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Home , Ernest Bevin, Evelyn Shuckburgh

196 Notes

Introduction

1. See especially John W. Young (ed.), The Foreign Policy of Churchill's Peacetime Administration 1951-55 (Leicester, 1988) and Richard Lamb, The Failure of the Eden Government (: 1987). 2. Among the many recent works which consider Palestine are: W. R. Louis and Robert W. Stookey (eds), The End of the Palestine Mandate, (Austin, Texas: 1986), Ritchie Ovendale (ed.), The Foreign Policies of the British Labour Government (Leicester: 1984), and Michael Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers 1945-1948 (London: 1982). There are several books in preparation that address Suez from the newly-released documentary sources; the first that does so is W. R. Louis and Robert W. Owen (eds), Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford: 1989). 3. W. R. Louis, The in the Middle East 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the and Post-War Imperialism (Oxford: 1984), pp. 9-10. 4. See especially Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy (Oxford: 1956) and subsequent editions. 5. R.N. Rosecrance, Defence of the Realm (New York: 1968), p. 36. The McMahon Act prevented the continued close collaboration of the US, Britain and Canada on atomic weapons research. When informed some years later of the degree of secret wartime cooperation, McMahon said that he would never have put forward the act if he had known of Britain's role. 6. Orner Zametica, British Strategic Planning for the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East 1944-47 (Unpublished PhD dissertation, Cambridge University: 1986), pp. 66-7. 7. Kenneth Harris, Attlee (London: 1982), p. 299. 8. Louis, op. cit., pp. 22-4. 9. Zametica, op. cit., p. 168. 10. , : 1945-1951 (London: 1983), p. 113. 11. Elizabeth Monroe, 'Mr. Bevin's Arab Policy', St. Antony's Papers, No. 11, 1961, p. 21. 12. Ibid., p. 11. 13. Louis, pp. 229-30. In November 1942, the British Ambassador, Sir Miles Lampson, had the Egyptian palace surrounded by tanks and demanded the King's abdication if he refused to appoint a pro-British government. This high-handed gesture succeeded, but was never forgotten. Notes 197

14. Bullock, op. cit., p. 324. 15. Louis, op. cit., pp. 331-4. 16. Ibid., pp. 354-6. 17. Thomas Bryson, American Diplomatic Relations with the Middle East 1784-1975 (Metuchen, N.J.: 1977), p. 150. 18. Bruce R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the in the Near East (Princeton: 1980), pp. 240-3. 19. Ibid., p. 394. 20. Barry Rubin, The Great Powers in the Middle East 1941-1947 (London: 1980), p. 225. 21. Louis Galamber (ed.), The Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower: The Chief of Staff (Baltimore: 1978); Report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 29 April 1947, p. 1702, note 2. 22. FRUS 1947, Vol. 5 (Washington: 1974), Minutes of the First Meeting of the Special Committee to study assistance to Greece and Turkey, 24 February 1947, p. 46. 23. Kuniholm, pp. 409-15. 24. Galamber, Letter to Lord Ismay, 28 October 1946 and notes, pp. 1344-45. 25. FRUS 1947, Vol. 5, Memorandum prepared by the State Department-Chronological Summary of Correspondence and Exchange of Notes leading up to Discussions with the British on the Middle East, pp. 488-91. 26. Documentation of the Pentagon Talks is available in FRUS 1947 Vol. 5, pp. 561-83. 27. Ibid., p. 625.

1 British Thinking on Middle East Defence, 1948-50

1. 'The International Situation: Palestine and the Middle East', R US! Journal (94) 1949, p. 111. 2. House of Commons Debates Vol. 446 col. 399, 22 January 1948. 3. Kenneth 0. Morgan, Labour in Power 1945-1951 (Oxford: 1984), pp. 193, 279. There are numerous memoirs and recent works which detail the discussions within the Labour Cabinet. Among the best are , High Tide and After (London: 1962), Francis Williams, A Prime Minister Remembers (London: 1961); among recent works are Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary 1945-1951 (London: 1983), Kenneth Harris, Attlee (London: 1982), Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (London: 1985), and W. R. Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States and Post-War Imperialism (Oxford: 1984). 4. DEFE 4/10 JP (47)60 13 January 1948. 5. DEFE 4/10 COS (48) 21st meeting, 11 February 1948. 6. CAB 131/6 DO (48)61, 14 September 1948. 7. DEFE 4/11 JP (48)28 17 March 1948. 8. RUSJ Journal (94) 1949, pp. 110-111. 198 Notes

9. Pyman Papers 6/4, 22 June 1948, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London. Quoted with the permission of the Trustees of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. 10. Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland had all been occupied by British forces during 1941-42. The future of all of them was to be determined by the , and was the subject of much diplomatic negotiation amongst the major powers in 1945-50. 11. W. R. Louis, 'The Special Relationship and Decolonisation: American Anti-Colonialism and the Dissolution of the British Empire', Interna• tional Affairs, vol. 61, no. 3, 1985, pp. 403-5. 12. DEFE 4/10 COS (48) 7th meeting, 14 January 1948. 13. CAB 13116 DO (48)31, 27 April1948. 14. NSC 19, Policies of the Government of the US relating to National Security; Disposition of the former Italian colonies, 23 July 1948. Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 83, reel 2. 15. CAB 129/30 CP (48)261, 9 November 1948. 16. PREM 8/837, Note of the views of the Chiefs of Staff on the size of stocks to be retained in the Middle East or East Africa, 1948. 17. Policies of the Government of the US Relating to National Security; the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East; Basic US Position, 24 November 1947, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF83, reel 2. 18. DEFE 4/16 JP (48)106, 7 October 1948; DEFE 5/8 COS (48)123, Plan 'Sandown', 16 October 1948. 19. DEFE 5/11 COS (48)111, 13 May 1948. 20. DEFE 5/9 COS (48)210, 16 December 1948. 21. WO 163/106 ECAP/P (48) 99, 6 July 1948. 22. WO 163/110 ECAP/6 (49) 13, 13 September 1949. 23. JCS 1887/1, 19 July 1948, Report by the Joint Strategic Plans Commit• tee-Military viewpoint regarding the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East area, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF58, reel 1. 24. ORE 58-48, 30 July 1948, CIA files, Box 256 PSF, Truman Papers, Truman Library. 25. Kenneth W. Condit, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. 2, 1947-1949 (Wilmington, Del.: 1979), pp. 289-92, 300. 26. FRUS 1949, Vol. 1 (Washington: 1976), Summary of Preliminary Analysis of the views of the JCS on military rights in foreign territories, August 1949, pp. 369-75. 27. DEFE 4/17 JP (48) 130, 4 November 1948. 28. DEFE 4/17 COS (48) 160th meeting, 10 November 1948. 29. Condit, p. 300. 30. DEFE 4/24 JP (49)85, 5 September 1949. 31. DEFE 4/26 JP (49)126, 3 November 1949. 32. DEFE 4/29 JP (49)134, 1 March 1950. 33. DEFE 4/10 COS (48) 6th meeting, 14 January 1948. 34. DEFE 4/10 CSA/P·(48)3, 13 January 1948. 35. DEFE 5/10 COS (48)6, 5 January 1948. 36. FRUS 1948, Vol. 5 (Washington: 1975), pp. 85-6. Notes 199

