MAD norms should be revised, up-dated and approved.

Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine controls MAD development and approval as well as approves the procedure and requirements of MAD development. The procedure of the MAD development and approval as well as the list of pollution substances are approved in the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers Nr1100, date: 11.09. 1996. “Instruction on

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT the procedure of development and approval of maximum allowable discharges for substances with return waters into water bodies” is approved by the Order of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine Nr 116, date: 15.12.1994. This instruction is used for MAD calculation. The use of this single methodology ensures compliance with approved water quality norms in cases where water protection activities are in place.

LBS having both water abstraction from water body and WW discharges into water body should also receive document on special water use. This document includes all requirements to volumes of water abstraction from surface and underground water body as well as MAD norms.

The State Environmental Inspection performs control over compliance with approved norms. Before 2011 the State Environmental Inspection also performed monitoring in water body. At present (after reform) the Inspection does not perform this function. Monitoring of marine water quality is performed by the following monitoring bodies: Marine Branch of Hydrometeorological Institute (State Emergencies Service of Ukraine), Ukrainian Scientific Center of the Ecology of the Sea (Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine), etc.

Control over compliance with MAD into the Black Sea is performed by Marine Environmental Inspections according to the Order of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine Nr 429, date: 04.11.2011. The general scheme is presented in Figure 13.

Figure 13. Management cycle – LBS having discharges into the Black Sea

For rational and sustainable water use, technological norms for water use are developed: . current operation norms for water use – for the existing technologies; . prospective norms for water use – for BATs (best available technologies).

Technological norms are developed and approved by corresponding organizations and are agreed with the central environmental authority.

Gaps LBS management cycle: . lack of financing for regular monitoring and purchase of new equipment; . after the reform in 2011 the State Marine Inspection is not responsible for monitoring of marine water quality. It only controls compliance with MAD norms (on the pipe). That is why it is not possible to evaluate the impact of WW discharges on marine ecosystems.

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT LBS management – discharges into water bodies:

. MAD norms development should be based on environmental standards of water quality. But environmental standards are still not developed and not approved. That is why only MAC is taken into account when calculating MAD norms; . MAC for some pollution substances are still not approved (e.g. organic nitrogen); . poor financing of water protection activities, performed by LBS; . basin approach is not widely used when MAD norms developing.

2. Measures in place

The situation in Ukraine with LBS management is the following. While 97.2% of the urban settlements in the country are connected to a centralized waste water treatment plants, only 2.6% of the rural communities (villages) are connected to such systems. The total length of the municipal sewage network in Ukraine is 179992.93 km of which 38.2 % are critically worn out. Presently, the municipal sector of Ukraine undergoes a deep reform which requires an intensive organizational work and significant investments in order to reach the objectives of the Key Fundamentals (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy up to 2020 (date 21.12.2010) and the National Environmental Action Plan 2011-2015 (date 25.05.2011).

Figure 14. Waste Water Discharges (mln.m3) stemming to the Black Sea from Ukraine (re-drawn from the UA LBS Report to the BSC, 2012)

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Figure 15. Discharges of wastewaters (thousand m3,for accidental pollution in m3) in Ukraine in 2008-2012 (re- drawn from the UA LBS Report to the BSC, 2012)

No accidental pollution from the land-based sources of Ukraine occurred in 2012.

Dynamics of pollutant substances discharges are presented in Figure 16.

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60000

50000

40000 Odessa Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast 30000 Kherson Oblast AR Crimea

20000 Discharge of pollutants, tons pollutants, of Discharge

10000

0 2010 2011 2012 years

Figure 16. Discharges of pollution substances (key LBS, located in UA coastal area)

Annual volumes of WW discharges are presented in Figure 17.

300

250

200

150

100

Volume of waste water, mln m3 mln water, waste of Volume 50

0 Odessa Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Kherson Oblast AR Crimea

Total Normative clear Biological treatment Normative clear - without treatment Polluted

Figure 17. Annual volumes of waste water in UA - 2012

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT Key LBS located in the coastal area are presented on Figure 18.

Figure 18. Key LBS in the UA coastal area (both municipal and industrial)

The lists of pollutants are given in Table 12.

Table 12. List of pollutants from municipal and industrial LBS in UA

Pollutants from Municipal discharges Pollutants from Industry discharges

BOD-5 mgO2/l BOD-5, mgO2/l COD, mg/l COD, mg/l Nitrate,mgN/l Nitrate,mgN/l Nitrite,mgN/l Nitrite,mgN/l Ammonia, mg N/l Ammonia, mg N/l Phosphate, mg/l Phosphate, mg/l TSS, mg/l TSS, mg/l Iron, mg/l Iron, mg/l Total zinc, mg/l Total zinc, mg/l Copper, mg/l Copper, mg/l Synthetic surface-active agents, mg/l Synthetic surface-active agents, mg/l Petrolleum hydrocarbons,mg/l Petroleum Hydrocarbons, mg/l Phosphorus, total mgP/l Phosphorus, total mgP/l Methanol, mg/l Arsenic, mg/l Carbomides, mg/l Manganese, mg/l

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

Solid Wastes: The assessed amount of solid wastes accumulated in Ukraine reached 14910104,7 thousand tons as per 2012.

Figure 19. Solid wastes generated in Ukraine, thousand tons (re-drawn from the UA LBS Report to the BSC, 2012)

Data on wastes are presented in Figure 20.

10000000 1000000 100000 Odessa Oblast 10000 Mykolaiv Oblast

1000 Kherson Oblast tonnes tonnes AR Crimea 100 10

Wastes,1-3 classes hazard, of 1 2009 2010 2011 2012 годы

Figure 20. Industrial wastes in the Black sea UA Oblasts, tons

Air pollution (Note: The management of air pollution is not specifically considered in the report, the figures are given to get a general idea on the atmospheric pollution)

Ukraine is a Party to the UN Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol and traces atmospheric pollution.

Table 13. Emissions of some pollutants and carbon dioxide (in thousand tons) into the atmosphere in 2011 (Ukraine)

Stationary Mobile pollution Parameter pollution % of 2010 % of 2010 sources sources Emissions of pollutants (total) 4374.6 105.9 2505.7

Metal and metal containing compounds 32.6 98.5 Arsenium and arsenium containing substances 0.056 108.7 Lead and lead containing substances 0.152 95.2

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Stationary Mobile pollution Parameter pollution % of 2010 % of 2010 sources sources Particulate matter 606.6 107.9 NO2 – 300.0 102.3 Nitrogen containing substances 381.8 110.9 N2O – 2.143 99.5 Dioxide and other sculpture containing substances 1342.5 110.4 30.28 104.7 Carbon oxide 1066.1 100.2 1842.1 97.6 Ozone 0.014 105.1 Non-methane volatile organic substances 65.2 98.8 285.6 97.4 Formaldehyde 0.28 109.4 Methane 878.2 103.9 8.0 97.9 Stable organic pollutants 0.266 59.9 Fluorine and fluorine containing substances 0.29 72.2 Cyanides 0.27 106.3 Freons 0.08 74.7 Benz(a)perene 0.174 106.3 Black carbon 34.3 106. Ammonia 0.02 94.7 1 Emissions from automobiles, railways, aviation, water transport and industrial equipment.

Data on emissions are presented in the Figures below.

Figure 21. Greenhouse gases emissions in Ukraine in the period 2008-2011/2012 (re-drawn from the UA LBS Report to the BSC, 2012)

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200

180

160

140

120 Odessa Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast 100 Kherson Oblast 80 AR Crimea

60 Emissions, thousand tonnes 40

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 years

Figure 22. Total emissions in UA

Figure 23. Emissions – stationary pollution sources in UA

160

140

120

100 Odessa Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast 80 Kherson Oblast AR Crimea

60 Emissions, thousand tonnes tonnes thousand Emissions, 40

0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 years

Figure 24. Emissions – mobile pollution sources in UA

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IV. Programmes and projects related to LBS management (national and international)

BULGARIA

1. Project "Development of an information system for the permissions and monitoring for water management" - under the Bulgarian-Norwegian cooperation program. In 2011 this national information system has been tested and approved. It includes modules for Permits, Control, Administrative part and GIS. Deadline in April 2012 – completed project.

2. Submitted project proposal “Reconstruction and modernization of WWTP Golden sands” under OPE 2007-2013 (Operational Programme Environment - average % of EU Financing - 80% and National co - financing - 20%). Status: in progress The project was signed on 21.12.2011 Term: 2015 March, Financed by OPE (lv): 48 069 312 lv including National funding: 9 613 862 lv.

Project Description: Reconstruction and extension of the WWTP, including supporting infrastructure as: deep discharge, taking power and water supply, road, landscaping and more

3. Project “Reconstruction and modernization of WWTP Varna”First stage was completed in 2011, under ISPA (Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession) for 12 million Euros. (Financed by 75% of European funds and 25% national co).The second stage for reconstruction and modernization of WWTP Varna is "Reconstruction and modernization of wastewater treatment plants in Varna - the second stage and the construction of sewage pumping station" Akaciite "Varna" Source of funding: OPE start date: 31.05.2012 end date: 30.6.2015 Final size Financed by OPE (lv): 38 698 051 BGN Including National funding: 7 739 610 BGN

Project Description: 1. Reconstruction and modernisation of WWTP Varna second stage. 2. Construction of the sewage pumping station "Akaciite" and pipeline (1,257 m)

4. "Building a third clarifier and deep discharge of WWTP Balchik on the Black Sea and the extension of the sewerage system of the town of Balchik." Status: in progress Start date: 01.02.2012 end date: 01.01.2014 Final size Financed by OPE (lev):18 884 558 BGN Including national funding: 3 776 912 BGN

Project Description: Construction of sewer collector with a length of 1652 meters with the aim of displacement of the point of discharge of the WWTP Balchik pipe at a distance of one nautical mile offshore; Reconstruction of the supporting infrastructure of the WWTP: breakwater surrounding the plant; Build on a third precipitator for wastewater WWTP Balchik for nutrient removal from wastewater in agglomerations above 10 000 p.e discharging into the Black Sea

5. Project “Integrated project of water-cycle of Sozopol - First stage” Status: in progress Start date: 06.08.2012 end date: 06.08.2015 Final size Financed by OPE (lv): 72 798 980including national funding: 14 559 796

7. WWTP Asparuhovo – completed project for collecting of waste waters from WWTP Asparuhovo and their transportation by pumping stations and collector to WWTP Varna for treatment, deadline of the project under ISPA was 2010.

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Bulgaria has deleted this hot spot from the Bulgarian annual report to the BSC due to cessation of the discharge of waste water into the Black Sea.

8. Sewage “Sarafovo”quarter, Burgas city – during 2010 a project was completed (total value of 2 474 200 Leva) for collecting the waste waters of the sewer “Sarafovo” and their transportation by pumping stations and collector to the WWTP Pomorie for treatment.

As mentioned above, Bulgaria has deleted this hot spot from the Bulgarian annual report to the BSC due to cessation of the discharge of wastewater into the Black Sea.

9. Prior consultations without pre-feasibility study for Sewage Ahtopol.

10. Sozopol WWTP – completed project in 2015.

11. ISPA Measure 005/BG/16/P/PE/003 Integrated water project for Burgas implemented according a Trilateral Agreement between Ministry of Regional Development, Burgas Municipality and ViK ltd. Lot 4 Reconstruction of the main WWTP of Burgas. 12. ISPAEUROPEAID/123191/D/WKS/BG Burgas- Meden Rudnik Waste water collection and treatment in Bulgaria – project implemented in association between The Ministry of Environment and Burgas Municipality Aim: Construction of wastewater treatment plant.

Programs

“National Program for the implementation of the Directive 91/271/EEC for treatment of wastewater from settlements - 2003-2014” Status: ongoing

Depending on the size of agglomerations and the sensitivity of the receiving waters, there were certain requirements which needed to be met, such as: . Construction of collecting systems for urban waste water and biological treatment for all agglomerations above 2000 p.e; . Ensuring more stringent treatment (in addition to biological treatment should be ensured removal of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to acceptable concentrations) on the waste water for all agglomerations with more than 10 000 P.E. discharging into sensitive areas in the catchment of a sensitive area.

ISPA Programme (Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession)

According to the ISPA Annual Report for 2012 the contracted funds were 1.253 billion Euro and the paid funds were 1,399 billion Euro.

ISPA has completed projects for the sector "Water" for 2011 on BSBDs territory, as follows:

 Integrated project to improve water cycle Varna  Integrated project to improve water cycle Balchik

GEORGIA

1. Program of Research - Laboratory of Poti: “Program of Sanitary-chemical and sanitary- bacteriological researches of drinking water, recreational and sewage waters”. Since 2007 the program is carried out annually with different intensity due to the very small budget. Goals of the project are to ensure for public health.

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT 2. The projects of the National Environmental Agency (Note: All mentioned projects are international with EC funding):

 EPIRB - Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project (http://blacksea- riverbasins.net/en/)  EMBLAS - Improving Environmental Monitoring in the Black Sea (www.emblasproject.org)  CoCoNET - Towards COast to COast NETworks of marine protected areas (from the shore to the high and deep sea), coupled with sea-based wind energy potential (http://www.coconet-fp7.eu/)

3. Projects of the NGO “Chaobi ”:

 Small-grant project: “The future of worlds unique Ramsar site Ispani 2 is in biodiversity conservation, habitat rehabilitation and eco tourism infrastructure development” www.ramsar.org one year duration 01.12.2012-30.01.2013, habitat rehabilitation, trainings, ecotourism infrastructure development.

 International project: IUCN freshwater species Assessment , three month 01.12.2012-28.02.2013 global assessment of 14 freshwater plant species

4. Project of the Agrarian University: “Microbial water quality and microbial diversity of the Georgian coastal zone of the Black Sea”. Internal grant funding from the Agrarian University of Georgia

Development of Environmental Monitoring and Management Systems in Georgia (DEMMS). This project is funded by the Government of Finland. The project aimed to strengthen environmental monitoring and environmental management systems in Georgia. Among the important outputs of the project is: study and evaluation of the current monitoring systems in Georgia; development of a framework of the strategy and action plan for water monitoring, specification of goals, purposes and objectives of the monitoring system; renovation of seven hydro-meteorological stations located in the western part of Georgia along the River Rioni and its tributaries; installing automatic water level meters with GSM data transfer on seven hydrological stations; carrying out environmental monitoring training. First phase of the project was implemented in the period: October 2007-December 2008. Second phase of the project started in 2012 and will be finished in 2014. Western EECCA Water Governance: This EU TACIS project covered six European Neighbourhood Policy countries: Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. The assistance provided to Georgia under this project had two main objectives: (1) to support development of water quality standards and a classification system for water bodies based on those standards, and (2) to support development of a system for setting emission limit values for individual facilities that takes account of the water quality objectives for the receiving waters. This project started in April 2008 and end in March 2010. In December 2009, the MEPNR formally requested the Water Governance project to assist with follow-up activities to try to complete work begun under the ECBSea project on the Water Law. Introduction of Water Protection Zones in Georgia (2010-2012).The project is funded by the German Federal Environment Ministry. Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Germany, · Project partners in Georgia: National Centre for Disease Control & Public Health (NCDCPH), Georgian Environmental and Biological Monitoring Association (GEBMA) Support by: WHO Regional Office for Europe (WHO Europe) and WHO Country Office in Georgia. The overall goal of the project is to assess the current situation with respect to the design and implementation of water protection zones, the drinking-water quality from small-scale water supplies at the point of consumption, and its impacts on the health of the population in the Dusheti and Marneuli districts. A two-phase Municipal Services Development Project (total of $70 million from the Asian Development Fund), currently under implementation, supports the efforts of the authorities to rehabilitate municipal infrastructure, including roads and water supply and sanitation systems across the country. The first two phases encompass a complex package of more than 100 subprojects and was expected to be completed in 2013. Integrated Water Management for Georgia: major GEF-funded project carried out under the auspices of the UNDP, its implementation started in 2012. It is focused on preparation of a national integrated water management plan for Georgia – in essence, a series of river basin management plans corresponding to the river basin management systems that will be designated within Georgia.

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

ROMANIA

NATIONAL PROJECTS In Romania, in the period 2007-2013 there have been approved 43 projects in the water sector through the Sectorial Operational Programme Priority Axis 1 Extension and modernization of water and wastewater systems, with an eligible amount of 4,226,184,550 Euros.

An important project funded is "Technical Assistance for Project Preparation, Priority Axis 5 - Implementation of appropriate structure of natural risk prevention in the areas most exposed to risk - Key Area of Intervention 2 - Reduction of coastal erosion" in which the Master Plan on protection and rehabilitation of the Romanian coastal area (field studies, hydraulic modelling, coastal area diagnosis, the master plan for the coastal area) was developed.

By promoting investment in improving the quality and access to wastewater infrastructure, financed by the Sectorial Operational Programme for Environment, RO plans to provide sewerage and treatment services in most urban areas of the country by 2015 and to establish effective regional structures for the management of wastewater. The total budget for 2007- 2013 allocated to this axis was of 3.27 billion Euros, of which 2.78 billion Euros are European funds (Cohesion Fund). By prospective investments resulted through the implementation of major projects, the aim is to achieve an estimated number of 170 new or rehabilitated wastewater treatment plants and an increase in the volume of properly treated wastewater from 35% to 60% of the total.

"Working to strengthen the sea walls in Constanta county" that took place in the period 2011-2013, Coordinating Officer: Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Beneficiary: Water Basin Administration Dobrogea Litoral

“The modernization of qualitative water system in waterways by implementing automated plants for water quality determination”, beneficiary - Administration of the Naval Channels

Main objective of the project: reducing of the environment impact due to the use of transit boats on inland waterways, according to European regulations regarding waste waters evacuations into water environment

The project consists of:

. Location, at priority sites, of 12 automated measuring equipment for water chemical and physical parameters; . Data acquisition system purchase; . Data base and alarm system creation; . Acquisition of a mobile measurement equipment in order to cover the emergencies in waterways regarding accidental pollution.

Priorities and strategic projects financed by the Structural and Cohesion Funds in the programming period 2007- 2013

. Rehabilitation and extension of water and wastewater systems in Tulcea County - Cities: Tulcea, Sulina, Macin, Isaccea, beneficiary SC AQUASERV S.A.Tulcea, 2008-2013 . Rehabilitation and modernization of water supply and sewerage for the Constanta region and Ialomita, beneficiary SC RAJA SA Constanta, 2010-2015 . Rehabilitation of wastewater treatment plant Eforie South, beneficiary SC RAJA SA Constanta, 2011-2015

Projects objectives:

• Providing water and sewerage services at affordable prices; • Provide adequate water quality in all agglomerations; • Improving the quality of water courses; • Improving of management of sludge from wastewater treatment plants; • Creating innovative and effective structures of water management.

