Estratégia E Segurança Naáfrica Austral

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Estratégia E Segurança Naáfrica Austral ESTRATÉGIA E SEGURANÇA NA ÁFRICA AUSTRAL ESTRATÉGIA E SEGURANÇA NA ÁFRICA AUSTRAL Manuela Franco COORDENADORA Lisboa, Julho de 2007 ESTRATÉGIA E SEGURANÇA NA ÁFRICA AUSTRAL ESTRATÉGIA E SEGURANÇA NA ÁFRICA AUSTRAL Manuela Franco COORDENADORA IV CONFERÊNCIA INTERNACIONAL FLAD-IPRI 12 e 13 de Outubro de 2006 Auditório da Fundação Luso-Americana Lisboa, Julho de 2007 ESTRATÉGIA E SEGURANÇA NA ÁFRICA AUSTRAL Manuela Franco COORDENADORA IV CONFERÊNCIA INTERNACIONAL FLAD-IPRI 12 e 13 de Outubro de 2006 Auditório da Fundação Luso-Americana Lisboa, Julho de 2007 PUBLICADO POR Fundação Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento IPRI – Instituto Português das Relações Internacionais Universidade Nova de Lisboa DESIGN B2, Atelier de Design CAPA Salette Brandão COORDENAÇÃO Manuela Franco REVIsãO Joana Pereira IMPRessO POR Textype – Artes Gráficas, Lda. 1.ª EDIçãO 1500 exemplares Lisboa, Julho 2007 ISBN 978-972-8654-29-0 DEPÓSITO LEGAL 260 697/07 Índice Apresentação / Presentation Estratégia e Segurança na África Austral / Strategy and Security in Southern Africa ……………………………………………………… 7 Manuela Franco Coordenadora da Conferência / Conference Coordinator A Política Externa de Portugal para África ……………………………… 11 Manuel Lobo Antunes Secretário de Estado Adjunto e dos Assuntos Europeus Strangers at the Gate: Africa, the Challenge of China and the Eclipse of the West ……………………………………………… 19 Christopher Coker Professor of International Relations, London School of Economics a evolução estratégica da áfrica austral strategy and security in southern africa Failed States in Western Africa, International Security and the European Union ………………………………………………… 37 João Marques de Almeida Adviser to the President of the European Commission Estado e Segurança na África Austral …………………………………… 49 Leonardo Santos Simão Director Executivo da Fundação Joaquim Chissano Antigo Ministro dos Negócios Estrangeiros de Moçambique Southern Africa’s Security Architecture and its Implications ………… 55 Agostinho Zacarias UN Resident Humanitarian Coordinator and UNDP Representative, Zimbabwe From Hegemon to Champion: South Africa and Strategic Balance … 77 Kurt Shillinger Research Fellow, South African Institute of International Affairs África Austral: Eleições e Segurança …………………………………… 93 António Monteiro Embaixador de Portugal em Paris Antigo Ministro dos Negócios Estrangeiros energia e segurança na áfrica austral energy and strategic resources in southern africa Energy and Security in Southern Africa ………………………………… 105 Jakkie Cilliers and Prince Mashele Institute for Security Studies, South Africa Energia e Recursos Energéticos …………………………………………… 113 Francisco da Cruz Director, BP Angola a china e áfrica china and africa The African Dimension in China’s Foreign Policy …………………… 125 Evan S. Medeiros Rand Corporation China and Southern Africa: Old Story, New Strategies? ……………… 141 Steve Stead Admiral, Deputy-Director, The Brenthurst Foundation The Geopolitics of Chinese Oil Investment in Africa ………………… 157 Ricardo Soares de Oliveira Austin Robinson Research Fellow at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge University os estados unidos e áfrica the united states and africa The African Dimension in U.S. Foreign Policy in the Post-9/11 Era 171 Peter Schraeder Professor, Loyola University, Chicago Portugal, os eua e a África Austral …………………………………… 197 Francisco Ribeiro Telles Embaixador de Portugal em Cabo Verde The United States and Africa In The Era of Globalization ………… 207 Assis Malaquias Associate Dean for International and Intercultural Studies, Associate Professor of Government, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY estratégia e segurança na áfrica austral perspectivas políticas strategy and security in southern africa political perspectives Estratégia e Segurança na África Austral Maria Cristina Fontes Lima Ministra da Defesa Nacional de Cabo Verde … 223 Nuno Severiano Teixeira Ministro da Defesa Nacional de Portugal ……… 233 notas biográficas biographical notes ………………………………………………… 241 EstRATÉGIA E SegURAnçA STRATEGY AND SECURITY NA ÁFRICA AUstRAL IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Manuela Franco Manuela Franco Coordenadora da Conferência Conference Coordinator Os problemas políticos e de segurança African political and security prob- em África voltaram a ter uma relevância lems reacquired strategic relevance in estratégica na política internacional. international politics. Africa is home Uma parte importante das situações de to the highest count of tense, vola- tensão com risco de guerra encontra- tile, war-risk situations. A number of se em África. Há numerosos Estados states find themselves in a situation em situação de fragilidade ou colapso of institutional fragility or collapse. institucional. A combinação de