37. DEFE 5/11 COS (48)122, 27 May 1948. 38. Bevin Papers, FO 800/457, Record of conversation between the Secretary of State and the Minister of Defence, 24 July 1948. 39. DEFE 4114 JP (48)72, 1 July 1948. 40. FO 371/69176, Memorandum of conversation between Ernest Bevin, A. V. Alexander and Sir , 5 August 1948. 41. FO 371/69176, Draft directive to the Commanders-in-Chief, Middle East for the future deployment of Middle East forces, 14 August 1948. 42. DEFE 4115 COS (48) 118th meeting, 25 August 1948. 43. DEFE 7/102, Letter from Bevin to Alexander, 13 September 1948. 44. DEFE 4/16 COS (48) 130th meeting, 17th September 1948. 45. FRUS 1949, Vol. 6 (Washington: 1977), Ambassador in the UK to the Secretary of State, 22 March 1949, pp. 199-200. 46. FRUS 1949, Vol. 6, Memorandum by the Chief of Staff, US Air Force, to the Joint Chiefs, 5 May 1949, pp. 217-19. 47. CAB 13118 DO (49) 18th meeting, 27 July 1949. 48. CAB 2111976, DCC(49)131, 15 December 1949. 49. DEFE 4/28 COS (50) 11th meeting, 18 January 1950. 50. Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary 1945-1951 (London: 1983), p. 759. 51. W. R. Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951 (Oxford: 1984), pp. 709-14. 52. DEFE 4/31 COS (50) 77th meeting, 17 May 1950. 53. C. J. Bartlett, The Long Retreat: A Short History of British Defence Policy 1945-1970 (London: 1972), pp. 81-2. 54. DEFE 4/35 JP (50)89, 11 August 1950. 55. DEFE 4/35 COS (50) 142nd meeting, 4 . 56. DEFE 4/35 COS (50) 144th meeting, 8 September 1950. 57. Bevin Papers, FO 800/457, Record of conversation between the Secretary of State and the Egyptian Minister for Foreign Affairs, New York, 28 September 1950. 58. FRUS 1950, Vol. 5 (Washington: 1978), Memorandum of conversa• tion, 17 July 1950, p. 293. 59. NSC 65/3, 17 May 1950, NSC files Box 205, PSF, Truman Papers, Truman Library. 60. FRUS 1950, Vol. 5 editorial note pp. 324-5. 61. CAB 129/43 CP (50)284, 27 November 1950. 62. CAB 129/43 CP (50)283, 27 November 1950. 63. CAB 128/18 CM 79(50), 30 November 1950. 64. DEFE 4/38 COS (50) 201st meeting, 8 December 1950. 65. Bevin Papers, FO 800/457, Record of conversations between the Secretary of State and the Egyptian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 4-9 December 1950. 66. Strang Papers, 2/5 E8752/1052/65, Sir William Strang's tour of the Middle East, 21 May-18 June 1949; Report for the Secretary of State, pp. 3-4, Churchill College, Cambridge. Quoted with permission of the Trustees, Churchill College Archives. 67. Bevin papers, FO 800/477, Record of conversation on HMS Victory, 15 January 1948. 68. CAB 129/37 CP (49)209, 19 October 1949. 200 Notes

69. CAB 129/32 CP (49)12, 17 January 1949. 70. DEFE 4/23 COS (49) 115th meeting, 5 August 1949. 71. DEFE 5/15 COS (49) 261, 8 August 1949. 72. DEFE 4/23 COS (49) 118th meeting, 12 August 1949. 73. WO 163/110, ECAC/P (49)105, 20 September 1949. 74. Bevin Papers, FO 800/477, Telegram from the British Middle East Office (Cairo) to the Foreign Office, 17 November 1949. 75. CAB 13117 DO (49)85, 19 December 1949. 76. W. R. Louis, 'American Anti-Colonialism and the Dissolution of the British Empire', W. R. Louis and Hedley Bull (eds), The Special Relationship: Anglo-American Relations Since 1945 (Oxford: 1986), p. 268. 77. DEFE 4/10 JP (48)6, 19 January 1948. 78. FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, Minister in Saudi Arabia to the Secretary of State, 20 January 1948, p. 212. 79. CO 537/4131, Memorandum by the representatives of the Chiefs of Staff, February 1948. 80. The US, through the Arab-American Oil Company, ARAMCO, had been very active in Saudi Arabia since the 1930s. During the war years the relationship between Britain and the US was very tense in Saudi Arabia, as each was suspicious of the other's motives. See especially Irvine Anderson, ARAMCO, the United States and Saudi Arabia (Princeton: 1981) and Michael B. Stoff, Oil, War and American Security (New Haven, Conn.: 1980) for further background to this fascinating and little-known part of the Anglo-American wartime relationship. 81. FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, Memorandum by the Director, NEA to the Secretary of State, 26 January 1948, pp. 217-18. 82. Ibid., Secretary of State to the Legation in Saudi Arabia, 6 February 1948, pp. 219-20. 83. Ibid., Minister in Saudi Arabia to the Secretary of State, 6 April 1948, pp. 227-8. 84. Ibid., Memorandum by the Chief of the Division of Near East Affairs to the Director, NEA, 13 April, 1948, pp. 229-30. 85. DEFE 4/15 JP (48)87, 29 July 1948. 86. FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, Acting Secretary of State to the Legation in Saudi Arabia, 17 December 1948, p. 257. 87. FO 371175508, Letter from the Ministry of Defence to B.A.B. Bur• rows, Foreign Office, 22 January 1949. 88. DEFE 5/19 COS (50)28, 26 January 1950. 89. llan Pappe, British Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East 1948-1951: Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, unpublished Oxford D.Phil thesis, 1984, pp. viii-xii. 90. The story of the British relationship with the Hashemites of Jordan and Iraq is an excellent way of looking at the paternal nature of the British Middle Eastern empire. For fascinating contemporary accounts of the declining days of the British in these countries, see Jon Kimche, Seven Fallen Pillars: The Middle East 1915-1950 (London: 1950), and Glubb Pasha, A Soldier with the Arabs (London: 1957). Notes 201