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS IN ROMANIA

The project "Danube WATER integrated management" developed by the Cross-border Romania-Bulgaria program 2007- 2013, Priority Axis 2 "Sustainable use and protection of natural resources and the environment and promoting an efficient risk management in the border region" falls into the category of strategic projects both for the implementation of the Danube Strategy and for development of Programme for Cross-border Romania-Bulgaria cooperation in the field of environment protection. The project includes 13 partners, 8 of Romania and 5 from Bulgaria, one of the 8 being “Romanian Waters” National Administration. The project budget is 13,751,025.58 EUR.

The project goal was to increase the capacity of cross-border control and cooperation Romania - Bulgaria in terms of monitoring of environmental factors quality on the Danube and grounding joint response to emergencies (droughts, floods, pollution, and contamination).

FP7 project Towards A Clean, Litter-Free European Marine Environment Through Scientific Evidence, Innovative Tools And Good Governance – CLEANSEA, http://www.cleansea-project.eu/ In the project participate 17 research institutes from European countries, including the National Institute for Marine Research and Development "Grigore Antipa", Romania. Project coordinator is VU University Amsterdam (VUA) / Institute for Environmental Studies, Netherlands. Project duration: 1 January 2013 - 1 January 2016 Objectives: The main objective of the project is to manage and assess the potential impact of waste on the marine and coastal environment. The main activities are:

. Monitoring of marine litter; . Identify sources of pollution; . Impact assessment on the biota and aquatic organisms; . Develop technical solutions to reduce waste pollution of the marine and coastal environment.

Project No. 07.020400/2012/616044/SUB/D2 MSFD Guiding Improvements in the Black Sea Integrated Monitoring System - MISIS, www.misisproject.eu (finalised in 2014)

Project EU-FP7 PERSEUS Policy oriented environmental research in the southern European Seas - PERSEUS, www.perseus-net.eu Grant agreement no: 287600;

EU – FP7 Project Options for Delivering Ecosystem-based Marine Management – ODEMM Contract no. 244273

Note: Information on MISIS, PERSEUS and ODEMM is provided further below, as these projects are common for most of the countries in the BS region.

Baltic2Black Environmental Monitoring of the Black Sea for nutrients (BSC Project) The Baltic2Black was a tree-years project funded by EC DG Env., which main objective is to promote measures to facilitate delivery of Black Sea Commission integrated regional monitoring and assessment products, with focus on nutrient pollution and eutrophication, through transfer of related existing best practices from other regions, in particular the Baltic Sea. The project was implemented jointly by the Black Sea Commission (BSC) and Helsinki Commission (HELCOM).

Eutrophication/nutrient-enrichment is recognized as one of the major threats to the marine environment of the Black Sea in the Strategic Action Plan (SAP) for the Rehabilitation and Protection of the Black Sea. The monitoring of nutrients is important part of the regional environmental monitoring, which is carried out in framework of the Black Sea Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme (BSIMAP), implemented by the Black Sea Commission since 2001.

The project included the following activities:  Development of the online version of the Regional Database on Pollution

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 Assessment of eutrophication parameters and analysis of status of data collection/reporting/use  Elaboration of the Black Sea reference and target concentration levels of eutrophication parameters  Elaboration of a regional methodology on identification of water quality classes for eutrophication  Enhanced use of satellite observations for monitoring of eutrophication  Feasibility on usage of automated systems for monitoring of eutrophication parameters in Black Sea region  Initial stages of setting up a modelling tool, linking background pollutants triggering eutrophication in the Black Sea with requirements, set by the Black Sea Commission, for reducing input of nutrients, including riverine loads  Transfer of best practices from HELCOM to BSC on eutrophication monitoring and assessments  Organising of a series of seminars and workshops for knowledge transfer

TURKEY

National Projects

1. Determination and Classification of the Quality Levels of the Seas and Coastal Waters Project (DeKoS) (2011-2013) DEKOS Project has been supported by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (General Directorate of Environmental Management) and coordinated by TUBITAK MRC. DEKOS Project covers all the seas and the coasts of Turkey - Black Sea, Marmara Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and the Aegean Sea. The aim of the DEKOS Project was to develop classification schemes for all TR coastal and transitional waters in accordance with the WFD, development of chemical pollution and ecological status maps, and thus the identification of good environmental status for the TR seas with the determination of discharge criteria, and the determination of related environmental targets in accordance with the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).

2. Project on Control of Dangerous Substances (TMKK) (2011-2013) TMKK Project has been supported by the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs and coordinated by the Environmental Solutions Research & Development Company. The main goal of the Project (in inland waters) was to provide the means for the determination of Environmental Quality Standards, which should be adhered to in order to prevent dangerous substances pollution caused by human activities. In view of preventing pollution by hazardous substances of all receiving water environments, detection of hazardous materials in urban and industrial waste waters, development of an industry based hazardous material inventory, determination of Environmental Quality Standards and Discharge Standards, and the development of a web based Hazardous Material Information System were the most important targets of the project. The monitoring studies were conducted within the Ergene, Susurluk and Konya Basins.

A sector-based inventory of industries is prepared in result of the conducted investigations. Moreover, Environmental Quality Standards were determined while studying the surface water sources in detail and considering the current status of water environments; and consequently, the discharge standards of the industries and domestic waste water processing facilities were specified.

3. Detection of Hazardous Materials in Turkey’s Coastal and Transitional Waters and Ecological Coastal Dynamics Project (KIYITEMA) (2012-2014) KIYITEMA Project has been supported by the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs and coordinated by TUBITAK MRC. Regarding the EU harmonization process of Turkey, the pollution caused by discharge of specific pollutants to coastal/transitional waters should be detected and necessary measures should be taken in order to achieve good water quality. The purpose of this project is the selection of probable specific pollutants discharged directly into the coastal/transitional waters in the course of urban/industrial activities, and the determination of environmental quality standards (EQSs) and corresponding emission limit values (ELVs). In this project, methodology for the selection of specific pollutants that are of possible concern to the aquatic environment throughout the country was developed using BAPs. The chemicals were ranked by three different risk-based prioritization processes in terms of candidate specific pollutants in coastal/transitional waters. Observations were carried out in 4 pilot regions (İskenderun Bay, İzmir Bay, Samsun Port, and İzmit Bay) in both coastal/transitional waters and wastewaters of pilot urban/industrial facilities in Turkey within 2-

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month intervals during a year; thereby, the initially identified List of potential specific pollutants may be revised according to the new monitoring data. Then, EQSs and corresponding ELVs will be determined for each specific pollutant (coordinator G. Avaz).

4. Determination of Bathing Water Zone Profiles and Wastewater Management in Tourism Project (YÜTAY) (2012-2014) YÜTAY Project has been supported by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (General Directorate of Environmental Management) and coordinated by TUBITAK MRC. The aim of the project is to determine the bathing water profiles with the purpose of understanding and management of the risks in the marine and coastal waters used for swimming purposes, and to generalize waste water reclamation applications in the touristic establishments along with the implementation of a methodology model regarding the elimination of waste waters at their sources in accordance with the “Bathing Water Quality Regulation”. This regulation came into effect after being announced in Official Gazette No: 26048, dated 01/09/2006, and rendered compatible with the 76/160/EEC “Bathing Water Quality” EU Directive. 5. Urban Wastewater Management Along Coastal Areas of Turkey (SINHA) (2008-2011) - completed SINHA Project was supported by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (General Directorate of Environmental Management) and coordinated by TUBITAK MRC.The Ministry has initiated the project in compliance with the relevant national legislation/policy and taking into consideration the requirements of the Barcelona and Bucharest Conventions. The SINHA Project was one of the few integrated projects where land-based pollution sources and the effects of these sources on the receiving environment were handled together. The Project contained subjects such as concept, strategy, and methodology development, economical applicability, preventing eutrophication risk in the Hot Spots and Sensitive Areas, sustainable utilization of water resources, researches for the most suitable alternatives on urban waste water processing management for touristic establishments and settlements. It is believed that the project provided benefits with its outputs for the national economy and social well-being by proposing lower budget and sustainable processing alternatives and supporting sectors such as tourism, agriculture, and fishing. The Project was completed at the end of 2011 (coordinator G. Avaz).  The hot spots along the Black Sea, Aegean Sea, Marmara Sea and Mediterranean Sea coast were revised and advised to Ministry as an outcome of the projects;  Definition of sensitive and less sensitive areas according to the TR Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation was published in 2009 regarding the outcomes of the projects;  Existing and planned wastewater treatment systems for coastal settlements were evaluated and investment plans were prepared.

6. Basin Conservation Action Plans (HKEP) (2009-2013) “The Preparation of Basin Conservation Action Plans” studies are supported by the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs and coordinated by TUBITAK MRC. Purpose of the study is managing the water sources on a basin scale in TR. Initially, 25 hydrological basins were identified considering their water quality, pollutant sources, protected areas, and drinking water resources.

A long-term conservation plan, taking into consideration the principles of the EU Water Framework Directive, was developed. Furthermore, the project prepared the basis for “Preparation of River Basins Management Plans” and the “Classification of Marine and Coastal Areas.” 7. Determination of Water Quality Targets and Sensitive Areas in Terms of Basins in Turkey (HHAP) (2012-in progress) HHAP Project has been supported by the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs and coordinated by TUBITAK MRC. Aim of the Project is determination of the sensitive areas within the context of the national “Urban Waste Water Processing Regulation” which was prepared taking into consideration the EU Urban Waste Water Directive (a sub directive of the Water Framework Directive). The project also identifies the nitrate sensitive areas in TR and introduces water quality targets for the

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT aforementioned areas within the context of the national “Conservation of Waters Against Pollution of Agricultural Origin Regulation” which was prepared taking into consideration the EU Nitrate Directive as a basis.

8. Development of National Action Plan (2001-2005) - completed This project was supported by UNEP and GEF, and coordinated by TUBITAK MRC.

The Protocol Concerning the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against the Land-Based Pollutants came into force in 1983 as an annex to the Barcelona Convention and the parties to this Convention have undertaken the obligation to develop all necessary measures to reduce and prevent the pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by the rivers, discharges at the coasts and tackle other land-based pollution originating within their own territories. The Strategic Action Programme (SAP) designed to encourage and provide support for the formulation, approval and implementation of the relevant national plans and aiming at becoming a long-term program with a scientific basis towards the targets to be achieved on the national and regional levels and the activities to be implemented, was adopted during the Tenth Ordinary Meeting of the Barcelona Convention (held in Tunis in 1997). The preparatory works for the TR National Action Plan for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution from land-based sources and activities within the framework of The Regional Strategic Action Programme were coordinated by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment. In this project, NAP for Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coastal areas of Turkey against pollution from land- based sources was developed by TUBITAK MRC under the coordination of the Environmental Ministry. The stages in the overall project consist of projects for the Aegean, Mediterranean, Black Sea, Marmara river basins and Straits.

“Land-based Sources Pollution National Action Plan” covering Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coastal areas of Turkey was developed by the year 2005, as well (coordinator G. Avaz).

9. National Baseline Budget for LBS of Turkey (2003 & 2008) To prepare the “National Action Plan for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution from land-based sources and activities” in a sound manner, the necessity to determine the baseline budget under the provisions of the regional Strategic Action Program and the LBS protocol (to the Barcelona Convention) was recognised in TR. The project was financed by GEF and implemented by TUBITAK MRC. Beneficiary of the Project was the United Nations Environment Programme (Mediterranean Action Plan Coordination Unit) (coordinator G. Avaz).

International Projects of TR

1. Science and Policy Integration for Coastal System Assessment (SPICOSA) (2007-2011). SPICOSA aimed to develop and test a self-evolving, holistic research approach for the assessment of policy options for the sustainable management of Coastal Zone (CZ) systems. It is thus of high relevance to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and other related European policies.

The methodological product of the project is called the Systems Approach Framework (SAF). It is based on an adaptation of the Systems Approach that incorporates the ecological, social and economic dimensions of the coastal zones together with emerging concepts on system complexity. The SAF is designed to be readily updateable, to provide an accumulative knowledge base for wider and more complex applications, and to contribute to a growing understanding of the options and actions necessary for the transition to sustainable development.

2. EU Twinning Project on Water Quality Monitoring (2011-2013) The overall objective of the project was capacity building and training of the Turkish water authorities. The national monitoring programme and six river basins monitoring plans were elaborated by civil servants of Turkey in cooperation with experts from the Netherlands, France, Spain and other EU member states.

In Component 1 of the project, legal and institutional analysis of the monitoring situation in Turkey was prepared. It resulted in a detailed legal gap analysis including options for adjusting the monitoring situation to the EU requirements and a draft national programme for the implementation of the EU requirements of water quality monitoring. Component 2 aimed at capacity building and training. In this component water bodies were identified, pressures and impacts were analyzed, and

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT objectives for water bodies were set. Draft monitoring plans for six Turkish river basins were drafted. These were the basins of Konya, Akarçay, Meriç-Ergene, Susurluk, Sakarya and Büyük Menderes. In Component 3 the monitoring plans for the five river basins were further detailed and guidelines for chemical, biological and hydro-morphological monitoring were prepared.

3. EU Integrated Environmental Approximation Strategy (UÇES) (2007-2023) (MoEUP) EU Integrated Environmental Approximation Strategy (UÇES) contains the information pertaining to the technical and institutional infrastructure, and the environmental improvements that are required to be performed as well as the mandatory arrangements which are necessary to establish complete harmonization for compliance with EU Environmental Acquis Communautaire and the effective implementation of the legislation which are the two pre-conditions for Turkey to join European Community. While preparing UÇES, outputs from the “National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan” prepared previously and “Integrated Harmonization Strategy Project” implemented with EU resources and “Environmental Heavy Cost Investment Planning Project” were taken into consideration.

UÇES document was prepared under the coordination of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry with the participation of many relevant organizations.

4. Clean Air Action Plan (2010-2013) (MoEUP) In the scope of this action plan, all the existing data and inventory were collected and projections were provided. The current air quality, fuel usages, air pollution sourced by traffic etc., were determined all over Turkey.

UKRAINE

LBS management is performed through implementation of national and regional programs.

National programmes

1. State Programme of Protection and Rehabilitation of the Environment of the Azov and Black Seas (Law of Ukraine Nr 2333-III, date: 22.03.2001).

Duration: 2001-2010. Objective: to develop state policy, strategy and action plan for the prevention of anthropogenic pressure increase and support development of ecologically-friendly activities in the Azov-Black Seas region, creation of conditions, favorable for living and recreation of population.

Funding: 885.1 million UAH.

According to analytical data32 the actual financing was poor (about 55% from the planned) – see the Table below.

Table 14. Planned and actual financing of the UA State Programme of Protection and Rehabilitation of the Environment of the Azov and Black Seas (exchange rate in 2014: 1USD = 9.5 UAH)

Type of actions/projects Total: Stage 1: Stage 2: 2001 – 2010, 2001 – 2005, 2006 – 2010, UAH, millions UAH, millions UAH, millions Total costs, planned 885,1 304,5 580,6 actual 497,445 140,6 356,845 implemented % 56,20 46,17 61,46 Capital-intensive projects (construction of new WWTPs, reconstruction of existing WWTPs, etc.) planned 656,7 196,1 460,6

32 Data are provided by the Ukrainian Scientific and Research Institute of Ecological Problems, Kharkiv.

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT Type of actions/projects Total: Stage 1: Stage 2: 2001 – 2010, 2001 – 2005, 2006 – 2010, UAH, millions UAH, millions UAH, millions actual 202,903 91,9 111,003 implemented % 30,9 46,8 24,1 Coast protection projects planned 180,0 75,0 105,0 actual 189,869 37,8 152,069 implemented % 105,46 54,4 144,83 Research projects, planned 47,5 32,5 15,0 actual 42,797 10,9 31,897 implemented % 90,1 33,5 212,65

The programme was finished in 2010. Unfortunately new programme is still not developed and approved.

2. The National (State) Program Aimed at Protection of Population and Territories From Extraordinary Situations of Technogenic and Natural Origins, 2013-2017 was adopted by the Law of Ukraine “About the National (State) Program aimed at protection of population and territories from extraordinary situations of Technogenic and Natural Origins, 2013-1027” on 07.06.2012 № 4909-VI, entered into force on 01.01.2013.

Duration: 2013-2017

Funding Source UAH, millions (exchange rate in 2012: 1USD = 9.5 UAH) State Budget 10 356,04 Local Budgets 611,764 Other sources 1 283,5 Total 12 251,304

The overall objective of the National (State) Program Aimed at Protection of Population and Territories from Extraordinary Situations of Technogenic and Natural Origins, 2013-2017 is a steady reduction of the risks of extraordinary situations of the technogenic and natural origins, increase of population safety and protection of territories from consequences of such situation.

The Program will address along other engineering protection measures from extraordinary situation including Black and Azov Seas coast protection from abrasion and landslides, clean up and rehabilitation, control of safety of hydraulic structures on the watercourses of Ukraine, improvement of the state hydrometeorological observations and basic network of observation for environmental pollution, improvement of early warning and crisis information and analytical system.

3. The National (State) Program Aimed at Development of Water Resources Sector and Environmental Rehabilitation of the River Dnipro till 2021 was approved by the Law of Ukraine from 24.05.2012 № 4836-VI “About approval of National (State) Program Aimed at Development of Water Resources Sector and Environmental Rehabilitation of the River Dnipro till 2021” and entered into force on January 1, 2013.

Duration: 2013-2021

Funding Source UAH, millions (exchange rate in 2014: 1USD = 9.5 UAH) State Budget 21029,03 Local Budgets 9294,23 Other sources 16155,2 Total 46478,46

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT The overall objective: establish priorities in the state water policy to satisfy the population needs and needs of the national economic sectors in water resources.

Investments are foreseen to increase the efficiency of state water resources management (protection, replenishment, etc.), ensuring harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with best international practices. Measures: further development of the state monitoring of water resources, introduction of water saving technologies, improvement of water supply and waste water treatment systems33, introduction of river basin management, improvement of land amelioration, prevention and mitigation of the harmful impacts of waters, etc.

4. The National (State) Program for the Development of Mineral and Raw Resources of Ukraine till 2030 was approved by the Law of Ukraine from 21.04.2011 № 3268-VI “On Approval of the National (State) Program for the Development of Mineral and Raw Resources of Ukraine till 2030”.