guerras The combination of such factors as com toda a série de carências, sobre- tension, serious shortages and abun- tudo de sistemas capazes de servir ou dance of systems unable to serve or proteger as populações, a produção protect the populations generate peo- de deslocados, refugiados e massas ple’s displacement, refugees and mass migratórias é a manifestação de uma migration. These manifestations of a situação complexa que justifica uma complex situation give cause to rather crescente preocupação sobre a futura pessimistic analyses of the continent’s segurança do continente. future. A África Austral, desde o fim da Southern Africa has, since the end Guerra Fria, consolidou uma posição of the Cold War, consolidated an autónoma como uma região estraté- autonomous position as a strategic gica, onde os equilíbrios e as relações region where equilibriums and security de segurança se definem, por um relations are defined, on the one hand, lado, pela interacção entre os Estados by the interaction between regional regionais – a África do Sul, Namíbia, states – South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Zimbabué, Botswana, Tanzânia Angola, drc, Zimbabwe, Botswana, e Moçambique – e, por outro lado, por Tanzania, Mozambique – and, on uma crescente intervenção das grandes the other hand, by a growing Great [7] MANUELA FRANCO potências internacionais, nomeada- Power involvement, namely, the usa mente os Estados Unidos e a China. and China. Uma vez terminado um longo ciclo Once past the long cycle of civil de guerras civis e a transição post-apar- wars and the post-apartheid transition, theid, estão agora em causa o jogo dos what is now at stake is how balanc- equilíbrios entre os Estados regionais ing amongst Southern African states que determinam as condições de esta- will impact the region’s political and bilidade política e estratégica na África strategic stability, as well as the relative Austral, bem como o peso relativo das weight of the external powers whose potências externas, cuja competição regional competition is largely deter- regional é em parte motivada pela mined by the need to secure control necessidade de garantir o controlo de of scarce energy resources. recursos energéticos escassos. External competition in Africa A competição externa em África engages the usa, the former European envolve, designadamente, os Estados colonial powers and mainly China Unidos, as antigas potências coloniais and India as the great powers-to-be. europeias e as novas grandes potências, Such plurality and perceived rivalries como a China e a Índia. A plurali- amongst powers tend to be viewed as dade e a rivalidade entre as potências beneficial by many African countries. externas tende a ser vista por muitos China, in particular, may be pictured países africanos como benéfica. A as an alternative protector, above all by China, nomeadamente, pode configu- authoritarian African regimes feeling rar-se como um protector alternativo, most threatened by Western strategies sobretudo no caso dos regimes auto- of democratization. Countering “the ritários africanos que se sentem mais Washington Consensus” we now hear ameaçados pelas estratégias ocidentais of the growing popularity of the so- de democratização. Por contraposi- called “Beijing Consensus” which trans- ção ao “Consenso de Washington”, lates into a proposal of political alliance nota-se uma crescente popularidade seemingly built on the observance of do “Consenso de Pequim”, que tra- the rule of non-interference in internal duz uma proposta de aliança política affairs of States, including despotic ones. assente na regra de não interferência With the growing instability in the nos respectivos assuntos internos dos Middle East, the us have been reviewing [8] ESTRATÉGIA E SEGURANÇA NA ÁFRICA AUSTRAL Estados soberanos, incluindo os regi- and stepping up its interests in Africa. mes despóticos. Paralelamente, com o These interests are being ever more clearly aumento da instabilidade no Médio expressed as going beyond the need for Oriente, os Estados Unidos mostram control of strategic resources and may um interesse maior por África, que include the search for stable alliances não se limita ao controlo dos recursos in crucial regions, such as Southern energéticos e pode incluir a procura de Africa. On their side of the equation, alianças estáveis em regiões cruciais, the former European colonial powers como a África Austral. Por sua vez, tend to transfer part of their African as antigas potências coloniais tendem concerns to the assistential field of oda a transferir uma parte das suas pre- and humanitarian aid promoted by the ocupações para o âmbito assistencial eu, thus limiting Europe’s capacity for da ajuda humanitária promovida pela dynamic political action in Africa. União Europeia e têm limitado a capa- However, the European countries cidade da acção política
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