91. DEFE 4/22 COS (49) 98th meeting, 8 July 1949. 92. DEFE 5/21 COS (50)202, 13 June 1950. 93. DEFE 5/15 COS (49)231, 12 July 1949. 94. Cmd. 7631, Statement on Defence, 1949. 95. WO 33/2661, CIGS Conference, Camberley, 23 May 1949. 96. CAB 131/7, DO (49)48, 21 June 1949. 97. CAB 131/7 DO (49)47, 21 June 1949. 98. CAB 131/7 DO (49)51, 27 June 1949. 99. CAB 131/7 DO (49)66, 18 October 1949. 100. CAB 131/8 DO (49) 22nd meeting, 25 November 1949. 101. FO 371181962/E1196/l, January 1950. 102. Memorandum for the PUSC, 27 April1950, in Roger Bullen and M. E. Pelly (eds), Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series 2, Vol. 2 (London: 1987), pp. 157-72. 103. Attlee Papers, dep. 105 fols. 168-75, Note for the Prime Minister's meeting with the National Council of Labour, 22 August, Bodleian Library, Oxford. 104. Attlee Papers, Dep. 106, fols. 1-4, Ministerial broadcast by the Prime Minister, 30 August 1950, Bodleian Library, Oxford. 105. Walter S. Poole, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. 41950-52 (Wilmington, Del.: 1980), pp. 169-71. 106. FRUS 1950, Vol. 3 (Washington: 1977), Ambassador-at-Large to the Secretary of State, 25 July 1950, pp. 1659-65. 107. FRUS 1950, Vol. 5 (Washington: 1978), Record of informal US-UK discussions, 18 September 1950. 108. FRUS 1950, Vol. 5, Memorandum from George McGhee to Phillip Jessup, 19 October 1950, pp. 218-20. 109. DEFE 4/37 JP (50)146, 19 October 1950. 110. FRUS 1950, Vol. 5, Memorandum of conversation, 24 October 1950, pp. 231-2. Ill. FRUS 1950, Vol. 3, Meetings of the US and British Chiefs of Staff, Washington, 23-26 October 1950, pp. 1691-93. 112. NSC 47, 14 March 1951, NSC files Box 212, PSF, Truman Papers, Truman Library. 113. WO 163/58, Army Council 95th meeting, 19 September 1950.

2 The Attempt to Establish a Middle East Command, 1949-53

1. DEFE 4/10 JP (47)160, 13 January 1948. 2. DEFE 4/10 COS (48) 8th meeting, 16 January 1948. 3. DEFE 5/7 COS (48)56, 4 May 1948. 4. FRUS 1948, Vol. 4 (Washington: 1974). Telegram from the Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Turkey, 23 April 1948, p. 79. 5. DEFE 4/20 JP (49)29, 30 March 1949. 6. FO 800/455 PUSC (19), 30 April 1949. 202 Notes

7. FO 800/477. Record of a conversation between Hector MacNeill and George Kennan, 11 August 1949. 8. FRUS 1949, Vol. 6 (Washington: 1977). Memorandum by Gordon P. Merriam, Policy Planning Staff, 13 June 1949, pp. 33-8. 9. CAB 129/37 CP (49)209, 19 October 1949. 10. FRUS 1949, Vol. 6. Statement by the US and UK groups, 15 November 1949, p. 70. 11. Ibid.; Agreed Conclusions of the Conference of Near East Chiefs of Mission, 26-29 November 1949, pp. 168-9. 12. FRUS 1950, Vol. 5 (Washington: 1978). Conference of US Diplomatic and Consular Officials in the Middle East, 7-11 March 1950. Report of the Middle East Regional Conference, 16 March 1950, p. 3. 13. FRUS 1950, Vol. 3 (Washington: 1977). Talks of the US-UK on the Near East; The work of Sub-Committee Q - US Delegation at the Tripartite Preparatory Meetings to the Secretary of State, 2-3 May 1950, pp. 975-84. 14. Ministerial Talks, US/UK, 7 May 1950, in annex to Roger Bullen and M. E. Pelly (eds), Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series 2, Vol. 2 (London: 1987), document 65i. 15. JCS 2127- Near East Security- Memorandum for the Secretary of Defence, 2 May 1950, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 2, reell. 16. CAB 131/9 DO (50)40, 19 May 1950. 17. W. R. Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951 (Oxford: 1984), pp. 583-9. 18. DEFE 5/23 COS (50)331, 28 August 1950. 19. FRUS 1950, Vol. 3. Meetings of Foreign Ministers in New York, 12-19 September 1950; US delegation minutes of preliminary conversations, 29 August 1950. 20. DEFE 4/36 JP (50)138, 13 October 1950. 21. Peter L. Hahn, 'Containment and Egyptian Nationalism: The Un• successful Effort to Establish the Middle East Command 1950-53' in Diplomatic History, Vol. 11, No. 1, Winter 1987, pp. 26-8. 22. FRUS 1951, Vol. 5 (Washington: 1982). Memorandum by the Assi• stant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian and African Affairs to the Secretary of State, 27 December 1950, pp. 4--6. 23. Ibid. Letter from the Secretary of State to the Secretary of Defence, 27 January 1951, p. 22. 24. Ibid. Draft minutes of discussions at the State Department-Joint Chiefs meeting, 30 January 1951, pp. 29-36. 25. DEFE 5/27 COS (51)43, 30 January 1951. 26. JCS 1887/20. Certain appraisals given by CINCNELM to British Middle East Commanders in Chief 22-24 January 1951 at Mal• ta- Memorandum by the Chief of Naval Operations, 25 April 1951, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 58, reel 1. 27. DEFE 4/40 JP (51)22, 9 February 1951. 28. FRUS 1951, Vol. 5. Conclusions and Recommendations of the Confe• rence of Middle East Chiefs of Mission, Istanbul, 14-21 February 1951, pp. 56-60. Notes 203