Duration: 2011-2030

Detailed information on financing is presented in Table 15 below.

Table 15. Budget and funding sources for the National (State) Program for the Development of Mineral and Raw Resources of Ukraine till 2030

Funding Source UAH, millions (exchange rate in 2014: 1USD = 9.5 UAH) State Budget 26119.1 Local Budgets - Other sources 162934.86 Total 189053.99

The overall objective of the Program addresses the needs of the national economy in mineral resources of the national origin. Reduction of dependence of Ukraine on imported mineral resources and increase of export potential of Ukraine by the exploration of natural resources of high demand in the world. The overall objective of the Program is fully consistent with European principle of the sustainable development – satisfaction of needs in mineral resources without compromising the needs of future generations in mineral resources.

Ukraine as a maritime state in its exclusive economic zone intends to carry out geological mapping of the Black and Azov Sea beds (continental shelf, at medium 1:200000 and small 1:50000 scales) aiming inter alia at assistance to all types of marine research and environmental protection. The following works are provisioned in the Black and Azov Seas: geological medium scale surveys at the whole shelf, large scale surveys in the coastal areas and selected areas, search of construction resources, rare metals, deposits of hydrocarbons, etc.

5. Programme aiming at implementation of the national investment priorities in the framework of the National priority «NEW LIFE QUALITY». A number of investments will be financed through the national projects based on the public private partnership, including “Quality drinking waters” (according to Decree of the President of Ukraine dated 08/09/2010 № 895)

Duration: 6 years

Objective: program for quality water supply for population – construction of 23 000 group and local systems of drinking water treatment and bottling aiming at the achieving European drinking water quality. The project has synergetic effect, stimulates innovative processes under the conditions of development of new water treatment and additional treatment systems.

33 E.g. referring to the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, formulating targets such as: build a tertiary treatment and reduce nutrients by 50%.

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT Funding: provisioned 4 billion UAH (exchange rate in 2014: 1USD = 9.5 UAH).

6. Programme aiming at implementation of the national investment priorities in the framework of National priority «NEW LIFE QUALITY» a number of investments will be financed through the national projects based on the public private partnership, including “Clean City” (according to Decree of the President of Ukraine dated 08/09/2010 № 895)

Duration: 6 years

Objective: program for creation of the waste management sector in Ukraine – 10 new modern for waste processing and introduction of innovative technologies for waste management.

Funding: provisioned 30-40 million euro via the private/public partnership mechanism.

7. State Environmental Programme on the Development of Crimea (“Environmentally Sound Crimea”), 2011- 2015 was approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers Nr 539, date: 25.05.2011. It includes measures aimed at introduction of modern technologies and reduction of pollution substances discharges.

Duration: 2011-2015.

Objective of the programme is solution of most urgent environmental and social-economic problems, introduction of integrated management system in the domain of resource use, rehabilitation and improvement of the environmental state of Crimea through introduction and implementation of new techniques, norms and sustainable management of natural resources.

The total planned funding is 677,531 mln UAH ((exchange rate in 2014: 1USD = 9.5 UAH). The detailed information on the financial aspects is given in Table 16.

Table 16. UA Program “Environmentally Sound Crimea”: budget and sources of financing

Funding source Amount, Years UAH, millions 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 State budget 142.755 17.365 24.41 32.79 33.65 34.54 AR Crimea budget 36.07 11.56 7.965 7.945 4.07 4.53 Sevastopol City budget 29.222 6.032 6.44 5.46 5.47 5.82 Other sources 469.484 256.826 133.816 39.773 27.938 11.131 TOTAL 677.531 291.783 172.631 85.968 71.128 56.021

The implementation of this program will lead to the following: . Volumes of emissions form mobile pollution sources will be equal or lower than those in 2009; . Increase of solid municipal waste going to utilisation on 15 %, compared with 2009; . Total detoxication of obsolete pesticides and chemicals; . Increase - forest areas (on 12 %) and protected areas (up to 10 % of the total area of Crimea) compared with 2009; . Reduction of anthropogenic pressure on recreational areas; . Balanced use, protection and rehabilitation of hydro-mineral resources of Crimea.

8. State Programme on the establishment of the state environmental network for the period 2000-2015 (Law of Ukraine Nr1989-III, date: 21.09.2000).

Duration: 2010-2015.

Objective: to enlarge areas with natural landscapes.

The programme is implemented in two stages: 2000-2005 and 2006-2015.

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Funding: 43.610 mln UAH (see details in Table 17 below).

Table 17. Budget of the UA State Program on the establishment of the state environmental network for the period 2000-2015

Funding Source UAH, millions (exchange rate in 2014: 1USD = 9.5 UAH) State Budget 22.670 Environmental Funds 11.740 Grants from international funds/programs 9.200 Total 43.610

9. Programme on termination of manufacture and use of ozone-depleting substances, 2004-2030 (Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers Nr 256, date: 04.03.2004).

Duration: 2004-2030.

Objective: to create and develop legal, economic, organizational and technical frameworks for termination of manufacture of ozone-depleting substances. This programme was developed and is being implemented with harmonization of the UA legislation and practices with European acquis. The programme foresees step-by-step termination/reduction of use of: CFCs – 100 % up to 2014 Halons – 55 % (up to 2015), 80 % (up to 2020), 100 % (up to 2030) HCFCs – 35 % (up to 2004), 60 % (up to 2010), 90 % (up to 99.5), 100 % (up to 2030)

Funding: 3,952 mln UAH.

Regional (oblast) programmes

There are several regional (oblast) programmes approved by resolution of oblast councils/administrations:

. Programme for sustainable socio-economic development of Sevastopol City till 2015 (Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 1017, date: 27.07.2006) includes projects on reconstruction and construction of WWTPs, reconstruction of sewerage networks. . Programme on toxic waste management in Odessa Oblast, 2008-2015 (Decision of Odessa Oblast Council Nr660-V, date: 14.11.2008). . Programme on protection of environment and sustainable use of natural resources and provision of environmental safety, Odessa Oblast, 2009-2013 (Decision of Odessa Oblast Council Nr917-V, date: 11.09.2009) includes measures and actions aimed at sustainable use of natural resources, enlargement of protected areas, etc. . Programme on development of environmental network in Odessa Oblast, 2005-2015 (Decision of Odessa Oblast Council Nr917-V, date: 11.09.2009) – the scheme of the regional environmental network was developed and approved, list of protected animals, flora and natural areas was compiled, GIS for protected areas was developed, primary cadastre documentations were prepared for 49 protected sited. . Programme for environment protection and sustainable nature management, Mikolaiv Oblast, 2011- 2015 (Decision of Mykolaiv Oblast Council Nr3, date: 24.06.2011); . Programme on environmental monitoring, Kherson Oblast, 2010-2015 (Decision of Kherson Oblast Council Nr1376, date: 06.08.2010); . Programme for stabilization of the state of environment and increase the level of social-economic development in Kherson Oblast (“Ecology-2015”) (Decision of Kherson Oblast Council Nr158, date: 20.04.2011).

Also there are several projects implemented with the support of international programs/funds.

1. UNDP – GEF Dnipro Basin Environmental Program, 2nd Phase: Implementation of the Dnipro Basin Strategic Action Plan for Reduction of Persistent Toxics Pollution

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Duration: 2009-2012

Objective. The objective of the project is to begin implementation of the ministerially approved SAP via governance reforms and demonstration projects aimed at reducing transboundary persistent toxic substances by small/medium size industries discharging through municipal waste systems in the Dnipro basin.

Information on funds for the implementation of the 2-nd stage is presented below in Table 18.

Table 18. Funds for the UNDP – GEF Dnipro Basin Environmental Program, 2nd Phase

Funding Source USD, millions (exchange rate 2012 1USD = 8 UAH) GEF 2035000

2. Law of Ukraine “About ratification of Financial Agreement between the Government of Ukraine and European Investment Bank (Development of Water supply and Water Treatment System in the city of Mykolaiv) and Letter about changes to the Financial Agreement Between the Government of Ukraine and European Investment Bank (Development of Water supply and Water Treatment System in the city of Mykolaiv)

Details on funding are presented in Table 19 below.

Table 19. Budget for the Development of Water supply and Water Treatment System in the city of Mykolaiv

Funds Euro, millions Borrower Funds 15,14 - 12,14 Bank credit 15,54 EC Grant in the framework of Fund of Investments in Water 0,4 - 3,4 Sector as well as other sources Total 31,08

International Projects in the BS region The most relevant projects in the past which have taken place in the Black Sea region are enlisted below:

DABLAS (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/dablas/index_en.htm) The project provided a platform for cooperation between International Funding Institutions, donors and beneficiaries to support and leverage investment projects for the protection of water and water-related ecosystems of the Danube and Black Sea.

The Danube Black Sea Task Force (DABLAS) was set up in 2001. The DABLAS Task Force comprised representatives of the countries in the region, the ICPDR Secretariat, the Black Sea Commission, International Financing Institutions (IFIs), the EC, interested EU Member States, other bilateral donors and other regional/international institutions. Also the civil society was involved in the various tasks carried out by the DABLAS Task Force. Its overall goal was to develop financing mechanisms for the implementation of investment projects for pollution reduction and the rehabilitation of ecosystems in the wider Black Sea region.

Under the leadership of the DABLAS TASK Force a first project was imitated to prioritize water sector investment projects addressing nutrient reduction. 113 out of a total of 158 potential municipal sector projects were evaluated in terms of their

environmental impacts, impacts on the Black Sea, potential financing, technological efficiency and compliance. Total financing of more than EUR 2,500 million was required for the implementation of the 113 projects.

In 2004, a DABLAS project assisted the ICPDR in evaluating the accomplishments realised in 11 countries in the Danube River Basin, in terms of policies, legislation, regulations, and investment projects, which have been implemented in line with

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT the ICPDR Joint Action Programme and taking into account EU water related directives, in particular the EU Water Framework Directive.

The compiled information provided a clear picture of the results achieved by the individual Danube countries, the policy and legal reforms under preparation, the gaps to be filled and the investment projects, which need further technical and financial support. The results may also be used as a baseline for evaluating subsequent progress at the national and regional levels.

The ICPDR-DABLAS database was revised in 2005 to include municipal, industrial, agro-industrial, wetland restoration, and agricultural & land use projects. A total of 354 investment projects were assessed in 11 countries in the Danube River Basin (BA, BG, RS, CZ, HR, HU, MD, RO, SI, SK, UA), and an additional 41 projects were identified in Austria (21) and Germany (20). Municipal sector projects (191) account for more than 50% of the total number of investment projects. There were 77 industrial and 32 agro-industrial projects; combined, these two point-source sectors represent 30% of the total. Wetlands and Land Use sector have 40 and 14 projects, respectively. Estimated investment costs for the 354 projects totalled 3822 million EUR.

Additionally DABLAS dealt with selected Hot Spots in the Black Sea region. In the period 2004-2007 6 investment projects for Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey were finalised, 38 were in the pipeline.

The DABLAS List of priority facilities in the wastewater treatment sector is different from the BSC HotSpots List.

The database was developed as an interactive tool to be used for evaluating remaining needs for investments and policy measures on a regional, national, and sector basis. The ICPDR DABLAS database was linked with the ICPDR Emission inventories database (Note: the database is online, however, it is password- protected).

Topics of relevance to the HotBlackSea Project:

. DABLAS LBS Database . DABLAS methodology on prioritization of HotSpots

EBRD, WB projects

Table 20. World Bank (WB) and European Bank for Regional Develoment (EBRD) projects in the Black Sea region

Project Name Country Date of Approval

Municipal Infrastructure Development Bulgaria Not approved

Environmental Remediation Pilot Project Bulgaria 12 May 1998

Environmental & Privatization Support Adjustment Bulgaria 24 January 2000 Loan Wetland Restoration and Pollution Reduction Bulgaria 13 June 2002

Lake Pomorie Conservation, Restoration and Bulgaria 17 February 2005 Sustainable Management BULGARIA OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES Bulgaria 9 November 1995 PHASEOUT PROJECT Energy Efficiency GEF Project Bulgaria 22 March 2005

Municipal Development & Decentralization 2 Project Georgia 1 August 2002

Municipal Infrastructure Rehabilitation Project Georgia 8 November 1994

Regional & Municipal Infrastructure Development Georgia N/A Project Integrated Coastal Zone Management Georgia 17 December 1998

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Project Name Country Date of Approval

Protected Areas Development Georgia 24 May 2001

Agricultural Research, Extension and Training GEF Georgia 11 May 2001 Project Hazard Risk Mitigation & Emergency Preparedness Romania 20 May 2004 GEF Project Danube Delta Biodiversity GEF Project Romania 26 August 1994

Biodiversity Conservation Management Project Romania 27 May 1999

Agricultural Pollution Control GEF Project Romania 13 December 2001

GEF Romania Integrated Nutrient Pollution Control Romania 30 October 2007 Project Energy Efficiency GEF Project Romania 19 September 2002

Municipal Services Project Romania 13 July 2006

Mine Closure, Environment & Socio-Economic Romania 16 December 2004 Regeneration Project Biodiversity Conservation Project Russian Federation 30 May 1996

Rostov Nutrient Discharge & Methane Reduction Russian Federation Dropped GEF Project ENERGY Efficiency Russian Federation 2 May 1995

Krasnodar Agricultural Nutrient Reduction GEF Russian Federation Dropped Project Geothermal Energy Development Program Russian Federation Dropped (GeoFund): 2nd tranche Greenhouse Gas Reduction in Natural Gas Global Russian Federation 19 December 1995 Environmental Facility Ozone-Depleting Substance Consumption Phase- Russian Federation 29 December 2006 Out GEF Project Environmental Liabilities Russian Federation Dropped

Environmental Management Project Russian Federation 8 November 1994

Municipal Water & Wastewater Project Russian Federation 21 December 2000

Municipal Heating Project Russian Federation 27 March 2001

Hydrometeorological System Modernization Russian Federation 17 March 2005

Emergency Oil spill recovery and Mitigation Russian Federation 25 April 1995

Biodiversity & Natural Resource Management GEF Turkey 13 June 2000 Project Anatolia Watershed Rehabilitation GEF Project Turkey 1 June 2004 (Black Sea) * TURKEY IN-SITU GENE CONSERVATION Turkey 11 March 1993 PROJECT Istanbul Municipal Infrastructure Project Turkey 28 June 2007

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Project Name Country Date of Approval

Municipal Services Project Turkey 23 June 2005

Renewable Energy Turkey 25 March 2004

Baku-Seyhan oil export pipeline technical assistance Turkey 12 September 1996

BLACK SEA UMBRELLA/CRIMEA COASTAL ZONE Ukraine Dropped MANAGEMENT Ozone Depleting Substances Phase-Out GEF Ukraine 23 June 1998 Project UKRAINE METHYL BROMIDE PHASE-OUT Ukraine Dropped

Danube Delta Biodiversity GEF Project Ukraine 19 July 1994

Municipal Development Ukraine Dropped

Development policy loan 5 July 2005

Azov Black Sea Corridor Biodiversity Conservation Ukraine Dropped GEF Project

Ongoing projects, which the HotBlackSea project cooperates with are:

EPIRB (http://blacksea-riverbasins.net)

The EPIRB project is an EU funded project. It targets the improvement of water quality in the trans-boundary river basins of the wider Black Sea region and Belarus.

The specific objectives of EPIRB are:  to improve availability and quality of data on the ecological, chemical, and hydro-morphological status of transboundary river basins including groundwater,  to develop River Basin Management Plans for selected river basins/sub-river basins according to the requirements of the WFD.

Topics of relevance to the HotBlackSea Project: . River monitoring . River-basin management plans

MISIS (www.misisproject.eu) Environmental monitoring of the Black Sea Basin and a common European framework programme for the development of the Black Sea region.

The overall goal was to support efforts to protect and restore the environmental quality and sustainability of the Black Sea:

. To improve availability and quality of chemical and biological data to provide integrated assessments of the Black Sea state of the environment, including pressures and impacts (in line with Annex I and III of the MSFD) ;

. To increase number and size of protected areas in the Black Sea, as well as to increase their degree of protection; . To enhance stakeholders participation and public awareness on environmental issues.

The project contributed also:

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT . To improve regional cooperation and agreements implementation for the protection of the Black Sea, in particular, the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution (the Bucharest Convention), focusing on the alignment of partner countries' policies and strategies sensu MSFD and WFD; . To develop national integrated monitoring programs in line with the MSFD and WFD.

The project could be considered as an integral part of the overall on-going process of harmonization of policies of EU and non-EU Member States in the Black Sea region. Also, being supported by the respective Ministries of Environment of the beneficiary countries (Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey), this project directly assisted the step-wise implementation of the MSFD in Bulgaria and Romania.

For improving the national monitoring systems and data management in Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey, the project endeavoured to catalyse the revision of the regional Black Sea Integrated Monitoring Program (BSIMAP), and to improve the regional Black Sea Information System (BSIS). In parallel, the project was focusing on the improvement of the institutional framework of the Black Sea environmental monitoring, especially by a more efficient use of the available equipment/infrastructures in the Black Sea region and data sharing.

Through innovation and exchange of good practices, MISIS conducted a joint cruise in the Black Sea with an improved data management and reporting in line with the obligations stemming from the WFD and MSFD. The project facilitated the harmonization process in identification, designation and management of MPAs in the Black Sea region.

The project worked toward a common understanding of good environmental status and contributed to the development of Black Sea environmental targets through a harmonised approach.

Topics of relevance to the HotBlackSea Project:

 Integrated monitoring programme  Information System – data sharing  Interpretation of GES descriptors  Harmonization of environmental targets

PERSEUS (www.perseus-fp7.eu) Policy-oriented marine Environmental Research for the Southern European Seas (PERSEUS) is a research project that assesses the dual impact of human activity and natural pressures on the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The project aims to implement the principles and objectives put forward in the MSFD and promote them across the SES with emphasis on non EU areas and to design an effective and innovative research governance framework, which will provide the basis for policymakers to work towards the achievement of GES by 2020 and turn back the tide on marine life degradation. The overall scientific objectives of PERSEUS are to identify the interacting patterns of natural and human-derived pressures on the Mediterranean and Black Seas, assess their impact on marine ecosystems and, using the objectives and principles of the MSFD as a vehicle, to design an effective and innovative research governance framework based on sound scientific knowledge. The new knowledge will advance the understanding on the selection and application of the appropriate descriptors and indicators of the MSFD. New tools will be developed in order to evaluate the current environmental status, by way of combining monitoring and modelling capabilities and existing observational systems will be upgraded and extended. In view of reaching Good Environmental Status (GES), a scenario-based framework of adaptive policies and management schemes will be developed. Scenarios of a suitable time frame and spatial scope will be used to explore interactions between projected anthropogenic and natural pressures. Finally, the project aims to promote the principles and objectives outlined in the MSFD across the SES. Leading research Institutes and SMEs from EU Member States, Associated States. Associated Candidate countries, non-EU Mediterranean and Black Sea countries, will join forces in a coordinated manner, in order to address common environmental pressures, and ultimately, take action in the challenge of achieving GES.