29. NSC 47/3. US Policy Towards the Arab States and ; Draft statement by the State Department, 1 March 1951, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 72, reel 2. 30. DEFE 5/29 COS (51)167, 28 March 1951. 31. CAB 129/45 CP (51)95, 30 March 1951. 32. CAB 128/19 CM 24(51), 5 April 1951. 33. FRUS 1951, Vol. 5. Draft minutes of Discussions at State Department• Joint Chiefs meeting, 2 May 1951, pp. 114--15. 34. DEFE 4/42 JP (51)88, 10 May 1951. 35. NSC 109, 11 May 1951, Box 212, PSF, Truman Papers, Truman Library. 36. DEFE 5/31 COS (51)309, 28 May 1951. 37. DEFE 4/43 COS (51)84th meeting, 21 May 1951. 38. CAB 128/19 CM 36(51), 22 May 1951. 39. FRUS 1951, Vol. 5, Working Paper drafted by the Policy Planning Staff, 23 May 1951, pp. 144--7. 40. FRUS 1951, Vol. 3 (Washington: 1981), editorial note, pp. 522-4. 41. DEFE 4/43 COS (51)91st meeting, 4 June 1951. 42. CAB 131/10 DO (51) 15th meeting, 7 June 1951. 43. FRUS 1951, Vol. 3. US minutes of the US-UK meeting on questions of Atlantic, Mediterranean and Middle East commands, 19 June 1951, pp. 537-41. 44. DEFE 4/44 COS (51) tOOth meeting, 20 June 1951. 45. DEFE 4/44 COS (51) 103rd meeting, 25 June 1951. 46. DEFE 4/44 COS (51) 109th meeting, 2 July 1951. 47. CAB 131110 DO (51) 18th meeting, 2 July 1951. 48. FRUS 1951, Vol. 3. Draft Memorandum by the Policy Planning Staff, 6 July 1951, pp. 552-4. 49. DEFE 4/45 JP (51)129, 24 July 1951. 50. DEFE 4/45 JP (51)130, 24 July 1951. 51. DEFE 4/45 JP (51)131, 23 July 1951. 52. CAB 129/46 CP (51)214, 27 July 1951. 53. Hahn, pp. 30-2. 54. DEFE 5/32 COS (51)449, 2 August 1951. 55. John C. Campbell, Defence of the Middle East: Problems of American Policy (New York: 1958), p. 46. 56. DEFE 4/46 COS (51) 127th meeting, 8 August 1951. 57. FRUS 1951, Vol. 5, Memorandum of conversation, 10 August 1951, pp. 162-3. 58. Ibid. Letter from the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to the Secretary of State, 15 August 1951, pp. 372-5. 59. Ibid. Memorandum by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Secretary of Defence, 29 August 1951; The importance of the British military position in , pp. 78-80. 60. Ibid. Memorandum by John H. Ferguson, Policy Planning Staff, 29 August 1951, p. 173. 61. DEFE 4/46 COS (51) 133rd meeting, 20 August 1951. 62. DEFE 5/33 COS (51) 492, 28 August 1951. 63. DEFE 4/46 PAO/P (51)54, 1 September 1951. 204 Notes

64. FRUS 1951, Vol. 5. Acting Secretary of State to the Embassies in Egypt and Turkey, 8 September 1951, pp. 181-3. 65. FRUS 1951, Vol. 3. Meeting of the U8-UK Foreign Ministers, Washington, 10 September 1951, p. 1232. 66. Ibid. Meeting, 12 September 1951, pp. 1261-63. 67. Ibid. Minutes of the seventh meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the US, UK and France, 14 September 1951, p. 1291. 68. CAB 129/47 CP (51)266, 22 September 1951. 69. FRUS 1951, Vol. 3, pp. 725-30. 70. DEFE 4/47 COS (51) 147th meeting, 19 September 1951. 71. FRUS 1951, Vol. 3. Ambassador in Turkey to the Secretary of State, 25 September 1951, pp. 580-1. 72. DEFE 4/47 COS (51) 154th meeting, 3 October 1951. 73. FO 14111452. Telegram from Cairo to the Foreign Office, 3 October 1951. 74. CAB 130.71 Gen. 382 1st meeting, 4 October 1951. 75. FO 14111452. Telegram from Alexandria to the Foreign Office, 9 October 1951. 76. FO 14111452. Record of Meeting, 10 October 1951. 77. FO 141/1452. Telegram from the Foreign Office to Alexandria, 10 October 1951. 78. FRUS 1951, Vol. 5. Letter from the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to the Secretary of State, 12 October 1951. 79 .. J .. C. Hurewitz, Diplomacy in the Middle East: A Documentary Record 1914-1956, Vol. 2 (Princeton: 1956), pp. 329-31. 80 FRUS 1951, Vol. 5, editorial note, p. 402. 81. FRUS 1951, Vol. 3, pp. 725-30. 82. DEFE 4/48 COS (51) 169th meeting, 23 October 1951. 83. DEFE 4/48 JP (51)174 (revise), 25 October 1951. 84. DEFE 4/48 COS (51) 172nd meeting, 29 October 1951. 85. DEFE 4/48 COS (51) 177th meeting, 5 November 1951. 86. CAB 128/23 CC (51)5, 8 November 1951. 87. George McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplo• macy (New York: 1983), p. 218. 88. Hurewitz, pp. 331-2. 89. FRUS 1951, Vol. 5. Ambassador in Israel to the State Department, 11 November 1951, p. 247. 90. Hurewitz, pp. 333-4. 91. DEFE 4/49 COS (51) 185th meeting, 14 November 1951. 92. DEFE 5/35 COS (51)726, 6 December 1951. 93. FRUS 1951, Vol. 5. Substance of State-Joint Chiefs Meeting, 12 December 1951, p. 436. 94. Ibid. Draft Study by the NSC, 27 December 1951; The Position of the US with respect to the general area of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, pp. 258-62. 95. Ibid. Secretary of State to the Secretary of Defence, 29 December 1951. 96. R. R. James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches Notes 205

1897-1963, Vol. 8, 1950--63 (New York: 1974), p. 8335, 30 January 1952. 97. DEFE 5/36 COS (52)11, 3 January 1952. 98. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9 (Washington: 1986). Negotiating Paper pre• pared in the State Department, 4 January 1952, pp. 168-70. 99. Greece and Turkey were made part of a South-East Command in August 1952, under the command of SACEUR. 100. DEFE 4/51 JP (51)219, 9 January 1952. 101. DEFE 4/51 COS (52) 11th meeting, 22 January 1952. 102. FRUS 1952-54, vol. 9. Memorandum of Conversation, 31 January 1952, pp. 179-82. 103. Ibid. Memorandum on MEC_ prepared in the State Department, 6 February 1952, pp. 189-90. 104. CAB 129/49 C (52)32, 11 February 1952. 105. CAB 128/24 CC 18(52), 18 February 1952. 106. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9, National Intelligence Special Estimate- Prospects for an inclusive MEDO, 17 March 1952, pp. 197-9. 107. Ibid. Discussion of MEDO position paper, 24 April 1952, pp. 219-21. 108. Ibid. Memorandum of conversation between US and British Embassy officials, 29 April 1952, pp. 226--8. 109. NSC 129/1. US Objectives and Policies with Respect to the Arab States and Israel, 24 April 1952, Liddell Hart Archives, King;s College, London, MF 76, reel 1. 110. DEFE 4/54 JP (52)14, 13 May 1952. 111. DEFE 4/54 COS (52) 77th meeting, 5 June 1952. 112. DEFE 4/54 COS (52) 89th meeting, 23 June 1952. 113. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Minutes of the State Department-Joint Chiefs Meeting, 18 June 1952, pp. 237--46. 114. Ministerial Talks in London, June 1952; Memoranda of conversation, 26 June 1952, Acheson Papers, Box 67, Truman Library. 115. UK proposals on MEDO and US reply, August-September 1952, Box 167, Acheson Papers, Truman Library. 116. CO 1015/48. Impressions of the Recent Conference of Heads of Mission in the Middle East, September 1952. 117. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Depart• ment (London: 1969), p. 567. 118. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Letter from the State Department to the British Embassy in Washington, 5 November 1952, pp. 312-13. 119. CAB 129/58 C(53)17, revise, 17 January 1953. 120. CAB 128/26 CC 12(53), 17 February 1953. 121. NSC 141. Re-examination of US Programs for National Secur• ity- Memorandum by the Secretaries of State and Defence, 19 January 1953, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 73, reel 3. 122. CAB 128/26 CC (53)20, 17 March 1953. 123. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Secretary of State to Certain Diplomatic Missions, 1 May 1953, pp. 365-8. 206 Notes

124. DEFE 4/63 COS (53) 64th meeting, 19 May 1953. 125. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Ambassador in Egypt to the State Department, 13 May 1953, pp. 27-8. 126. D035/6323, Telegram from Washington to the Foreign Office, 7 June 1953. 127. DEFE 4/63 COS (53) 71st meeting, 8 June 1953. 128. DEFE 11160. Letter from Sir John Troutbeck to the Foreign Office, 13 June 1953. 129. DEFE 4/63 COS (53) 77th meeting, 23 June 1953. 130. FO 371/102732/JE10345/23. Telegram from the Foreign Office to Washington, 16 July 1953. 131. Princeton Seminars, 15-16 May 1954, Box 80, Acheson Papers, Truman Library. 132. Oral interview with George McGhee, Truman Library.

3 Britain, the Commonwealth and the Defence of the Middle East

1. See David Day, 'ANZACS on the Run: The View from ', The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol. 14, May 1986, pp. 187-202. 2. Canada signed an agreement with the US at Ogdensburg in 1940 which in effect allied the two countries and made the US responsible for the defence of North America. From 1942 both Australia and New Zealand developed close defence links with the US, and were more involved with the US in the Pacific than with Britain. This cooperation led directly to the ANZUS pact in 1951. 3. See especially Phillip Darby, British Defence Policy East of Suez 1947-1968 (London: 1973). 4. J. G. Albert, Attlee, the Chiefs of Staff and the Restructuring of Commonwealth Defence Between V 1 Day and the Outbreak of the , unpublished Oxford D.Phil thesis, 1986, pp. 127-30. 5. DEFE 4/11, COS (48) 34th meeting, 9 March 1948. 6. Bevin Papers, FO 800/453. Brief for use by the Minister of Defence in discussion with J. B. Chifley of Australia, 9 July 1948. 7. Ritchie Ovendale, The English-Speaking Alliance: Britain, the United States, the Dominions and the Cold War 1945-51 (London: 1985), p. 119. 8. DEFE 4117 COS (48) 155th meeting, 3 November 1948. 9. DEFE 4117 JP (48)115, 5 November 1948. 10. DEFE 5/16 COS (49)332, 7 October 1949. 11. Ovendale, p. 121. 12. DEFE 4/27 COS (49) 190th meeting, 30 December 1949. 13. Ovendale, p. 121. 14. Bevin Papers, FO 800/449. Conversation with Spender (Australia) and Doidge (New Zealand) at Colombo, 13 January 1950. 15. Brief for the UK delegation to the London Conference of Foreign Notes 207