One of the project’s work-packages is strictly referred to the increasing of the SES (Southern European Seas) capacity for ecosystem state assessment, definition of Good Environmental Status, monitoring and management based on the 11 MSFD descriptors, and to provide decision makers with a scientific basis needed in order to set common environmental targets for the SES ecosystems.

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Western Black Sea is one of the four case study selected on basis on data availability, sensitivity to anthropogenic and natural pressures in order to analyse the elements of assessment (criteria and methodology).

The major aim of this WP is the identification of the MSFD assessment elements in the case study areas (among them Western Black Sea). The information related to the MSFD assessment element, submitted by the EU Member States in 2012 and 2013, is compiled, and this process allows reviewing the way of assessment. The knowledge and gaps have been identified. On the other hand the assessment methodologies have been identified and discussed. This includes the treatment of the underlying data and the aggregation of data at different levels of organisations. The data aggregation methodologies have been analysed a within indicators, b) within descriptors, and c) among descriptors (i.e. overall assessment).

The analysis of assessment elements will reveal how quantitatively measured characteristics, i.e. monitoring data, are being transformed into assessments according to COM-DEC-2010/477/EU on criteria and methodologies for assessment of environmental status in European marine waters.

54 partners: Leading research Institutes and SMEs from EU Member States, Associated States, Associated Candidate countries, non-EU Mediterranean and Black Sea countries, join forces in a coordinated manner, in order to address common environmental pressures, and ultimately, take action in the challenge of achieving GES.

Topics of relevance to the HotBlackSea Project:  Knowledge and gaps identified following MSFD reporting assessment  Assessment methodologies discussed, underlying data and aggregation of data  Common environmental target setting  Case studies in the Black Sea  Pressures/impacts analysis

ODEMM (http://www.liv.ac.uk/odemm) To develop a set of full-cost ecosystem management options that would deliver the objectives of MSFD and Habitats Directive.

• To produce scientifically-based operational procedures, which allow a step by step transition from the current fragmented system to fully integrated management and implementation of Ecosystem Approach at regional level.

Topics of relevance to the HotBlackSea Project:

. Good practices – measures

Partners: 16

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V. Needs in harmonization and other needs at the national and regional level (including between EU and Non-EU-member states in the Black Sea region)

BULGARIA

A. National level

The needs in harmonization in BG, according to stakeholders opinion, are basically related to the monitoring and assessments, which should be the basis for the knowledge-based decision making and adaptive management.

. Methods for data collection and data analysis for all parameters included in the Monitoring program; . Harmonised QA / QC for self-monitoring; . Development of indicator-based assessments; . Setting of environmental targets; . Methodology for minimum admissible water flow in rivers; . Methodology for calculation of loads; . Agreed standards for waste water discharges (the List in Reg N6 does not include standards for many priority and specific substances, as well as for some of the basic parameters).

B. Regional level

. Methodology for identification of Hot Spots; . Harmonised Hot Spots data management; . Regionally agreed frequencies of point sources of pollution observations; . Regionally agreed approach to identification of environmental targets; . Regionally agreed standards for waste water discharges, especially for those from various industrial sources; . Regionally agreed indicator-based reporting to trace the efficiency of LBS management.

GEORGIA

A. National level

The needs in harmonization in GE, according to the stakeholders opinion, are basically related to the monitoring and assessments, which should be the basis for the knowledge-based decision making and adaptive management.

Georgian stakeholders consider that Georgian legislation should be substantially improved:

 Adoption of legislative/policy documents hanging for years in draft (e.g. the draft law – Environmental Code);

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 New Water Law is needed to introduce the principles of the integrated river-basin management of water bodies, also new monitoring programmes have to be prepared in the line with the WFD requirements (draft Law is already prepared);

 Changes in legislation on wastewater and solid waste management;

 Harmonization of GE legislation/policy in the field of environment protection with relevant EU acquis.

Stakeholders consider that the LBS management improvements require:

a. Modern equipment for the organizations which are or will be responsible for monitoring, and introduction of modern methods with related capacity building; b. Development of national BS integrated monitoring plan; c. Database development; d. Increase in state funding for monitoring activities; e. Involvement of non-governmental organizations in monitoring activities.

National Environmental Agency (Fisheries and the Black Sea Monitoring Center): a. Creation of a unified methodology for monitoring and assessments; b. Organization of training courses for professionals; c. Better collaboration between institutions*; *Stakeholders underline the importance of cooperation between different institutions - government, research institutes, universities, NGO-s, etc. in terms of LBS management – to improve the knowledge-base (monitoring, data exchange) and strengthen control. Organization of seminars, workshops, trainings with participants representing different institutions as well as local community is essential in building such a cooperation.

C. Regional level

Regarding the LBS monitoring and Management of the Black Sea coastal zone, the Laboratory of Environment Pollution Monitoring and the Fisheries and Black Sea Monitoring Centre (Batumi) suggest:

a. Develop the GE national BS plan of monitoring observing harmonization with the rest of the BS countries; b. Ensure financial and technical support for the Laboratory of Environment Pollution Monitoring and the Fisheries and Black Sea Monitoring Centre (Batumi) to participate in BSIMAP observing its requirements; c. Make sure BS transboundary environment problems are attended through proper joint monitoring and management.

Recommendations of the Georgian Stakeholders were given on:

 Development and implementation of infrastructural projects to reduce the flow of pollutants to the BS;

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 Regular monitoring of waste waters discharges and transparency of data/information;  Study of priority pollutants (including radionuclides) in the coastal zone versus the discharges entering the BS;  Common indicator-based assesments;  Common data base for the Black Sea, including biological component.

ROMANIA According to the questionnaires completed by the stakeholders there was no opinion expressed on Needs in Harmonization at the national and regional level.

Funding of monitoring activity is ensured regularly, however, there are delays and the funding is often insufficient. This leads to gaps in the monitoring program implementation in terms of frequency per year.

A. National level

. Strengthening cooperation between the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Ministry of National Education and Dobrogea Litoral Basin Administration to avoid overlaps; . Increasing public awareness on environmental issues; . Development of joint data bases (water and air).

B. Regional level . Harmonization of laws and regulations; . Methodology for identification of Hot Spots; . Harmonised Hot Spots data management.

TURKEY

A. National level

Turkey is divided into 25 river basins of which 18 basins have coastlines. TR is neither rich in freshwater resources nor is the richest country in the region in this respect. Turkey is situated in a semi-arid region, and has only about one fifth of the water available per capita in water-rich regions such as North America and Western Europe34. Another point is that Turkey’s fresh water is not always available to meet present and future needs. Certain regions of Turkey, such as the Black Sea region, have ample but unusable freshwater, while some of the more heavily populated and industrialized regions, such as the Marmara and the Aegean regions, lack sufficient fresh water. TR may face serious problems of water scarcity in the very new future.

National legislation/policy in LBS management is available, however, its implementation is an issue. Too complicated institutional framework is in place - Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Culture and Tourism are responsible for LBSs, however, there is no national strategy of water management where responsibilities of all would be clearly identified. However, the establishment of the General Directorate of Water Management on July 4, 2011 under the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs (mandated to determine policies and strategies for the protection, utilization, improvement and development of water resources) can be the beginning of a new era in the TR water management. Undoubtedly, TR needs significant amounts of water to meet the needs of its growing population and to continue its economic development in a sustainable manner.

34 Water rich countries are those which have yearly about 10.000 cubic meters of water per capita while Turkey has about 1.500 cubic meters per capita (yearly).

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Water resources management in Turkey is centrally planned. At national level, the objective of the Five-Year Development Plans’ (FYDP) is to ensure the optimum distribution of all kinds of resources among various sectors of the economy. The latest, 9th plan covers the period of 2007–2013 with the major goal related to environmental protection and public infrastructure development. This plan underlines the fact that rapid urbanization and industrialization process is a pressure on the sustainable use of water resources; and although progress has been made, uncertainty with regard to institutional plurality and fragmentation across sectors remains. This issue is a major challenge on the way to substantial reforms in the field of water resources management. Therefore, better cooperation and coordination is needed between institutions. Water management is gradually improving towards a sustainable development policy by internalizing the concepts of water demand management in the municipal, industrial and agricultural sectors.

Beginning with the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) harmonization process, Turkey’s water management policy has entered into a transformative reappraisal. Operating at multiple levels and institutions with novelty, WFD fundamentally challenged some long-lasting practices in the TR water management. After the establishment of the General Directorate of Water Management in July, 2011 under the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, many studies have been undertaken towards reaching sustainable ecosystem-based (integrated) water quality management. For the latter riverbasins plans were developed in compliance with EU Acqui and national legislation requirements. Nevertheless, there are still gaps and more scientific studies are demanded to knowledge-base the necessary administrative and legal reforms. Among others, advancements in monitoring and modelling based on monitoring data are important as they are the basis of the ‘informed’ management cycle. Thus, in TR there is a need in:

. Developing and application of Effective Monitoring Strategy matching the requirements of WFD and MSFD; . Harmonization and capacity building in QA/QC of monitoring; . Development of indicator-based assessments (common methodology); . Providing more participation of NGO’s to the ongoing projects and taking into account their opinion in decision-making; . Increase public awareness on LBS issues.

B. Regional level

. Methodology for identification of Hot Spots; . Harmonised Hot Spots data management; . Harmonised investment planning approach; . Effective joint projects and financial support to enhance harmonization activities.

UKRAINE

A. National level . Development of the unified methodology for LBS assessment and ranking; . Harmonisation of standards for surface and marine water quality control; . Further develop the methodological basis of the LBS permits regime, including harmonization with EU legislation/policy;

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. Provide funds for technical modernisation of all hydro-chemical laboratories and related capacity building; . Foresee technical cooperation of all units of the State Emergencies Service of Ukraine at the regional level (meant sub-national level).

VI. Conclusions and recommendations

The EC Directives outline a simple scheme to follow in the management of aquatic environments and of their pressures:

. Identify water bodies and classify their status to know the baseline; . Undertake pressure-impact analysis, outline water bodies at risk, . Develop environmental quality objectives/targets; . Outline programmes of measures to tackle pressures and reach environmental quality objectives; . Develop optimised monitoring strategy to trace the impact of measures.

Having in mind that the Black Sea suffers mostly under environmental problems which are transboundary in nature, clearly a single country in the region cannot achieve improvements of its coastal waters tackling only its own sources of sea degradation. To streamline the efforts, harmonization is needed at all levels specified above. In this relation, the BS countries need to have a common understanding on the following issues:

. What is a water body; . How to assess the status of water bodies; . How pressures/impact analysis to be carried out? . What is a water body at risk? . How to establish environmental quality objectives/targets? . How to build a programme of measures? . What should be the monitoring to trace progress (compliance monitoring)? . What standards for pollutants in waste water discharges to be used? . Etc.

Specifically for the case of HotSpots, there are still no BS regional agreement on their procedure of identification and prioritization. Hens, the BS states apply legislation/policy in the field of LBS, which are not harmonised, and the HSs in the BS regional List do not really impose the largest threat to the BS environment, as he most important sources of pollution are not included in this List. As mentioned already, the DABLAS List of priority sources of pollution differed from the BSC List. The national Lists include many more municipal and industrial sources of pollution, which need to be checked for their loads

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Most serious gap in all is that ‘Hot Spot” is not properly understood in the beneficiary countries. The non-compliance is based on standards, which say about the permissible levels (concentrations) of pollutants in waste waters (Note: meanwhile, the waste waters are not checked for many priority and specific pollutants). However, Hot Spot is not the source of pollution itself or not only. According to the LBSA Protocol 2009 (the one which is still not in force) to the Bucharest Convention, the Hot Spot is:

Therefore, the adverse impacts on the receiving environment should be well known, as well as the causative cumulative pressure. The pressure/impact analysis should be the basis for decision-making (programmes of measures). Neither fixed standards should be applied to individual sources, nor the permits should miss the effect of ‘accumulation and cumulating’ in the cases when several LBSs discharge into the same WB. In cases of environment deterioration, the standards should be immediately revised/adjusted to ensure decrease in the load of pollution until a WB reaches good environmental status and keeps it.

The harmonization of policies is crucial, and it does not matter which of the countries in the BS region belongs to EC. EC has not created something very new, but summoned the history and the best available practices in environmental protection. Harmonization with EC legal/policy documents means bringing those best practices into all countries of the BS region. Such harmonization would allow the BS countries to better comply with their numerous legal obligations stipulated under the long list of Conventions (UN, EC or regional level), which require the BS environment protection.

The gap analysis in LBS management as related to the Black Sea protection has shown the following major achievements and shortcomings at the national level:

BULGARIA

Environmental legislation was harmonized with the EU acquis, Programs/Strategies were developed for different sectors for the whole territory of the country, including the coastal region. There is a Black Sea river-basin management plan. The Water Act and national regulations are applied for the reduction of urban waste water discharges. WWTPs and sewer networks have been planned for each priority discharge point. Even though the treatment facilities are functioning well, the sewer systems are not yet satisfactory. An investment plan for 2003-2014 exists. The Black Sea Basin Directorate provides annual reports on the pressures/impacts along the Black Sea coast. Annual reports are also prepared for the WWTPs and untreated sewage. For the insufficiently treated sewage, the Ministry Council approved a National programme for priority construction of UWWTP for municipalities above 10 000 population equivalent. Monitoring-enforcement-compliance is implemented as required by the EC WFD.

In relation to the gaps identified the following suggestions/recommendations are proposed for consideration.

Suggestions/recommendations:

1. Update Regulation №1 and better specify the rules for waste water monitoring planning under the responsibility of BSBD and the responsibilities of NIMH based on preliminary identified information needs in support of environment protection; also specify who is responsible to prepare proposal of a method for inventory of the sources of priority substances; 2. Agree on a method for inventory of the sources of priority substances; 3. Agree on a method for evaluation of the quality and completeness of environmental status assessment;

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4. Elaborate normative procedures for: a. Environmental assessments and especially for pressure/impact analysis b. Setting of environmental targets c. Identification of ‘mixing zones’ and their monitoring/control;

5. Agree on methodology for determination of the minimum admissible water flow in rivers; 6. Agree on methodology for calculation of loads of point sources; 7. Improve the legislative base for setting the IEL (individual emission limits) for waste waters (e.g. Regulations № 2 and 6); 8. Promote best available techniques (prepare guidance); 9. Agree on procedure how relate the projected discharge values of each WWTP with ecological aims taking into account all the other pressures present in a particular WB and its natural peculiarities; 10. Develop economic incentives to improve LBS management;

Other recommendations are given further below under ‘Regional level’, as common gaps for all beneficiary countries have been found and they are also related to the needs in harmonization of environmental protection practices in the Black Sea region.

GEORGIA

National BS LBS-management Plans do not exist. The Medium Term Action Plan for 2007-2010 describes basic principles and main directions for the environment. BS issues were included in the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) in 2000. By 2008, the Ministry of Environment, supported by UNDP, started the elaboration of NEAP-2. However, site-specific, detailed plans for pollution reduction from priority point sources have not been yet elaborated. Georgia presented its priority investment projects to the DABLAS Task Force, but currently there are no specific plans for the rehabilitation of treatment facilities. WWTPs, which are actually collectors of sewage and do not provide proper treatment of wastewaters, are major sources of BS pollution. A dedicated report for LBS point sources is not prepared, however, the required information in the frames of BSIMAP is annually presented to the BSC Secretariat in the agreed format. There is no systematic monitoring of point sources in Georgia and the information on untreated sewage is incomplete. As enforcement tool “polluter pay principle” was stated in the GE Environment Protection Act. The present economic instruments are fees on use of natural resources, user charges for municipal services and penalties and fines for non-compliance. MAD (maximum allowable discharges) norms are the basic compliance criteria, however, this tool is not effectively implemented. The responsibility of providing urban municipal water and sanitation services belongs to the municipalities, however, at present, the deteriorated state of infrastructure requires investments for maintenance and rehabilitation of systems with the involvement of central governmental bodies.

The main gaps concerning Environmental Impact Permits are as follows. Since 2006 the system of permits of discharges has been canceled. Only few industrial activities are included in the list of activities which undergo impact assessments and are the object of sanctions in case of violations of standards. So, the system of control on LBS does not work properly.

Suggestions/recommendations:

1. Develop plans for pollution reduction from priority point sources based on pressures/impact analysis and concrete environmental targets; 2. Develop economic incentives;

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3. Improve the legislative/policy basis of LBS management;

4. Develop permits regime taking into consideration best available practices; 5. Develop self-monitoring (for industries); 6. Improve the standards for discharges of municipal and industrial waters;

ROMANIA

LBS-management national strategies and plans were developed including the reduction and control of pollution inputs as related to the Black Sea. Investment plans are under implementation. One major problem is the insufficient sewage network in RO. Lists of priority municipal investments projects and related funding sources are yearly updated. Emission inventories and overview reports on the updated list of “hot spots” are annually prepared (for EC and BSC). Regulations on discharges of urban waste water are available in the Water Law. The Lists of rules and standards are being annually further developed/nourished in line with the requirements of the acting EC legislation/policy in the country.

Licensing-monitoring-enforcement-compliance mechanism exists. First of all, any water use is subject to authorisation in the form of a water management permit and water management licence. Enforcement of legal tools is ensured at national, basin and local levels through compliance programs (for the environmental inspectors) and staged plans (for water inspectors). These approaches are used when the water management authorization is part of the environmental permitting. Negotiated compliance schedules or programs constitute an important new instrument for encouraging enterprises to undertake preventive pollution and compliance measures. Staged programs are useful for inspectors who inspect and assess the compliance of the legislation. There is a penalizing system and fines according to the Water Law. Currently no untreated waste water is directly discharged into the Black Sea.