Ministers, 19 April 1950, in Roger Bullen and M. E. Pelly (eds), Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series 2, Vol. 2 (London: 1987), pp. 56-7. 16. Robert O'Neill, Australia in the Korean War 1950-53 Vol. 1: Strategy and Diplomacy (Canberra: 1981), pp. 40-4. 17. Ovendale, p. 124. 18. CAB 130/64, Gen. 338. Preparations for the meeting of Common• wealth Heads of Government, 19 October 1950. 19. CAB 2111774 JP (50)173, 29 November 1950. 20. Ian McGibbon, 'New Zealand's Intervention in the Korean War, June-July 1950' in International History Review, Vol. XI, May 1989, p. 290. 21. CAB 130/64, Middle East Defence, Foreign Office draft, 12 December 1950. 22. FO 371181967/E1195/13/6. Telegram from the Ministry of Defence to GHQ, Far East Land Forces, 6 December 1950. 23. Ovendale, p. 245. 24. DEFE 4/11, JP (47)156, 20 February 1948. 25. AIR 20/7281, USAF-RAF use of African air routes. Conference in Washington, 8-19 November 1948. 26. PREM 8/734, PMM ( 48) lOth meeting, 19 October 1948. 27. Ovendale, pp. 245-6. 28. DEFE 4/20 JP (49)18, 10 March 1949. 29. DEFE 5/14 COS (49)139, 22 April 1949. 30. Christopher Coker, NATO, the Warsaw Pact and Africa (London: 1985), pp. 29, 72-3. 31. DO 35/2752, Record of a meeting at the Commonwealth Relations Office, 21 April 1949. 32. DEFE 4/22 JP (49)76, 5 July 1949. 33. DEFE 4/23 COS (49) 101st meeting, 15 July 1949. 34. DEFE 5/17 COS (49)462, 31 December 1949. 35. DO 35/2430, Meeting with Sir John Kennedy, Governor of Southern Rhodesia, at the Commonwealth Relations Office, 23 September 1949. 36. AIR 2/10503, African Forces Conference, November 1949-Air aspect. 37. DO 35/2752, Meeting at Colombo, 14 January 1950. 38. DEFE 5/21 COS (50)159, 17 May 1950. 39. CO 537/6394. Telegram from the Commander-in-Chief, South Atlantic to the Ministry of Defence, 7 June 1950. 40. DEFE 4/36 JP (50)119, 8 September 1950. 41. DEFE 5/27 COS (51)58, 7 February 1951. 42. Thomas Noer, Black Liberation: The United States and White Rule in Africa 194~8 (Columbia, Mo.: 1985), p. 27. 43. DEFE 5/25 COS (50)467, 13 November 1950. 44. CAB 131111, DO (51)4, 17 January 1951. 45. DEFE 5/30 COS (51)215, 12 April 1951. 46. DEFE 4/44 COS (51) 95th meeting, 8 June 1951. 47. CAB 131110, DO (51) 17th meeting, 18 June 1951. 48. CAB 131111 DO (51)103, 31 August 1951. 49. DEFE 4/39 COS (51) 4th meeting, 5 January 1951. 208 Notes

50. WO 216/724, Letter from Lieut. Gen. Brownjohn to General Robert- son, 5 February 1951. 51. Ovendale, pp. 126--30. 52. CAB 131111 DO (51)24, 6 March 1951. 53. CAB 131110 DO (51) lOth meeting, 23 April 1951. 54. Memorandum of conversation with Prime Minister Holland of New Zealand, 8 February 1951, Memoranda of Conversations and Meetings with Foreign Dignitaries 1949-52 (Washington: 1988). 55. Robin Kay (ed.), Documents on New Zealand External Relations Vol. 3; The ANZUS Pact and the Treaty with Japan (Wellington: 1985); Report on the Australia-New Zealand consultations in Canberra, 7 March 1951, p. 633. 56. Ovendale, pp. 137-8. 57. DO 121/30. Note on the meeting of Commonwealth Defence Ministers, June 1951. 58. CAB 131111 DO (51)72, 18 June 1951. 59. AIR 8/1616. Memorandum prepared by the Chief of the Air Staff for distribution to Commonwealth Air Ministries, July 1951. 60. DEFE 7/34. Letter from the Minister of Defence to the Defence Ministers of South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, 9 August 1951. 61. T. B. Millar (ed.), Australian Foreign Minister: The Diaries of R. G. Casey 1951-fJO (London: 1972), p. 59. 62. Ovendale, p. 238. 63. Steering Group on preparations for talks between the President and Prime Minister Churchill, The Military Role of Australia and New Zealand, 29 December 1951, Churchill-Truman meetings, Box 116, PSF, Truman Papers, Truman Library. 64. DEFE 7/34, Minutes of the Conference of Commonwealth Air Forces, London, 10 December 1951. 65. WO 216/479. Letter from Lieut. Gen. S. F. Rowell to Lieut. Gen. Sir Nevile Brownjohn, 23 January 1952. 66. FO 371/98294/E1223/2. Telegram from the UK High Commissioner in Australia to the Commonwealth Relations Office, 3 March 1952. 67. AIR 8/1617. Letter from the UK High Commissioner in South Africa to Sir Percivale Liesching, 13 February 1952. 68. DEFE 4/53 COS (52) 54th meeting, 21 April 1952. 69. O'Neill, pp. 286--8. 70. WO 216/567. Letter from General Sir Brian Robertson to Major General Sir Harold Redman, 12 November 1952. 71. DEFE 4/61 COS (53) 47th meeting, 10 April 1953. 72. DEFE 4/65 COS (53) 105th meeting, 15 September 1953. 73. DEFE 5/49 COS (53)498, 3 October 1953. 74. DEFE 4/65 COS (53) 113th meeting, 6 October 1953. 75. DEFE 4/66 COS (53) 130th meeting, 17 November 1953. 76. DEFE 4/72 COS (54) 90th meeting, 16 August 1954. 77. DEFE 4/73 COS (54) 109th meeting, 20 October 1954. 78. FO 371!102585/Jl192/44. West African Defence Facilities Conference at Dakar; Brief for the UK delegation to the preparatory meeting in Paris, 2-3 December 1953. Notes 209

79. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 1 (Washington: 1983). Paper prepared by the Office of the Special Assistant to the Joint Chiefs for NSC affairs, 19 March 1954, pp. 10~. 80. DEFE 4/70 JP (54)7, 19 May 1954. 81. DEFE 4/59 JP (52)114, 6 January 1953. 82. DEFE 4/62 COS (53) 48th meeting, 13 April 1953. 83. FRUS 1952-54 Vol. 11 (Washington: 1983), Consul at Dakar to the State Department, 24 March 1954, pp. 108-14. 84. DEFE 5/53 COS (54)206, 25 June 1954. 85. FO 3711108147/11192/86. Memorandum on the African Defence Faci• lities Conference at Dakar, 14 August 1954. 86. DEFE 4/72 JP (54)58, 24 August 1954. 87. FO 3711108148/J1197/2. Letterfrom F. C. Erasmus to Lord Alexander, 6 September 1954. 88. FO 371/108148/Jl197/3-5. Exchanges of letters, 6-9 September 1954. 89. CAB 129/70, C(54)291, 15 September 1954. 90. DEFE 4/74 JP (54)100, 23 November 1954. 91. AIR 20110285. Letter from Group Captain R. K. Cassels to Air Vice-Marshal C. E. Chilton, 25 October 1954. 92. CAB 131/15, D (55)14, 11 March 1955. 93. J. E. Spence and G. R. Berridge, The Simonstown Agreements, 1955. Paper presented at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies South African Seminar, University of London, 30 October 1987, p. 5. 94. DEFE 4/77 JP (55)46, 2 June 1955. 95. DEFE 4/77 COS (55) 39th meeting, 3 June 1955. 96. CAB 131116, DC (55) 3rd meeting, 10 June 1955. 97. CAB 128/29, CM 17(55), 23 June 1955. 98. Spence and Berridge, p. 7. 99. FO 3711113480-81, September 1955. 100. FO 371/113484/Jl193/60/6. Record of discussion between the Minister of Defence and F. C. Erasmus, 24 October 1955. 101. FRUS 1955-57, Vol. 18 (Washington: 1989), pp. 780--4. 102. CAB 1301113 Gen.518/6/2. Commonwealth Interests in the Middle East; Note by the Foreign Office, 13 June 1956. 103. James Eayrs (ed.), The Commonwealth and Suez: A Documentary Survey (London: 1964), pp. 189-90, 246.

4 Changes in Strategic Thinking, 1951-54

1. House of Commons Debates, Vol. 483, col. 584, 29 January 1951. 2. A. N. Rosecrance, Defence of the Realm; British Strategy in the Nuclear Epoch (Newark: 1968). At the end of 1950, the US was even pressing the British to spend £6000 million on their rearmament programme. See Peter G. Boyle, 'Britain, America and the Transition from Economic to Military Assistance 1940-51 ', Journal of Contem• porary History, Vol. 22, 1987, p. 534. 210 Notes

3. Kenneth 0. Morgan, Labour in Power 1945-1951 (Oxford: 1984), pp. 465-71. 4. DEFE 4/41 JP (51)58, 21 March 1951. 5. DEFE 4/41 JP (51)65, 5 April 1951. 6. DEFE 4/42 JP (51)89, 10 May 1951. 7. DEFE 4/42 COS (51) 81st meeting, 16 May 1951. 8. DEFE 4/43 COS (51) 86th meeting, 23 May 1951. 9. W. R. Louis, 'Mussadiq and the Dilemmas of British Imperialism' in Mussadiq, Iranian Nationalism and Oil, ed. by James A. Bill and W. R. Louis (Austin: 1988), p. 229. 10. James A. Bill, 'America, Iran and the Politics of Intervention, 1951-53' in Bill and Louis, p. 270. 11. 'Position of the U.S. with respect to Iran' from the 91st meeting of the NSC, 16 May 1951, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 83, reel 2. 12. DEFE 4/44 COS (51) 104th meeting, 26 June 1951. 13. DEFE 4/44 COS (51) 105th meeting, 27 June 1951. 14. CAB 128/19 CM 48(51), 2 July 1951. 15. CAB 131110 DO (51) 19th meeting, 9 July 1951. 16. CAB 128/20 CM 51(51), 12 July 1951. 17. DEFE 4/46 COS (51) 134th meeting, 22 August 1951. 18. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 10 (Washington: 1989), p. 151. 19. Attlee to Truman, 25 September 1951, Box 170, Subject files, PSF, Truman Papers, Truman Library. 20. CAB 128/20 CM 60(51) 27 September 1951. 21. Princeton Seminars, 15-16 May 1954, Box 80, Acheson Papers, Truman Library. 22. Walter S. Poole, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. 4, 1950-52 (Wilmington, Del.: 1980), pp. 367-71. 23. DEFE 5/31 COS (51)282, 7 May 1951. 24. CAB 2111787 MDM (51)3, 11 June 1951. 25. DEFE 4/50 JP (51)211, 13 December 1951. 26. DEFE 4/39 JP (50)141-JAP (50)10, 17 January 1951. 27. CAB 21/1787 MDM (51)2, 6 June 1951. 28. AIR 2017448. Minutes of a meeting held by the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Planning), 20 September 1951. 29. FO 371190177/JE1194/44/G. Memorandum to the Prime Minister from the Minister of Defence, 8 June 1951. 30. FO 371197312/JT 1201116. Minute from the Secretary of War to the Foreign Secretary, 6 March 1952. 31. DEFE 10/324. Working Party on Middle East Redeployment, 25 September 1952. 32. DEFE 4/57 COS (52) 147th meeting, 21 October 1952. 33. CAB 129/56 C (52)382, 4 November 1952. 34. J. L. Gaddis, Strategies of Containment (Oxford: 1982), p. 114. 35. John Baylis, Anglo-American Defence Relations 1939-84: The Special Relationship (New York: 1984), p. 60. 36. National Intelligence Estimate 26, 25 April 1951, Box 253, PSF, Truman Papers, Truman Library. Notes 211