Suggestions/recommendations: 1. Improve the cooperation between the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Ministry of National Education and Dobrogea Litoral Basin Administration to avoid overlaps; 2. Develop joint data bases (water and air); 3. Improve environmental targets; 4. Agree on methodology for pressures/impact assessments; 5. Increase public awareness on environmental issues;

TURKEY

National Action Plan (NAP) for all Turkish coastal area was prepared and approved by 2005 by the MoEF (currently Ministry of Environment and Urbanization) for the reduction of pollution from point sources. It includes baseline values of inputs/prioritization/sectorial and investment plans for the BS region. NAP for the rehabilitation and protection of the BS was also prepared which included solid waste and litter management in the coastal cities. Major landfill and incineration facilities are operating to reduce pollutant inputs to the Black Sea. Projects were and are being implemented, which conduct feasibility studies for WWTPs and recommend on cost-efficient construction of such facilities. Presently, wastewaters of all BS settlements are being discharged far from the coast into the deep sea after pre-treatment. The UWWTR (2006) provided a clear time frame for the completion of wastewater treatment plants in the period 2008-2011. In the EU Integrated Environmental Approximation Strategy (2006) investment needs were identified. A permit system for the municipal and industrial discharges was created in TR. National reports on the status of priority inputs and sites (hot spots) are being prepared. However, there are no reports on the discharges of untreated sewage. The most important legal instruments used for the regulation of discharges in TR are the Water Pollution Control Regulation and UWWT Regulation. Licensing- monitoring-enforcement-compliance mechanism exists within these regulations.

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Suggestions/recommendations:

1. Develop and implement Integrated Monitoring Programme matching the requirements of WFD and MSFD;

2. Develop methodology for indicator-based assessments; 3. Ensure better distribution of responsibilities among state authorities/organizations involved in LBS management; 4. Better utilise scientific results in decision-making; 5. Ensure further development of permits regime taking into consideration best practices (see Annex V);

UKRAINE

In UA there was a State Programs for the Protection and Rehabilitation of the Azov and Black Seas, it finished by 2010 without being fully implemented. The current Programs of ecological development replaced it to a certain extent. Priority sources of pollution in each administrative unit are taken into consideration in these programmes. Investment plans are also developed. Compliance with waste water discharge norms is considered and planned to be completely achieved upon availability of funding. Introduction of cleaner production cycles is also included in the Programmes, but this is not yet implemented in practice. One important problem in dealing with urban pollution sources is the inefficient management system of the municipal sector. So far little is achieved in the field as a result.

The system of regulatory tools for the point sources of pollution is fully developed in Ukraine and includes requirements similar to those applied in the WFD: from permits and payments for water use, pollution, etc. to criminal liability for violation of environmental legislation. The permits for discharges into marine waters were planned to be based on the corresponding criteria for marine waters quality, however, in reality the latter do not exist and fresh water criteria are used in Ukraine. Therefore, it is important in cooperation with all Black Sea coastal states to establish common criteria for the Black Sea water/environmental quality based on which the direct discharges into marine waters shall be defined as threshold levels.

The procedure for the calculation of environmental norms of marine water quality was developed by the Ukrainian Scientific Centre of Ecology of the Sea (Order of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine). However, the Cabinet of Ministers had not yet approved the procedure as the government did not consider it of being a priority. Also, the staff and structure of the legal department of the Ministry often change and there is no continuity in the process of UA environmental policy development. Annually UkrSCEC performs calculation and analysis of integrated parameters based on the developed procedure for water quality assessment; the results are presented to the Ministry and are used during development of the National Report on the State of Environment (inter alia of the BS). Nevertheless, the findings and recommendations are not used to improve decision-making in BS protection.

Suggestions/recommendations:

1. Develop standards for surface and marine water quality control; 2. Further develop the methodological basis of the permits regime, including harmonization with EU legislation/policy; 3. Provide funds for technical modernisation of all hydro-chemical laboratories and related capacity building; 4. Foresee technical cooperation of all units of the State Emergencies Service of Ukraine at the regional level (meant sub-national level);

Regional level

The project beneficiary countries address priority point sources of pollution. The countries have identified their hot spots

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and the estimated investment costs for the rehabilitation of some of them, however, only few specific action plans for BS LBSs were so far developed. Since common guidelines/methodology for the identification of hot spots have not been adopted in the BS (it is an ongoing activity), it is not always clear how the countries evaluate their hot spots and on which basis they report annually to the BSC. Besides, lack of criteria and guidelines prevents a proper regional assessment of LBSs and efficiency of measures to be made.

In general, it can be stated that national laws and regulations are in place to control discharges from point sources. Establishment of licensing-monitoring-enforcement-compliance mechanism has also been considered in national legislation or necessary improvements are underway. In some cases the lack of systematic information on compliance (compliance monitoring) causes an inefficient implementation of enforcement tools. Actual monitoring of discharges is not performed with common methodology and also data on all discharges are not transparently provided. Procedures to monitor point sources have not yet been harmonized in the BS region. There is also no regionally agreed methodology for calculation of loads.

Regional BS water quality objectives (WQOs), on the basis of uses of water, do not exist. National standards are used and in some cases they are stricter than those required by EC. EcoQOs are specified in the BS SAP2009, however, there are no regionally specified environmental targets.

The BS LBS Protocol (1992, to the Bucharest Convention) was revised taking into account the UNEP Global Programme of Action requirements and emerging challenges in the region. However, the revised Protocol is not yet in force and this seriously discounts the regional cooperation efficiency in the field of LBS management.

Regarding priority pollutants, a regional assessment has not yet been properly undertaken.

The permits regime is organised in a different way in the beneficiary countries. For instance, the comparison between the E-PRTR regulation of EC with the relevant permit regulations in TR (Annex V) has shown substantial differences. In GE and UA the permits regime differs even more, as the permits are based on a limited number of national standards for concentration of pollutants in discharges. Additionally, in GE the number of activities requiring permits is reduced to very few compared to EC requirements.

Achievements:  Countries developed and adopted different national programmes to protect environment, including rivers, coastal and marine waters;  Rehabilitation projects of some of the major LBSs are taking place or have been already implemented;  In Turkey, feasibility work was undertaken for almost all of the identified hot spots;  Investment plans are available, funds for some of them are secured in Bulgaria and Romania;  Compliance-enforcement mechanism is secured in almost all the countries by laws/regulations;  Some good examples in public-private partnership exist.

Gaps/bottlenecks:  Nearly 40% of the hot spots of 1996 have not yet been addressed within national plans (through national or international investments);  Periodical national (except in BG and RO35) and regional evaluations of hot spots are not properly performed;  Lack of common methodology to identify and prioritise hot spots36;  Lack of common standards for concentrations and loads of substances in waste waters;  Management systems in the municipal sector are still not properly organized in some of the BS States;  National economic instruments/incentives are not sufficiently developed or implemented37;  Systematic monitoring of land-based point sources is not efficiently performed in some countries;  Integrated monitoring of pressures/impacts is not in place in all countries;  Lack of common (Black Sea regional) methodology to monitor actual discharges and calculate loads;  A regional compliance mechanism has not been developed;

35 If in GE, TR and UA such evaluations are undertaken, they are not publicly available. In GE lack of data prevents proper evaluations. 36 The HBS Projectdeveloped such a Methodology, however, the way to its adoption in the BS region will be long and will take most probably years. 37 See the HBS Project Report on Economic Instruments in the BS countries.

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 National reporting on point discharges is basically poor (in the frames of all international agreements, including reporting of BG to EC).

Suggestions/recommendations:  Definition of hot spot should be agreed taking into account the draft revised LBSA Protocol38;  Other definitions should be agreed, such as ‘coastal water’, ‘water body’, ‘environmental target’, etc.;  The HBS Project Regional Methodology on HSs should be approved39 to ensure harmonious identification and ranking of HSs in the Black Sea region;  A regional compliance mechanism should be proposed (as a basis, a full and regular reporting system is required, grounding it on agreed compliance indicators, and a compliance committee could be established to treat the parties to the Bucharest Convention in agreed ways in case of non-compliance);  Monitoring methods and permits regimes should be harmonised;  Revision of the existing and introduction of new policy/legislation to improve LBS management (this is especially recommended for Georgia);  Attract sufficient investments in the municipal sector in order to expand, renovate, and/or modernize the wastewater treatment facilities and sewer systems;  Improve the operation, maintenance and training of personnel in the LBS sector;  Develop economic incentives and public-private partnership for environmentally sound investments;  Time frame for eliminating hot spots should be specified;  Apart from admissible concentrations of pollutants in discharges, maximum allowable loads should be considered;  Special attention should be paid to priority and specific pollutants (as set in EU legislation);  Cumulative effects should be investigated and taken into consideration to improve permits regimes;  The regional list of HSs should be revised using an agreed methodology for identification and prioritization of HSs40.

Urgent needs in harmonization of LBS management:

1. Environmental Quality Standards 2. Common understanding of good environmental status for the ambient environment 3. Loads and concentrations thresholds/standards (for rivers, municipal and industrial discharges) 4. Environmental targets (for receiving water bodies) 5. Priority and specific pollutants (definition first, then national and regional lists) 6. Water bodies identification 7. Water bodies at risk identification 8. Harmonization of assessments – DPSIRR, and specifically how to relate pressures/impacts 9. Permits regime (taking into consideration cumulative effects of pressures) 10. LBS data management41 11. Investment planning (taking into consideration the HSs Methodology, where ranking is provided to facilitate planning of investments)

38 However, for the purposes of management, the HotSpot should not be only the impacted area, but also the source/s of its degradation. In the end, we cannot directly manage the impacts observed in the Sea and on its coast, we can manage the sources. 39 Surely, this methodology could be further developed and improved, yet, currently it is already the best available practice in identification and ranking of hot spots. The HSs Methodology of the HBS Project took into consideration all existing methodologies in the field (other regional Conventions and projects, see: http://bs-hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/Hot%20Spots%20Methodology.pdf) 40 See the HBS Project Report on Updates of the HSs Lists, http://bs-hotspots.eu/Deliverables. This report gives recommendations on the revision of HSs Lists of the project beneficiary countries. 41 LBS Data management was advanced by the HBS Project. A special database was created, where various data products are also generated (not only LBS meta data and data are stored). See: http://bs- hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/HS%20DataBase%20Manual%20(ENG).pdf

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT Note: for LBS monitoring the relevant reports of the project contain recommendations (LBS Monitoring Report and Rivers Monitoring Report: respectively http://bs- hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/LBS%20Monitoring%20Final%20Draft.pdf and http://bs- hotspots.eu/Documents/Deliverables/Rivers%20Monitoring%20Report.pdf).

Reminders for all beneficiary countries

In environmental protection, setting the appropriate environmental aims/targets and terms for their achievement is a complicated task as it should be based upon the results of human pressure and impact analysis. The gaps in these preceding stages of WB management process, as well as a WB assessment done with insufficient data (as is often the case), do not allow one to have a good knowledge about the characteristics of the receiving environment (the WB) and to properly understand the causal chain pressure-status-impact. This lack of knowledge hampers the process. A good water management plan should include not only definitions for “good or high water body status” expressed as ecological quality ratio for all relevant biological quality elements or ecological quality standards for general, specific and priority substances, but also aims (limits) for maximum admissible human pressure upon the receiving water body. These admissible pressures are to be determined on the basis of robust knowledge about the carrying/assimilative capacity of the receiving WB in different seasons, and periods (a day, a month, a year), the relation of how much pressure results in how much worsening of the status, as mentioned already above. The permissible loads /pressures/ should correspond to at least good water status. As a result of this kind of environmental aims setting process, water managers could compare at any time the assessment of the load onto a certain WB with the maximum allowable load and to take where necessary measures for further regulation of the pressure. Determination of the permissible loads also allows for sharing of the total admissible pressure among the water users when issuing permits. An illustration of how setting the environmental targets would improve if this approach was applied, and what is the missing part at present, is given below:

Missing part

Compare Human pressure assessment Environmental aims for max. Environmental aims for WB permissible pressure (load) status

Measures: Revision of permits, issuing permits-share among all the users in order to avoid cumulative effects

The pressures/impact assessments should include the following stages:

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In risk analysis (of failing to meet environmental objectives) the following issues should be included:

. Evaluation of potential changes of the chemical and ecological status of a water body (in case of no measures); . Development of programme of measures; . Cost effectiveness and cost benefit analysis for the measures identified; . Application of exemptions.

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ANNEX I. The last officially updated hot spots list of BG/GE/RO/TR/UA submitted to BSC

Note: The information provided below is re-drawn from the national reports of the project beneficiary countries submitted in 2012-2013 to the Black Sea Commission.

MUNICIPAL SOURCES (LBS/HOT SPOTS)

Municipal Sources of Bulgaria identified as Hot Spots or candidates No Name of the Municipal Sources Reported 1 Balchik WWTP 2 Varna WWTP 3 Kavarna WWTP 4 Albena WWTP 5 Golden sands WWTP 6 Sunny day WWTP (eliminated) 7 Grand hotel Varna WWTP 8 Evksinograd WWTP 9 Elenite WWTP 10 Asparuhovo WWTP (eliminated) 11 Tsarevo domestic WWTP 12 Sozopol sewage (WWTP built in 2015) 13 Pomorie WWTP 14 Ravda - Sunny beach - Nessebar WWTP 15 Obzor-Byala WWTP 16 Meden Rudnik WWTP 17 Bourgas WWTP 18 Kiten - Primorsko WWTP 19 Chernomoretz sewage (eliminated) 20 Sinemoretz sewage 21 Shabla WWTP 22 Varvara sewage

Bulgaria reports to the Black Sea Commission ten sources of pollution as Hot Spots from the 22 above enlisted Municipal Sources. Asparuhovo domestic WWTP and Sarafovo quarter (Burgas city), being previously hot spots, have been recently deleted from the Bulgarian List due to cessation of their discharge of waste water into the Black Sea. The largest sources of pollution among all municipal sources is the Varna WWTP.

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Municipal Sources of Georgia identified as Hot Spots No Name of the Municipal Sources Reported 1 Kutaisi WWTP 2 Poti WWTP 3 Zugdidi WWTP 4 Batumi WWTP 5 Kobuleti

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No Name of the Municipal Sources Reported 6 Tskhalotobo – municipal (excluded in 2008)

Municipal Sources of Romania identified as Hot Spots No Name of the Municipal Sources Reported 1 Constanta Sud WWTP 2 Constanta Nord WWTP 3 Eforie Sud WWTP 4 Mangalia WWTP

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT Municipal Sources of Turkey identified as Hot Spots No Name of the Municipal Sources Reported 1 Trabzon (Pretreatment Plant) 2 Samsun WWTP 3 Zonguldak WWTP 4 Giresun (Marine Disposal) 5 Ordu (Marine Disposal) 6 Bafra WWTP 7 Ereğli (Marine Disposal)

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Municipal Sources of Ukraine identified as Hot Spots No Name of the Municipal Sources Reported Type of treatment 1 Pivdenni biological 2 Pivnichni biological 3 Balaklava mechanical 4 Yevpatoriya biological 5 Sevastopol biological 6 Yalta biological 7 Gurzuf biological 8 Port Yuzhni (industrial+municipial) mechanical 9 Illichevsk biological

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT INDUSTRIAL SOURCES (LBS/HOT SPOTS)

Industrial Sources of Bulgaria identified as Hot Spots No Name of the Industrial Sources Reported 1 Lukoil Neftochim Bourgas - oil terminal Rosenets – excluded 2 Port Varna- excluded 3 Port Bourgas - excluded 4 Solvey SODI AD 5 Lukoil Neftochim Bourgas - central treatment plan (refinery)

Industrial Sources of Georgia identified as Hot Spots No Name of the Industrial Sources Reported 1 Chiatura manganese 2 Zestafoni, metallurgy

Industrial Sources of Romania identified as Hot Spots No Name of the Industrial Sources Reported 1 Midia Petrochemical Plant 2 Constanta Port (terminal)

Industrial Sources of Turkey identified as Hot Spots No Name of the Industrial Sources Reported 1 Murgul ETI Copper 2 TOROS Agricultural Ind., Samsun 3 Samsun ETI Copper

Industrial Sources of Ukraine identified as Hot Spots No Name of the Industrial Sources Reported 1 Krasnoperekopsk, bromide

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ANNEX II. Basic parameters, priority substances, specific pollutants and hydromorphological elements in Bulgaria, according to the national legislation

Table 1. Basic physico – chemical indicators*

№ Category І № Category ІІ

1 pH 1 Total nitrogen 2 Temperature 2 Total phosphorus 3 Suspended solids 3 Calcium 4 Transparency (Secchi disk)** 4 Magnesium 5 Chlorophyll “A”** 5 Total hardness 6 Electrical conductivity 6 Total iron 7 Dissolved oxygen 7 Manganese 8 Oxygen saturation, % 8 Calcium – carbonate hardness

9 BOD5 9 Hydrogen sulphide*** 10 COD 10 Total organic carbon

11 Nitrogen ammonium N – NH4 11 Silicon***

12 Nitrogen nitrate N – NO3

13 Nitrogen nitrite N – NO2

14 Orthophosphates Р –РО4 15 Chlorides 16 Sulphates 17 NO3 18 Ammonium ion 19 Oxidization (K- Mn) 20 Nitrogen, Keldal 21 Total extracted substances * Frequency of monitoring – at 3 months; ** For lakes, reservoirs and coastal sea waters; *** Analyses will be made when necessary and according to the opinion of the Black Sea Basin Directorate.

Table 2. Priority substances* in Bulgaria

No CAS number EU number Name of priority substance

1 15972-60-8 240-110-8 Alachlor 2 120-12-7 204-371-1 Anthracene 3 1912-24-9 217-617-8 Atrazine 4 71-43-2 200-753-7 Benzene 5 n.a. n.a. Brominated diphenylethers 6 7440-43-9 231-152-8 Cadmium and its compounds

7 85535-84-8 287-476-5 C10 – 13 chloralkanes

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No CAS number EU number Name of priority substance

8 470-90-6 207-432-0 Chlorfenvinphos 9 2921-88-2 220-864-4 Chlorpyrifos 10 107-06-2 203-458-1 1,2-Dichloroethane 11 75-09-2 200-838-9 Dichloromethane 12 117-81-7 204-211-0 Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 13 330-54-1 206-354-4 Diuron 14 115-29-7 204-079-4 Endosulfan 959-98-8 n.a. alpha-endosulfan 15 206-44-0 205-912-4 Flouranthene 16 118-74-1 204-273-9 Hexachlorobenzene 17 87-68-3 201-765-5 Hexachlorobutadiene 18 608-73-1 210-158-9 Hexachlorocyclohexane 58-89-9 200-401-2 (gamma-isomer, lindane) 19 34123-59-6 251-835-4 Isoproturon 20 7439-92-1 231-100-4 Lead and its compounds 21 7439-97-6 231-106-7 Mercury and its compounds 22 91-20-3 202-049-5 Naphthalene 23 7440-02-0 231-111-4 Nickel and its compounds 24 25154-52-3 246-672-0 Nonylphenols 104-40-5 203-199-4 (4-(para)-nonylphenol) 25 1806-26-4 217-302-5 Octylphenols 140-66-9 n.a. (para-tert-octylphenol) 26 608-93-5 210-172-5 Pentachlorobenzene 27 87-86-5 201-778-6 Pentachlorophenol 28 n.a. n.a. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons 50-32-8 200-028-5 (Benzo(a)pyrene) 205-99-2 205-911-9 (Benzo(b)fluoroanthene)

191-24-2 205-883-8 (Benzo(g,h,i)perylene) 207-08-9 205-916-6 (Benzo(k)fluoroanthene) 206-44-0 205-912-4 (Fluoroanthene) 193-39-5 205-893-2 (Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene)

29 122-34-9 204-535-2 Simazine 30 688-73-3 211-704-4 Tributyltin compounds 36643-28-4 n.a. (Tributyltin-cation) 31 12002-48-1 234-413-4 Trichlorobenzenes 120-82-1 204-428-0 (1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene) 32 67-66-3 200-663-8 Trichloromethane (Chloroform) 33 1582-09-8 216-428-8 Trifluralin

* Frequency of monitoring – every month

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№ Organic substances № Heavy metals and metalloids № Other

І ІІ ІІІ 1 Phenoles 1 Zink 1 Surface active substances 2 Oil products 2 Copper 2 Cyanides 3 Aldrin 3 Chrome 6 valence 3 Sulphides 4 Dieldrin 4 Chrome 3 valence 4 Carbonates 5 Endrin 5 Arsenic 5 Bicarbonates 6 Isodrin 6 Selenium 6 Vegetable oils and fats 7 Carbontetrachloride 7 Silver 7 Fluorohydrogen 8 Tetrachloroethylene 8 Potassium 8 Lithium 9 Trichloroethylene 9 Sodium 9 Xylenes (p+m Xylene) 10 Polychlorinated biphenyls 10 Fluorides 10 Bisphenol A

(PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 105, PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB 153, PCB 156, PCB 180)

11 EOX (extractable) 11 Antimony 12 AOX (absorbable) 12 Magnesium 13 o,p - DDE 13 Aluminium 14 p,p- DDE 14 Vanadium 15 o,p - DDD 15 Cobalt 16 p,p - DDD + o,p DDT 16 Uranium (natural) 17 p,p - DDT 17 Radium 18 Prometon 18 Total β radioactivity

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№ Organic substances № Heavy metals and metalloids № Other

19 Prometryn 20 Propazine 21 Ametrin 22 Simetryn 23 Terbutryn 24 Dichlorodifluoromethane 25 Chloromethane 26 Bromomethane 27 Bromodichloromethane 28 1,4 - dichlorobenzene 29 1,2 - dichlorobenzene 30 Bromoform 31 Dichloromethane 32 Trans-1,2-dichloroethene 33 Tetrachloroethane 34 Ehtylene 35 O, m, p-xylene 36 Toluene 37 Benzoanthracene 38 Piren 39 Fenantren 40 Chrizen

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№ Organic substances № Heavy metals and metalloids № Other

41 Ethylbenzene 42 Stiren 43 Acetone

* Frequency of monitoring– at 3 months

Note: Frequencyof monitoring of separate indicators could be changed, depending on the data analysis for their quantity and temporal dynamics.

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Table4. Hydromorphological quality elements (Bulgaria)

№ Quality element Parameters Rivers Lakes Coastal waters

1 River continuity Continuity of river at 6 years

Quantity and dynamics of river monthly monthly flow Hydrological regime Connection with groundwater continuouslyat a monthly 2 bodies month

Water residence time monthly

River depth and change of the at 6 years width

Structure and substratum of river at 6 years bottom Morphological Structure of river zone at 6 years conditions 3 Variation of lake depth at 6 years

Quantity, structure and substratum of lake bottom at 6 years

Structure of lake shore at 6 years

Variation of depth at 6 years

Structure and substratum of at 6 years coastal bottom

Structure of tidal zone at 6 years

4 High / low tide regime Direction of prevailing currents one – year cycle

Opening to rough water one – year cycle

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ANNEX III. Basic parameters, priority substances, specific pollutants and hydromorphological elements in Romania, according to the national legislation

Table 1. Basic physico – chemical elements* (Romania)

№ Physico – chemical elements 1 Transparency Suspended matter, color, turbidity, Secchi disc 2 Thermal conditions Temperature 3 Oxygenation conditions Oxygen dissolved COD - Mn and / or COD-Cr, BOD5, in some cases TOC and COD 4 Salinity Salinity-conductivity 5 Acidification status alkaline pH 6 Nutrients Nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, Ntot, orthophosphate, Ptotal, chlorophyll "a", silicon 7 Nutrients (suspended solids) Total N, total P * Frequency of monitoring – at 3 months;

Table 2. Priority substances* (Romania)

No CAS number EU number Name of priority substance 1 15972-60-8 240-110-8 Alachlor 2 120-12-7 204-371-1 Anthracene 3 1912-24-9 217-617-8 Atrazine 4 71-43-2 200-753-7 Benzene 5 n.a. n.a. Brominated diphenylethers 6 7440-43-9 231-152-8 Cadmium and its compounds

7 85535-84-8 287-476-5 C10 – 13 chloralkanes 8 470-90-6 207-432-0 Chlorfenvinphos 9 2921-88-2 220-864-4 Chlorpyrifos 10 107-06-2 203-458-1 1,2-Dichloroethane 11 75-09-2 200-838-9 Dichloromethane 12 117-81-7 204-211-0 Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 13 330-54-1 206-354-4 Diuron 14 115-29-7 204-079-4 Endosulfan 959-98-8 n.a. alpha-endosulfan 15 206-44-0 205-912-4 Flouranthene 16 118-74-1 204-273-9 Hexachlorobenzene 17 87-68-3 201-765-5 Hexachlorobutadiene 18 608-73-1 210-158-9 Hexachlorocyclohexane 58-89-9 200-401-2 (gamma-isomer, lindane) 19 34123-59-6 251-835-4 Isoproturon 20 7439-92-1 231-100-4 Lead and its compounds 21 7439-97-6 231-106-7 Mercury and its compounds 22 91-20-3 202-049-5 Naphthalene

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No CAS number EU number Name of priority substance 23 7440-02-0 231-111-4 Nickel and its compounds 24 25154-52-3 246-672-0 Nonylphenols 104-40-5 203-199-4 (4-(para)-nonylphenol) 25 1806-26-4 217-302-5 Octylphenols 140-66-9 n.a. (para-tert-octylphenol) 26 608-93-5 210-172-5 Pentachlorobenzene 27 87-86-5 201-778-6 Pentachlorophenol 28 n.a. n.a. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons 50-32-8 200-028-5 (Benzo(a)pyrene) 205-99-2 205-911-9 (Benzo(b)fluoroanthene)

191-24-2 205-883-8 (Benzo(g,h,i)perylene) 207-08-9 205-916-6 (Benzo(k)fluoroanthene) 206-44-0 205-912-4 (Fluoroanthene) 193-39-5 205-893-2 (Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) 29 122-34-9 204-535-2 Simazine 30 688-73-3 211-704-4 Tributyltin compounds 36643-28-4 n.a. (Tributyltin-cation) 31 12002-48-1 234-413-4 Trichlorobenzenes 120-82-1 204-428-0 (1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene) 32 67-66-3 200-663-8 Trichloromethane (Chloroform) 33 1582-09-8 216-428-8 Trifluralin * Frequency of monitoring – every month

Table 3. Families and groups of substances of specific pollutants (Romania) No. Families and groups of substances of specific pollutants 1. Organohalogen compounds and substances which may form such compounds in the aquatic environment 2. Organophosphorus compounds 3. Organostannic compounds 4. Substances with carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic properties 5. Persistent mineral oils and petroleum hydrocarbons1 6. Cyanide2, persistent synthetic substances which may float, remain in suspension, sink or may interfere with any water use 7. Metals and their compounds 8. Biocides and plant protection products 9. Substances which have a deleterious effect on the taste and / or odor of groundwater or aquatic products for human consumption (on the organoleptic properties) or can lead to the formation of this kind of substance, making them unfit for human consumption 10. Toxic or persistent organic compounds of silicon and substances which may lead to the formation of this kind of substances in the water, except that, in terms of the biological, which are not harmful or which in water are fast converted to non-hazardous substances 11. Compuşi anorganici de fosfor şi fosfor elementar 12. Fluorides, mineral oils and non persistent petroleum hydrocarbons3 13. Substances which contribute to eutrophication (in particular, nitrates and phosphates) 14. Suspended matter

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No. Families and groups of substances of specific pollutants 15. Substances that can have a negative impact on the balance of oxygen and can be measured using indicators such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) 1For groundwater will be considered "mineral oils and hydrocarbons." 2For surface waters will be considered in List II. 3Will be considered only for surface waters. Indicative list of substances that correspond to the families and groups of substances listed in Table 3 includes:

CAS No. Substance 1 2 71-55-6 methyl chloroform; 1,1,1-trichloroethane 79-34-5 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 79-00-5 1,1,2- trichloroethane 76-13-1 1,1,2-trichloro-trifluoro-ethane 75-34-3 1,1-dichloroethane 75-35-4 1,1-ethylene dichloride; vinylidene chloride 95-94-3 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene 106-93-4 1,2-dibromoethane 95-50-1 1,2-dichlorobenzene 540-59-0 1,2-ethylene dichloride 78-87-5 1,2-dichloropropane; propylene dichloride 96-23-1 1,3-dichloro -2-propanol 541-73-1 1,3-dichlorobenzene 542-75-6 1,3-dichloropropene 106-46-7 1,4-dichlorobenzene; p-dichlorobenzene 97-00-7 1-chloro-2; 4-dinitrobenzene 90-13-1 1-chloro-naphthalene 78-88-6 2,3-dichloropropene; 2,3-dichloropropilenă 93-76-5 2,4,5-T; acid 2,3,4-trichlorophenoxy-acetic acid 2,4-D salts and esters 120-83-2 2,4-dichlorophenol 94-75-7 2,4-D; acid 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic 95-85-2 2-amino-4-chlorophenol 615-65-6 2-chloro-4-methylaniline 95-51-2 2-chloroaniline 107-07-3 ethylene chlorohydrine; 2-chloroethanol 88-73-3 2-nitrozochlorobenzene 95-57-8 2-chlorophenol 95-49-8 2-chlorotoluene 108-42-9 3-chloroaniline 121-73-3 3-nitroso chlorobenzene 108-43-0 3-chlorophenol 108-41-8 3-chlorotoluene 92-87-5 benzidine, 1,1 '-biphenyl-4, 4'-diamine; 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, biphenyl-4, 4'-ilendiamin

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CAS No. Substance 1 2 89-63-4 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline 89-59-8 4-chloro-2-nitrotoluene 59-50-7 chlorocresol, 4-chloro-m-cresol; 4-chloro-3-methylphenol 106-47-8 4-chloroaniline 100-00-5 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene 106-48-9 4-chlorophenol 106-43-4 4-chlorotoluene 107-05-1 3-clorpropen; allyl chloride 98-87-3 benzylidene chloride; alpha, alpha-dichlorotoluene 7440-36-0 Antimony 7440-38-2 Arsenic and compounds 1327-53-3 diarsenic trioxide, arsenic trioxide 2642-71-9 azinphos-ethyl; dithiophosphate O, O-diethyl-4-oxobenzotriazin-3-yl-methyl 86-50-0 azinphos-methyl; dithiophosphate O, O-dimethyl 4-oxobenzotriazin-3-yl-methyl 7440-39-3 barium 25057-89-0 bentazone, 2,2-dioxide 3-isopropyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4-one 56-55-3 benzo (a) anthracene 100-44-7 benzyl chloride, alpha-chlorotoluene 7440-41-7 beryllium 92-52-4 diphenyl, biphenyl 7440-42-8 boron 57-74-9 chlordane; 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octacloro-3a, 4,7,7 a-tetrahydro-4,7-metanoinden 6164-98-3 chlordimeform; N2-(4-chloro-o-tolyl)-N1, N1-dimethylformamidine 79-11-8 chloroacetic acid 108-90-7 chlorobenzene 25586-43-0 chloro-naphthalene chloro-nitrotoluene 126-99-8 Chloroprene; 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene; 7440-47-3 chromium 7440-48-4 cobalt 7440-50-8 copper 56-72-4 Coumafos, thiophosphate-O-3-chloro-4-methylcoumarin-7-yl and O, O-diethyl 126-75-0 demeton-S; diethyl and S-2-ethylthioethyl thiophosphate 919-86-8 demeton-S-methyl, thiophosphate of S-2-ethylthioethyl and dimethyl 301-12-2 oxydemeton-methyl; O thiophosphate, O-dimethyl and S-(2-ethyl sulfinyl-ethyl) 683-18-1 Dibutyl chloride 818-08-6 Dibutyltin oxide dibutyl salt 27134-27-6 dichloroaniline (all isomers) dichloro-diamino-biphenyl

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CAS No. Substance 1 2 108-60-1 dichloro-di-iso-propyl ether dichloro-nitrobenzene (all isomers) 120-36-5 Dichlorprop; 2,4-DP; 2 - (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propionic acid 62-73-7 dichlorvos, 2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate, and dimethyl 109-89-7 diethylamine 60-51-5 dimethoate; methylcarbamoyl methyl and O dithiophosphate, O-dimethyl disulfoton; dithiophosphate O, O-diethyl 2-ethylthioethyl 124-40-3 dimethylamine 298-04-4 disulfoton; dithiophosphate O, O-diethyl 2-ethylthioethyl 106-89-8 epichlorohydrin, 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane 100-41-4 ethylbenzene 122-14-5 fenitrothion; O thiophosphate, O-dimethyl and O-4-nitro-m-tolyl 55-38-9 fenthion; O thiophosphate, O-dimethyl and O-(4-methylthio-m-tolyl) 76-44-8 heptachlor; 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptacloro-3a, 4,7,7 a-tetrahydro-4, 7metanoinden 67-72-1 hexachloroethane 98-82-8 cumene 330-55-2 linuron, 3 - (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea 121-75-5 malathion; dithiophosphate 1,2-bis (ethoxy-carbonyl) ethyl and O, O-dimethyl 94-74-6 MCPA, 2,4-MCPA; 4-chloro-o-toliloxiacetic 93-65-2 salts mecoprop and mecoprop; 2 - (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) propionic acid 10265-92-6 methamidophos; O thiophosphoramide, S-dimethyl 7786-34-7 mevinphos; 2-methoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl and dimethyl phosphate 7439-98-7 molybdenum 1746-81-2 Monolinuron; 3 - (4-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea 1113-02-6 omethoate; O thiophosphate, O-dimethyl and S-methylcarbamoylmethyl 56-38-2 parathion; O thiophosphate, O-diethyl and O-4-nitrophenyl 298-00-0 parathion-methyl (ISO); O thiophosphate, O-dimethyl and O-4-nitrophenyl 1336-36-3 PCB; polychlorobiphenyls; chlorinated biphenyls 85-01-8 phenanthrene 126-73-8 tributyl phosphate 14816-18-3 phoxim; alpha-(dietoxifosfinotioilimino) phenylacetonitrile 709-98-8 propanil 3 ', 4'-dichloroproprioanilide 7782-49-2 selenium 7440-22-4 silver 13494-80-9 tellurium 1461-25-2 tetrabutyl tin 7440-28-0 thallium 7440-31-5 tin 7440-32-6 titanium 108-88-3 toluene 24017-47-8 triazophos; thiophosphate of O, O-diethyl O-(1-phenyl-1H,2,4-triazol-3-yl)

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CAS No. Substance 1 2 52-68-6 trichlorfon; 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl phosphonate trichlorophenol 900-95-8 fentin acetate, triphenyltin acetate 639-58-7 triphenyltin chloride 76-87-9 fentin hydroxide, triphenyltin hydroxide 7440-61-1 uranium 7440-62-2 vanadium 75-01-4 vinyl chloride, chloroethylene 1330-20-7 xylene (the amount of o-, m-, p-) 7440-66-6 zinc

Table 4. Hydromorphological qualityelements (Romania)

Quality Parameters Operational program elements Lacustrian transitional waters Marine transitional Coastal waters waters Morphological Variation of transitional 1/6 years 1/year 1/year parameters or coastal water depth Volume and structure of 1/6 years 1/year - the transitional waters bed Structure of the coastal - - 1/6 years waters bed Hydrological The retention time of 1/6 years NA - parameters the lake Water level 1/day 1/day 1/day Freshwater flow NA NA - Wave exposure NA 4/year 4/year Direction of dominant - - 4/year currents

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ANNEX IV. Basic parameters, priority substances, specific pollutants in Ukraine, according to the national legislation

According to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Nr 1100 “On the order of the development and approval of norms for maximum allowable discharges for pollutants and the list of pollutants” there are four groups of pollution substances: Group A – List of pollutants – require development of MAD in all cases Group B – List of pollutants – discharge should be terminated in the nearest future, Group C – List of pollutant – volumes of discharge should be reduced Group D – Additional list of pollutants

Group A: 1. Dissolved oxygen 2. Suspended solids 3. Mineralisation 4. Sulphates 5. Chlorides 6. Ammonia nitrogen 7. Nitrates 8. Nitrites 9. Phosphates 10. Oil products

Also the following parameters must be controlled: 1. BOD5 2. COD – chemical oxygen demand with dichromate as oxidant and with permanganate as the oxidant 3. Toxic level (by using bio-testing method) 4. Biological pollution 5. Radioactivity level 6. pH 7. Temperature

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ANNEX V. Comparison between Annex I of the E-PRTR Regulation and the TR legislation

1 Energy sector 1 Energy Industry 1 Energy Industry Mineral oil and * (1) (a) gas refineries 1,1 Thermal and heat power plants 1,1 Thermal and heat power plants

Installations for With 100 MW or more With burning thermal power of 1 MW or more * gasification and burning thermal power and less than 100 MW (b) liquefaction 1.1.1 Solid or liquid fueled thermal power plants 1.1.1 Solid or liquid fueled thermal power plants Thermal power stations and With a heat input of 50 With 100 MW or more With burning thermal power of 2 MW or more other megawatts (MW) burning thermal power and less than 100 MW combustion (c) installations 1.1.2 Gas fueled plants thermal power plants 1.1.2 Gas fueled plants thermal power plants

(d) Coke ovens * 1,2 Plants burning the fuels listed below * 1,2 Plants burning the fuels listed below *

Solid (Coal, coke, coal birckets, peat, Solid (Coal, coke, coal birckets, peat, With a capacity of 1 firewood, log leftovers that are not treated nor With 100 MW or more firewood, log leftovers that are not treated nor With burning thermal power of 1 MW or more tonne per hour covered with plastics or chemicals, petroleum burning thermal power covered with plastics or chemicals, petroleum and less than 100 MW coke) or liquid (fuel-oil, naphta, biodiesel, etc.) coke) or liquid (fuel-oil, naphta, biodiesel, etc.) (e) Coal rolling mills 1.2.1 fueled thermal power plants 1.2.1 fueled thermal power plants Installations for the manufacture With 100 MW or more With burning thermal power of 2 MW or more of coal products * Gas (natural gas, LPG, coke gas, blast Gas (natural gas, LPG, coke gas, blast burning thermal power and less than 100 MW and solid furnace gas, fuel gas) fueled plants thermal furnace gas, fuel gas) fueled plants thermal (f) smokeless fuel 1.2.2 power plants 1.2.2 power plants

With 100 MW or more With burning thermal power of 500 kW or

Plants at which biomass (olive pomace, burning thermal power Plants at which biomass (olive pomace, more and less than 100 MW 1.2.3 sunflowers, cotton seeds) is used as fuel 1.2.3 sunflowers, cotton seeds) is used as fuel

Powered by solid or liquid combustible With 50 MW or more Powered by solid or liquid combustible With burning thermal power of 1 MW or more

materials other than the ones listed above, burning thermal power materials other than the ones listed above, and less than 50 MW 1.2.4 which are not defined as fuel 1.2.4 which are not defined as fuel

Combined cycle, composite heat power Combined cycle, composite heat power With 100 MW or more With burning thermal power of 1 MW or more plants, internal combustion engines, and gas plants, internal combustion engines, and gas turbines (including the gas turbines and burning thermal power turbines (including the gas turbines and and less than 100 MW internal combustion engines used in mobile internal combustion engines used in mobile 1,3 plants) 1,3 plants)

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Gas turbines used as thrusters in generators Gas turbines used as thrusters in generators With 100 MW or more With burning thermal power of 1 MW or more and construction equipments (excluding the and construction equipments (excluding the burning thermal power and less than 100 MW closed circuit gas turbines, drilling plants, and closed circuit gas turbines, drilling plants, and 1,4 emergency generators) 1,4 emergency generators)

Plants dealing with tar, tar products, tar oil or * With a capacity of 1 ton/hr or more 1,5 tar gas distillation 1,5 Coal pulverizing and drying facilities

Plants deriving gas fuel from hydrocarbons by * With a capacity of 10 tons/day or more 1,6 decomposition 1,6 Lignite and coal briquetting facilities

Plants where coal, firewood, peat, thick tar, or * * similar materials are gasified or liquified Facilities where generator and water gas are 1,7 (excluding charcoal production) 1,7 produced from solid fuels

1,8 Coke ovens 1,8 Crude oil and natural gas production activities With a production capacity of less than 500

1,9 Crude oil and natural gas production activities 1.8.1 Small capacity crude oil production activities tons/day With a production With a production capacity of 5000 m3/day or capacity of 500 Small capacity natural gas production more and less than 500.000 m3/day 1.9.1 Crude oil production activities tons/day or more 1.8.2 activities With a production capacity of 500.000 1.9.2 Natural gas production activities m3/day or more

Production and processing of 2 metals 3 Metal Industry 3 Metal Industry Metal ore (including sulphide ore) Plants that are blasting (heating in air to Production of non-ferrous raw metals from With a production capacity of 15 tons/day or * roasting or convert into oxides), melting, and sintering ores, concentrates, or secondary raw more and less than 100 tons/day sintering (bonding small particles by heat) metal ores materials through metalurgical, chemical, or (a) installations 3,1 including sulphur ores 3.1 electrolytic processes Installations for the production of With a capacity of 2,5 With a production capacity of 50 tons/day or pig iron or steel tonnes per hour more and less than 500 tons/day (primary or Plants that are producing iron and steel from Raw iron production plants (including Kupol (b) secondary 3,2 their ores 3,2 Furnaces)

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Installations for Production of non-ferrous raw metals from With a production With a production capacity of less than 2000 the processing ores, concentrates, or secondary raw capacity of 100 tons/day of ferrous materials through metalurgical, chemical, or tons/day or more (c) metals: 3,3 electrolytic processes 3,3 Plants producing steel from junk iron and steel With a capacity of 20 With a production With a production capacity of 5 tons/day and (i) Hot-rolling tonnes of crude stee Raw iron production plants (including Kupol capacity of 500 Plants with a charge capacity iron or steel more mills per hour 3,4 Furnaces) tons/day or more 3,4 melting units With an energy of 50 kilojoules per ham mer, With a production Non-ferrous metal melting plants (excluding With a production capacity of 100 kg/day or where the calorific capacity of 2000 the plants that are parts of vacuum melting more and less than 50 tons/day (ii) Smitheries power used exceed 20 tons/day or more plants and pressurized casting or kokill with hammers MW 3,5 Plants producing steel from junk iron and steel 3,5 casting machines)

(iii) Application With an input of 2 Non-ferrous metal melting plants (excluding With a production Non-ferrous metal refineries (excluding the With a production capacity of 100 kg/day or of protective tonnes of crude steel the plants that are parts of vacuum melting capacity of 50 tons/day plants that are parts of vacuum melting plants more and less than 20 tons/day * fused metal pe hour plants and pressurized casting or kokill or more and pressurized casting or kokill casting coats 3,6 casting machines) 3,6 machines)

With a production Non-ferrous metal refineries (excluding the With a production capacity of 20 tonne plants that are parts of vacuum melting plants capacity of 20 tons/day Steel surface treatment facilties where flame Ferrous metal per day and pressurized casting or kokill casting or more * peeling of ingots, logs, rods, plates, etc. are (d) foundries 3,7 machines) 3,7 carried out in particular

(e) Installations: 3,8 Hot Rolling Mills 3,8 Hot rolling mills (i) For the production of non-ferrous crude metals from ore, With a production concentrates or With a production capacity of 5 tons/day or * 3.8.1 capacity of 500 3.8.1 secondary raw more and less than 5000 tons/day tons/day or more materials by metallurgical, chemical or electrolytic processes Plants where iron or steel is rolled Plants where iron or steel is rolled

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With a production Foundries where non-ferrous metals are cast, With a production capacity of 10 tons/day or capacity of 50 tons/day excluding the ones listed below: more or more - Foundries where art related parts are cast - Foundries where metals are molten in mobile melting pots - Rolling tools made of low melting point 3.10 casting alloys listed in items 3.6 and 3.7 3.9.1 Plants where iron or steel is rolled With a production With a production capacity of 5 tons/day or capacity of 5000 Plants where lead-acid batteries and industrial more 3,11 battery cells are manufactured parts/day or more * 3.9.2 Plants where non-ferrous metals are rolled Where the volume of Plants where surface treatment of plastics and With a production capacity of less than 200 processing tanks are metals are carried out through electrolytic or tons/day 3,12 chemical means 30 m3 or higher * 3.10 Iron, temper, or steel foundries

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With a production capacity of 1 ton/day or Foundries where non-ferrous metals are cast, more and less than 50 tons/day and using

excluding the ones listed below: one or more pressure casting machines with holding powers of 2 mega-Newtons - Foundries where art related parts are cast - Foundries where metals are molten in mobile melting pots - Rolling tools made of low melting point 3,11 casting alloys listed in items 3.6 and 3.7

With a production capacity of less than 5000

Plants where lead-acid batteries and industrial parts/day * 3.12 battery cells are manufactured

Plants where surface treatment of plastics and Where the volume of processing tanks are

metals are carried out through electrolytic or less than 30 m3 * 3.13 chemical means

Facilities where regular and lead-acid * 3.14 batteries are manufactured Facilities where metals are plated with protective layers of lead, tin, or zinc, etc. Where the plating capacity is more than 1 Through the use of melting baths or flame spraying (excluding the continuously working ton/hour * zinc plating facilties using the Sendzimir 3.15 Method) Facilities where metals are treated with acids * 3.16 or bases

Where drop-hammers work with 4 kJ or more Facilities where hot metals are shaped under power and where thermal power is more than drop-hammers (excluding the facilities where 2 MW 3.17 metals are pressed cold)

Facilities where bolts, nails, rivets, nuts, and Where the production capacity is more than similar machine parts and balls, needles, and 10 tons/hour * similar products are shaped under pressusre 3.18 in automatic machines

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Where 10kg or more explosives are used at

Facilities where metals are shaped or plated each process 3.19 through detonation

Facilities where the materials below are * 3.20 manufactured or repaired

3.20.1 Tanks Facilities where storage units, tanks, and Where production is more than 1 part/day similar products are manufactured from metal and where the total volume of these tanks 3.20.2 plates are more than 30 m3 Where production is more than 1 part/day and where the base area of the containers 3.20.3 Facilities manufacturing containers are 7 m2 or more

Facilities manufacturing seamless or welded * 3.21 steel pipes through hot or cold forming

Facilities where ship skeletons or ship parts Where ships are longer than 20 m or more * 3,22 are manufactured Facilities where iron/steel construction materials, steel constructions, and plate pieces are surface treated with sprayed * materials, and sanded or ground (excluding closed circuit systems where the sprayed 3,23 material stays in circuit)

Facilities where metal powders and pastes * 3,24 are manufactured

Manufacturing and assembly of motor * 3,25 vehicles and their motors Ship and yacht construction and maintenance * 3,26 shipyards Aeroplane manufacturing and maintenance * 3,27 facilities

3,28 Railway equipment manufacturing *

3,29 Pressurizing with explosives *

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

Facilities where metals are glazed, enameled, * 3.30 and/or glossed Facilities where non-ferrous metal oxides are manufactured (i.e. aluminium oxide, zinc * 3.31 oxide, etc.)

Mass machinery, electrical machines, and * 3.32 spare parts production

Mineral * 3 industry 2 Mining and Building Components Industry 2 Mining and Building Components Industry Underground mining and * related Cement clinkers and integrated cement Facilities where cement is produced from (a) operations 2.1 manufacturing plants 2.1 clinkers and packed Where the surface of With a quick lime the area effectivel production capacity of With a quick lime production capacity of less under extractive 250 tons/day or more than 250 tons/day and using petroleum coke Opencast mining operation equals 25 Dolomite, limestone, or magnesite cooking and using petroleum Dolomite, limestone, or magnesite cooking for fuel (b) and quarrying hect- ares 2.2 plants coke for fuel 2.2 plants

Installations for Plants where asbestos and asbestos Bauxide, dolomite, plaster, kieselguhr, Where fuels other than petroleum coke * the production containing products are cut-out, limestone, magnesite, quartz, or fireclay and/or wastes are used as additional fuels (c) of: 2.3 manufactured, processed, or recycled 2.3 cooking plants

Glass manufacturing plants including fiber With a production glass (excluding the plants manufacturing With a melting capacity capacity of 500 tonnes materials, that are used in communication of 20 tons/day or more per day and medical areas, from glass rods, pebbles, (i) Cement and logs. Plants manufacturing fiber glass clinker in rotary through fiber rolling from glass rods, pebbles, Limestone pulverizing, inactivation, and kilns 2.4 and logs ) 2.4 packaging facilities With a production With a production Plaster, kieselguhr, magnesite, mineral paints, (ii) Lime in rotary capacity of 50 tonne Plants manufacturing ceramics or porcelain in capacity of 100 mussel shells, talc, clay, tras, or dhromide kilns per day 2.5 particular tons/day or more 2.5 pulverizing faciilties (iii) Cement With a production clinker or lime in capacity of 50 tonne other furnaces per day 2.6 Perlite, schist, or clay blasting facilities

152

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

Glass manufacturing plants including fiber Installations for glass (excluding the plants manufacturing With a melting capacity of less than 20 the production of * materials, that are used in communication asbestos and and medical areas, from glass rods, pebbles, tons/day the manufacture and logs. Plants manufacturing fiber glass of asbestos- through fiber rolling from glass rods, pebbles, (d) based products 2.7 and logs )

Facilities where glass and glass products are * 2.8 glossed or matted with acids Plants manufacturing ceramics or porcelain in With a production capacity of less than 100

2.9 particular tons/day

With a production capacity of 75 tons/day or

Facilities where fire brick, roof tilings, bricks, more 2.10 flat roof tilings are manufactured

With a melting capacity of 10 tons/day or

Mineral materials melting facilities, including more 2.11 mineral fibers Facilities where artifical mineral fibers are

2.12 manufactured Facilities where aerated concrete blocks and sand lime birquets or fibered concrete sheets 2.13 are manufactured

Facilities where concrete, outlay, and road With a production capacity of 10 m3/hour or construction materials are manufactured, including the ones where these are dry mixed more (excluding the ones where they remain in the 2.14 area they are located less than a year)

Facilities where materials are manufactured With a production capacity of 10 tons/hour or through compression, impact, agitation, and more vibration using cement or other bonding 2.15 materials

Asphalt plants (including the tar melting and Which will remain in their sites for more than spraying facilities) manufacturing road a year * construction materials, mineral based 2.16 bitumen, or tar mixtures

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

2.17 Stone pits Where explosives or flame throwers are used

With a production capacity of 200 tons/day or more and where minerals listed in 1st Group b, 2nd Group (including limestone), 4th Group, and 5th Group, under Mining Law No: 3213, dated 6/4/1985, are mined 2.18 Mine pits

With a production capacity of 200 tons/day or more and where minerals listed in 1st Group With a melting capacity b, 2nd Group (including limestone), 4th Installations for the manufacture of 20 tonnes per day Group, and 5th Group, under Mining Law, are of glass, separated from slags and rubbles , including glass pulverized, and sifted (e) fibre 2.19 Mine pits Installations for melting mineral substances, With a melting capacity With a production capacity of 20000 m3/year

including the of 20 tonnes per day or more production of (f) mineral fibres 2.20 Marble manufacturing and treatment facilities Coal and/or ore preparation and/or

2.21 enrichment facilities

2.22 Metallic or non-metallic mining *

2.23 Mining for minerals in rivers or seas * Installations for the manufacture of ceramic With a production products by capacity of 75 tonnes firing, in per day, or with a kiln * particular roofing capacity of 4 m3 and tiles, bricks, with a setting density refractory bricks, per kiln of 300 kg/m3 tiles, stoneware (g) or porcelain 2.24 Salt processing plants

Chemical 4 industry 4 Chemical and Petrochemical Industry 4 Chemical and Petrochemical Industry

154

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

Plants where inorganic chemical materials Plants where inorganic chemical materials such as acids (chromic acid, hydroflouric acid, such as acids (chromic acid, hydroflouric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, With a production sulfuric acid, oleum, and other acids sulfuric acid, oleum, and other acids With a production capacity of less than 200 capacity of 200 (i) Simple containing sulfur, etc.), bases (amonium containing sulfur, etc.), bases (amonium tons/day hydrocarbons hydroxide, potasium hydroxide, sodium tons/day or more * hydroxide, potasium hydroxide, sodium (linear or cyclic, hydroxide, etc.), and salts (amonium chloride, hydroxide, etc.), and salts (amonium chloride, saturated or sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, unsaturated, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, aliphatic or perborate, silver nitrate, barium sulfate, etc.) perborate, silver nitrate, barium sulfate, etc.) aromatic) 4.1.1 are manufactured 4.1.1 are manufactured (ii) Oxygen- * containing hydrocarbons such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, * carboxylic acids, Plants where inorganic gases such as esters, acetates, ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, flourine ethers, or hydrogen flouride, carbon oxides, sulfur Plants where metals and non-metals are peroxides, and its compounds, nitrogen oxides, manufactured using the wet method or epoxy resins 4.1.2 hydrogen, sulfur dioxide, carbon chloride 4.1.2 electrical power

Plants manufacturing phosphorus, nitrogen, or Facilities where other inorganic materials such potassium based fertilizers, starting from the as corundum, ametals, metal oxides, calcium (iii) Sulphurous raw material stage (simple compound carbide, boron and its components, arsenic, hydrocarbons 4.1.3 fertilizers) 4.1.3 dispeng oxide, silisium, silisium carbide, etc. (iv) Nitrogenous hydrocarbons With a production Facilities where halogens and halogen such as amines, Plants manufacturing simple hydrocarbons capacity of 100 products are manufactured (excluding the amides, nitrous (linear or cyclic, saturated or non-saturated, tons/day or more * facilities manufacturing organic halogen compounds, 4.1.4 aliphatic or aromatic) 4.1.4 components)

155

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

With a production With a production capacity of less than 100 Plants manufacturing organic chemical capacity of 100 Plants manufacturing organic chemical tons/day and 2 tons/day or more (vi) Halogenic solvents (alcohols, aldehydes, aromatics, tons/day or more solvents (alcohols, aldehydes, aromatics, hydrocarbons 4.1.6 ketons, acids, esters, acetates, ethers, etc.) 4.1.6 ketons, acids, esters, acetates, ethers, etc.)

With a production With a production capacity of less than 100 (vii) Plants using organic chemical solvents as raw capacity of 100 Plants manufacturing simple hydrocarbons tons/day and 2 tons/day or more Organometallic materials (alcohols, aldehydes, aromatics, tons/day or more (linear or cyclic, saturated or non-saturated, compounds 4.2 ketons, acids, esters, acetates, ethers, etc.) 4.1.7 aliphatic or aromatic) (viii) Basic plastic materials (polymers,

synthetic fibres and cellulose- Plants where petroleum and petroleum Facilities where organometallic compounds based fibres) 4.3 products are distilled and refined 4.1.8 are manufactured Facilities where basic plastic materials are (ix) Synthetic produced (polymers, syntheric fibers, and rubbers 4.1.9 cellulose based fibers) (x) Dyes and Facilites where synthetic rubber is

pigments 4.1.10 manufactured (xi) Surface- active agents and surfactants 4.1.11 Facilities where surfactants are manufactured Chemical installations for the production on an industrial

scale of basic inorganic chemicals, such Facilities where cellulose nitrate is (b) as: 4.1.12 manufactured

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

oxides, sulphur compounds, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen, sulphur dioxide, carbonyl Facilities where synthetic resins are chloride 4.1.13 manufactured (ii) Acids, such as chromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric

acid, Facilities where vulcanized tires are hydrochloric manufactured using rubber, sulfur, and carbon * acid, sulphuric (excluding the ones that manufacture less acid, oleum, than 50 kg/day or the ones that use sulphurous acids 4.1.14 vulcanized rubber only) (iii) Bases, such as ammonium hydroxide, Facilities where tires are used as raw potassium materials or regenerated more than 3 hydroxide, tons/day or more sodium hydroxide 4.1.15 (iv) Salts, such as ammonium chloride, potassium chlorate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, perborate, silver Facilities where tar paints and tar paint nitrate 4.1.16 intermediary products are manufactured

157

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

Activities Activities and Facilities with High Polluting Effects for the Environment Activities and Facilities with Polluting Effects for the Environment Capacity threshold EU Capacity threshold TR Capacity threshold TR No Activity EU No Activity TR No Activity TR (v) Non-metals, metal oxides or With a production capacity of less than 100 other inorganic tons/day and 1 ton/day or more for powder compounds detergents, and 1 ton/day or more for gel such as calcium detergents and similar carbide, silicon, silicon carbide 4.1.17 Facilities manufacturing detergents Chemical installations for the production on an industrial scale of phosphorous-, With a production capacity of 2 tons/day or * nitrogen- or more potassium- based fertilisers (simple or compound (c) fertilisers) 4.1.18 Soap manufacturing facilities Chemical installations for the production on an industrial With a production capacity of less than 100 * scale of basic tons/day and 2 tons/day or more* plant health Plants using organic chemical solvents as raw products and of materials (alcohols, aldehydes, aromatics, (d) biocides 4.2 ketons, acids, esters, acetates, ethers, etc.) Installations using a chemical or biological process for the production on an * Facilities where plant protection products and * industrial scale biocides are manufactured, and where plant of basic production materials and their active materials pharmaceutical are pulverized, mechanically mixed, packed, (e) products 4.3 unloaded, and repacked Installations for the production on an industrial scale of * * explosives and Facilities where basic pharmaceuticals are pyrotechnic manufactured using chemical or biological (f) products 4.4 processes (including alkaloid plants)

158

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

Facilities where lubricants such as metal * 4.5 greases and similar are manufactured Facilities where smoot and carbon black are * 4.6 manufactured

Facilities where carbon or electro-graphite is manufactured for electrodes, electrical * appliances, or machine parts are 4.7 manufactured Facilities where natural and/or synthetic resins With a production capacity of 25 kg/hour or

4.8 are molten more *

Paints, pigment, varnish, polish, elastomer, With a production capacity of 1 ton/day or

and peroxide (activities not listed in Annex - I) more * 4.9 manufacturing facilities Manufacturing and processing of elastomer * 4.10 based products

4.11 Celluloid manufacturing facilities *

Facilities manufacturing additives for Containing nitrocellulose with up to 12.6%

varnishes and printing pastes using nitro- nitrogen * 4.12 cellulose

Facilities used for the cleaning of sulphade * 4.13 turpentine oil or tall oil

Facilities where materials for preserving With a production capacity of 1 ton/day or buildings and protecting and glueing wood are manufactured (excluding the ones where only more * water is used as solvent and the facilities 4.14 listed in 4.1)

Facilities where wood preservers are * manufactured using aromatic hydrocarbons 4.15 (excluding the facilities listed in 4.1)

159

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

Thread, fabric, and carpet factories which contain treatment processes such as kasar * (sizing, detaching, bleaching, mercerization, caustic processes, etc.) and dyeing units 4.16 together

Thread and fabric bleaching facilities where * alakaline materials, chlorine, and chlorine 4.17 compounds are used

With a production capacity of 1 ton/day or more and using methanol or similar organic chemicals as raw materials * 4.18 Biodiesel manufacturing plants

Processing of chemicals and intermediary * products are manufactured (for the activities 4.19 not defined in Annex - I and Annex - II)

4.20 Tar manufacturing facilities * Facilities where natural asphalt is molten or * 4.21 distilled

4.22 Tar vaporization facilities *

Waste and wastewater 5 management 8 Waste Management 8 Waste Management

Installations for Waste intermediary storage, recycling, and Receiving 10 tonnes the recovery or disposal facilities (The exemption brought * * disposal of per day upon this article in the Environmental Permits hazardous regarding the noise subject, is not valid for the Facilities where packaging wastes are (a) waste 8.1 waste battery and tire recycling facilties) 8.1 collected, decomposed, and recycled

160

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

non-hazardous tonnes per day Waste reception facilities where wastes and (c) waste 8.3 leftover goods produced by ships are stored Landfills (excluding landfills of inert waste and landfills, which were definitely closed before 16.7.2001 or for which the after- Receiving 10 tonnes care phase per day or with a tota required by the capacity of 25 000 competent tonnes authorities according to Article 13 of Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste (3) has (d) expired) Installations for With a treatment the disposal or capacity of 10 tonnes recycling of pe day (e) animal

161

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

Urban waste- With a capacity of 100 water treatment 000 populatio (f) plants equivalents Independently operated industrial wastewater treatment With a capacity of 10

plants which 000 m3 per day (4) serve one or more activities of (g) this annex

Paper and wood

production and 6 processing 6 Wood and Paper Industry 6 Wood and Paper Industry Industrial plants for the production of * pulp from timber Facilities manufacturing all types of or similar fibrous Plants manufacturing cellulose and/or paper cardboards, papers, and cartons from ready (a) materials 6.1 pulp from timber or other fibrous materials 6.1 made cellulose and/or waste papers Industrial plants for the production of paper and board With a production and other With a production capacity of 50 m3/month or capacity of 20 tonnes primary wood more * pe day products (such as chipboard, Plants that manufacture all types of fibreboard and carboards, papers, and cartons from their own Chipboard manufacturing facilities which use (b) plywood) 6.2 manufactured cellulose 6.2 wood and wood products as raw materials Industrial plants for the With a production preservation of Using machines with thrusting power of capacity of 50 m3 pe wood and wood 100kW or more day products with Wood processing facilities and/or lumber (c) chemicals 6.3 manufacturing facilities (saw mills)

162

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

With a production capacity of 200 m3/month

Companies manufacturing furnitures, parquet, or more * 6.4 and flooring materials

Intensive livestock

production and 7 aquaculture Installations for the intensive (i) With 40 000 places

rearing of poultry for poultry (a) or pigs (ii) With 2 000 places for production pig (over 30 kg) (iii) With 750 places for

sows With a production capacity of 1 000 tonne

Intensive of fish or shellfish per (b) aquaculture year

Animal and vegetable products from

the food and beverage 8 sector 7 Food Industry, Agriculture and Livestock 7 Food Industry, Agriculture and Livestock

163

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

All types of processes related to the manufacturing of raw materials from vegetables and animals

Facilities listed below are out of scope: With a production capacity of less than 100 - Kitchens of restaurants, cafeterias, hospitals, tons/day for grain and food * With a carcass and similar places production capacity of * - Butcher shops with a processing capacity of With a coffee production capacity of less than 50 tonnes per day less than 8000 kg/week 1 ton/day or coffee substitutes production - Smoking facilities with a fish/meat smoking capacity of less than 1 ton/day capacity of less than 1000 kg/week - Instestine and rumen processing facilities with capacities below the stated values in the Regulations Regarding the Organization, Opening, Operation, and Supervision Procedures and Principles of Meat and Meat Products Production Facilities - Grain and food grinding facilties - According to the capacity report, facilities which grind and roast coffee and its substitutes, grains, cacao, nuts, and similar (a) Slaughterhouses 7.1 Sugar factories 7.1 products Treatment and processing intended for the With a wastewater With a production capacity of 10000 litre/day production of output of 30 m3/day or or more * food and more * beverage Facilities which process milk and dairy (b) products from: 7.2 Olive processing plants 7.2 products (i) Animal raw With a finished product materials (other production capacity of Facilities where plant and animal products are * than milk) 75 tonnes per day 7.3 final-packaged

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

7.5 Facilities manufacturing alcoholic drinks or more * With a production capacity of 5000 m3/year

7.6 Facilities manufacturing non-alcoholic drinks or more * Sweets, chocolate, and syrup manufacturing With a production capacity of 5 tons/day or

7.7 facilities more *

With a production capacity of 200 kg/week or

Facilities where animal fat, brought from more * 7.8 special butcheries and processed, is molten

Facilities where animal organs and products * are collected and stored to be sent to where animal wastes are eliminated or facilities 7.9 where animal corpses are incinerated

Facilities where animal food, fertilizers, and technical oils are produced from butchering * wastes such as animal bones, hairs, furs, horns, hooves, or blood (rendering facilities or 7.10 and similiar)

Facilities where gelatine or glue is * 7.11 manufactured from animal butchering wastes

Facilities where processed animal hide or hair stored or treated (excluding the facilities not stated in the Regulations Regarding the * Organization, Opening, Operation, and Supervision Procedures and Principles of Meat and Meat Products Production Facilities or the hairs processed for the facility's own 7.12 requirements)

165

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

Facilities where crude bones are stored, excluding the ones listed below: - Butchers where production capacity is below * 4000 kg week - Facilities not listed in the Regulations Regarding the Organization, Opening, Operation, and Supervision Procedures and Principles of Meat and Meat Products 7.13 Production Facilities

Facilities where sheeted animal hides are With a production capacity of 12 tons/day or dried, salted, and stored, excluding the ones listed below: more * - Restaurants, cafeterias, hospitals, etc. - Butchers where production capacity is below 7.14 8000 kg week Facilities where animal hide and fur are sheeted and/or leather products processing * 7.15 facilities

7.16 Animal excrement drying facilities *

Fish or bone powder manufacturing and/or * 7.17 storage facilities

7.18 Fish oil factories * With a wastewater output of less than 30

7.19 Olive establishments m3/day *

7.20 Tea factories *

7.21 Yeast production facilities *

Facilities manufacturing spices from plant and * 7.22 animal materials using acids

7.23 Milk powder manufacturing facilities *

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

7.25 Provender drying facilities *

7.26 Animal excrement drying facilities *

Facilities where food (potatoes, vegetables, meat, fish, etc.) are heat processed, excluding the ones listed below: * - Ready made food factories, reataurants, cafeterias, hosptials, etc. - Butchers where production capacity is below 8000 kg week - Facilities where washing, separating, and 7.27 butchering activities are carried out

Facilties manufacturing vegetable oil (excluding the facilities which manufacture * crude oil using all or some of the activities, such as sifting, dust cleaning, breaking, 7.28 crushing, heating, pressing, or centrifuging)

Facilities manufacturing crude or refined oil by 7.28.1 extraction using solvents

7.28.2 Refined oil manufacturing facilities

7.28.3 Crude and refined oil manufacturing facilities Facilities manufacturing butter from herbal

7.28.4 raw materials

7.29 Facilities manufacturing animal fat *

Barns and coops where small cattles, great * 7.30 cattles, and fowls are bred 500 great cattles (including ostriches) or

7.30.1 Great cattle barns more

7.30.2 Small cattle barns 1000 small cattles or more

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

7.30.3 Fowls 20.000 chickens, hens, turkeys, etc. or more

7.31 Facilities where pigs are bred *

7.31.1 Sow facilities With a capacity of 500 or more

7.31.2 Pig facilities With a capacity of 2000 or more

7.32 Fish or fishery products farms *

7.33 Slaughterhouses *

Facilities where 1st and 2nd class red meat is manufactured from small and great cattles in slaughterhouses stated in the Regulations Regarding the Organization, Opening, Operation, and Supervision Procedures and Principles of Meat and Meat Products 7.33.1 Production Facilities

Facilities with poultry slaughterhouses or With 5000 slaughterings/day or more 7.33.2 combined facilities

9 Other activities 5 Surface Coating Industry 5 Surface Coating Industry Plants for the pre-treatment Where polishing (operations such materials contain Where polishing materials contain organic With a treatment as washing, organic solvents and solvents and where the polishing materials capacity of 10 tonnes bleaching, where the polishing used is more than 25 kg/hour and less than per day mercerisation) or materials used is 250 250 kg/hour * dyeing of fibres Facilties where materials are polished and kg/hr or more * Facilties where materials are polished and (a) or textiles 5.1 dried in profile or sheet forms. 5.1 dried in profile or sheet forms. With a treatment Plants for the capacity of 12 tonnes of Facilities where profile or sheet formed Facilities where profile or sheet formed * * tanning of hides finished product per materials are pressed and dried in revolving materials are pressed and dried in revolving (b) and skins day 5.2 presses 5.2 presses

168

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

Activities Activities and Facilities with High Polluting Effects for the Environment Activities and Facilities with Polluting Effects for the Environment Capacity threshold EU Capacity threshold TR Capacity threshold TR No Activity EU No Activity TR No Activity TR Installations for the surface treatment of substances, objects or products using With a consumption Where only ethanol is organic solvents, Where only ethanol is used as an organic capacity of 150 kg per used as an organic in particular for solvent for more than 50 kg/hour and less hour or 200 tonnes per solvent for 500 kg/hr or dressing, than 500 kg/hour year more printing, coating, degreasing, waterproofing, sizing, painting, cleaning or (c) impregnating 5.2.1 Paints and polishing materials 5.2.1 Paints and polishing materials Installations for the production of carbon (hard- burnt coal) or Where other organic Where other organic solvents are used for electro-graphite * solvents are used for more than 25 kg/hour and less than 250 by means of 250 kg/hr or more * kg/hour * incineration or graphitisation (d) (4.7 - Column I) 5.2.2 Paints and polishing materials 5.2.2 Paints and polishing materials Installations for the building of, Where 200 Facilities where glass fibers, mineral fibers, or With a capacity for and painting or vehicles/month are such materials in profile or sheet form are * ships 100 m long removal of paint painted/waxed * coated, impregnated, saturated with chemical from ships (3.20 Facilities where motor vehicles are painted layers, plastic materials, or rubber, and finally (e) - Column I) 5.3 and waxed 5.3 dried Where 2000 goods/month are With a resin usage of 25 kg/hour or more 5.4 Facilities where white goods are painted painted * 5.3.1 Facilities using synthetic resins Where organic solvents Facilities where wood and metal surfaces are are used 250 kg/hour With a plastic usage of 25 kg/hour or more 5.5 painted or more 5.3.2 Facilities using plastic materials

5.3.3 Facilities using organic solvents With a solvent usage of 25 kg/hour or more

Where more than 30 vehicles/month and less

Facilities where motor vehicles are painted than 200 vehicles/month are painted/waxed * 5.4 and waxed Where less than 2000 goods/month are

5.5 Facilities where white goods are painted painted *

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

Where organic solvents are used more than

Facilities where wood and metal surfaces are 10kg/hour and less than 250 kg/hour * 5.6 painted

Facilities where materials and equipment are coated and saturated with tar, tar oil, or hot * bitumen (excluding the facilities where cables 5.7 are saturated with hot bitumen)

Facilities where wires are isolated using * 5.8 phenol, cresol resins, etc.

Facilities where tape formed materials are coated with plastics, and facilities where * materials made from the mixture of plastics, 5.9 softeners, linseed oil, etc. are dried

Facilities where liquid or unsaturated With a production capacity of 500 kg/hour or

polyester resins with styrene additives, or more * 5.10 amine epoxy resins are manufactured

Facilities manufacturing materials using furan, Including facilities with 10 kg/hour main urea, resorsin with phenol via heat treatment, material input * or aminoplasts or phenol formadehyde plasts 5.11 such as xylene Facilities manufacturing break linings from phenol or other plastic resin bonding * 5.12 materials, without using asbestos

Facilities where artificial sanding sheets, sanding parts, sandpapers, or textures are * manufactured using artificial bonding 5.13 materials or solvents

Facilities where polyurethane shaping Including the facilities where the main materials are manufactured or where spaces in materials are created using polyurethane material input is more than 1000 kg/hour * (excluding the facilities using thermoplastic 5.14 materials)

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LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT

Storage and loading facilities for flammable * Storage and loading facilities for flammable * 9.1 and explosive materials 9,1 and explosive materials Where the total of Where the total of storage tank capacities is storage tank capacities Storage of liquefied petroleum gas (excluding Storage of liquefied petroleum gas (excluding more than 200 m3 or less than 2000 m3 9.1.1 the storage tanks used for heating puposes) is 2000 m3 or more 9.1.1 the storage tanks used for heating puposes)

Where the total of Where the total of storage tank capacities is Storage of natural gas, LNG (liquefied natural storage tank capacities Storage of natural gas, LNG (liquefied natural more than 1000 m3 or less than 10000 m3 gas), and other similar gases (excluding the is 10000 m3 or more gas), and other similar gases (excluding the 9.1.2 storage tanks used for heating puposes) 9.1.2 storage tanks used for heating puposes) With a production Where the total of loading capacity is more capacity of 200 than 30 tons/day or less than 200 tons/day 9.1.3 Facilities where LPG tanks are filled tons/day or more 9.1.3 Facilities where LPG tanks are filled Storage facilities for crude petroleum, Storage facilities for crude petroleum, petroleum products, petrochemical and * petroleum products, petrochemical and * 9.2 chemical products 9,2 chemical products Where the total of Where the total of loading capacity is more storage tank capacities than 5000 tons/day or less than 40000 9.2.1 Storage facilities for crude petroleum is 30000 tons or more 9.2.1 Storage facilities for crude petroleum tons/day

Where the total of Where the total of storage tank capacities is Storage facilities for gasoline, naphta, diesel, storage tank capacities Storage facilities for gasoline, naphta, diesel, more than 1000 tons and less than 30000 fuel-oil and similar liquid fuels (excluding the is 40000 tons or more fuel-oil and similar liquid fuels (excluding the tons 9.2.2 storage tanks used for heating puposes) 9.2.2 storage tanks used for heating puposes)

Where the total of Where the total of storage tank capacities is Storage facilities for organic chemical solvents storage tank capacities Storage facilities for organic chemical solvents more than 200 m3 or less than 2000 m3 (alcohols, aldehydes, aromatics, amines, is 2000 tons or more (alcohols, aldehydes, aromatics, amines, 9.2.3 ketons, acids, esters, acetates, ethers, etc.) 9.2.3 ketons, acids, esters, acetates, ethers, etc.) Where the total of Where the total of loading capacity is more storage tank capacities than 5000 tons/day or less than 30000 9.3 Storage facilities for methanol is 30000 tons or more * 9,3 Storage facilities for methanol tons/day * Where the total of Where the total of storage tank capacities is storage tank capacities more than 200 m3 or less than 2000 m3 * 9.4 Storage facilities for acrylonitrile is 2000 tons or more * 9,4 Storage facilities for acrylonitrile

171

LBS MANAGEMENT REPORT