37. NSC 114, Status and Timing of Current US Programs for National Security, 27 July 1951, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 76, reel 1. 38. NSC Staff Study on US objectives and policies with respect to the area of the Arab states, Iran and Israel during the period of the Cold War, 4 March 1952, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 82, reel 2. 39. NSC 135/1. Reappraisal of US Objectives and Strategy for National Security, 15 August 1952, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 73, reel 3. 40. FO 371191185/El024/24-33, May-June 1951. 41. FO 371191182/E1022/15. Brief prepared for the Secretary of State's Visit to Paris, 23 November 1951. 42. DEFE 5/30 COS (51)220, 16 April 1951. 43. JCS 1887/24. Defence of Certain Oil-Producing Areas of the Middle East, 11 July 1951, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 58, reel 1. 44. JCS 1887/29. Memorandum for the Secretary of Defence by the Joint Chiefs, 30 November 1951. Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 2, reel 2. 45. JCS 1887/36. Report by the Strategic Plans Committee on the feasibil• ity of holding the Bahrain-Qatar-Saudi Arabia area, 21 January 1952, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 58, reel 1. 46. CO 1015/47. Report on Visit to the Persian Gulf States by Roger Makins, 20 March 1952. 47. WO 216/516. General Robertson's Visit to the Persian Gulf-Notes on Visit, 10-16 March 1952. 48. JCS 1887/47. Defence Security in the Middle East- Report by the State Department Policy Planning Staff, 26 May 1952, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 58, reel 1. 49. JCS 1741167-68. Availability of Middle East Oil in Time of War; Memoranda presented to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 6-17 September 1952, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 58, reel 1. 50. DEFE 4/42 JP (51)59, 9 May 1951. 51. JCS 1887/40. Coordination of British and American Operating Requi• rements in the Middle East and Mediterranean, 20 February 1952, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 58, reel 1. 52. DEFE 4/53 JP (52)38, 4 April 1952. 53. DEFE 5/40 COS (52)312, 13 June 1952. 54. JSPC 684/130, 1 November 1952. Coordination of British, French and American Operating Requirements in the Middle East and Mediterra• nean area - US-UK Discussions, Liddell Hart Archives, King's Colle• ge, London, MF 58, reel 1. 55. DEFE 4/58 COS (52) 174th meeting, 22 December 1952. 56. Baylis, p. 67. 57. Jacob Abadi, Britain's Withdrawal from the Middle East 1947-1971: The Economic and Strategic Imperatives (Princeton: 1982), pp. 156-8. 58. A. J. R. Groom, British Thinking About Nuclear Weapons (London: 1974), p. 58. 59. Ritchie Ovendale, The English-Speaking Alliance: Britain, the United 212 Notes

States, the Dominions and the Cold War, 1945-1951 (London: 1985), pp. 281-2. 60. Groom. p. 96. 61. DEFE 4/58 JP (52)108, 27 November 1952. 62. CAB 131112 D (52)8, 16 April 1952. 63. DEFE 4/56 COS (52) 135th meeting, 23 September 1952. 64. CAB 131/12 D (52)41, 29 September 1952. 65. CAB 131112 D (52)45, 31 October 1952. 66. CAB 131112 D (52)46, 31 October 1952. 67. DEFE 11187. Ad hoc committee on the Radical Review-Mobile Concept for British forces in the Middle East, 9 February 1953. 68. DEFE 4/60 COS (53) 24th meeting, 17 February 1953. 69. DEFE 11/58. Middle East Strategy-Report by the BDCC(ME), 23 February 1953. The Defence Estimates for 1953-54 were settled at £1636.76 million, a substantial increase over the previous year. Cmd. 8768, Statement on Defence 1953. 70. FO 3711102834/JE1197/9. Paper by the Director of Military Opera- tions, 25 June 1953. 71. DEFE 4/55 JP (52)69, 7 July 1952. 72. DEFE 5/41 COS (52)519, 18 September 1952. 73. DEFE 4/58 JP (52)141, 28 November 1952. 74. CAB 129/65 C (54)6, 7 January 1954. 75. CAB 129/65 C (54)9, 9 January 1954. 76. AIR 811771. Revision of the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty; Minute by the Vice-Chief of the Air Staff, 15 February 1954. 77. DEFE 5/55 COS (54)356, 20 November 1954. 78. DEFE 4174 JP (54)100, 23 November 1954.

5 Defence Talks with Middle East States, 1951-54

1. WO 2161724. Letter from Sir Brian Robertson to Sir Nevile Brown- john, 29 January 1951. 2. CAB 131111 DO (51)12, 17 February 1951. 3. DEFE 4/40 JP (51)5-JAP (51)2, 8 March 1951. 4. DEFE 4/40 COS (51) 46th meeting, 12 March 1951. 5. George McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplo• macy (New York: 1983), p. 371. 6. CAB 129/45 CP (51)95, 30 March 1951. 7. W. R. Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951: The United States, Imperialism and Post-War Nationalism (Oxford: 1984), pp. 720-33. 8. CAB 129/45 CP (51)140, 28 May 1951. 9. DEFE 4/47 COS (51) 163rd meeting, 16 October 1951. 10. Quoted in Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill Vol. 8; Never Despair 1945-65 (London: 1988), p. 647. 11. DEFE 4/48 COS (51) 169th meeting, 23 October 1951. 12. FRUS 1951, Vol. 5, Secretary of State to the State Department, 26 November 1951, p. 427. Notes 213

13. , Descent to Suez: Diaries 1951-56 (London: 1986), p. 29. 14. CAB 129/48 C (51)35, 3 December 1951. 15. Walter S. Poole, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. 4, 1950-52 (Wilmington, Del.: 1980), p. 344. 16. DEFE 4/51 COS (52) 15th meeting, 27 January 1952. 17. CAB 129/49 C (52)32, 11 February 1952. 18. CAB 128/24 CC 37(52), 4 April 1952. 19. DEFE 4/53 COS (52) 55th meeting, 22 April 1952. 20. DEFE 4/54 COS (52) 81st meeting, 9 June 1952. 21. DEFE 4/55 COS (52) 107th meeting, 24 July 1952. 22. DEFE 4/55 COS (52) 111th meeting, 6 August 1952. 23. DEFE 4/56 COS (52) 121st meeting, 26 August 1952. 24. FO 371/96977/JE1194/79. Minute from the Prime Minister to the Minister of State, 23 August 1952. 25. Poole, pp. 349-56. 26. DEFE 4/57 COS (52) 147th meeting, 21 October 1952. 27. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Depart- ment (London: 1969), pp. 566--7. 28. DEFE 4/58 JP (52)141, 28 November 1952. 29. DEFE 4/58 COS (52) 164th meeting, 2 December 1952. 30. DEFE 5/43 COS (52)709, 23 December 1952. 31. CAB 129/58 C (53)17, revise, 14 January 1953. 32. CAB 128/26 CC 5(53), 27 January 1953. 33. Shuckburgh, pp. 7~. 34. Robert Rhodes James, (London: 1986), p. 354. 35. House of Commons Debates, Vol. 510, Col. 924, 27 January 1953. 36. FO 371/104190/El022/4. Telegram from Washington to the Foreign Office, 5 March 1953. 37. PREM 11/431. Telegram from Washington to the Foreign Office, 6 March 1953. 38. CAB 128/26 CC (53)20, 17 March 1953. 39. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Secretary of State to the Embassy in Egypt, 16 March 1953, pp. 2022-23. 40. House of Commons Debates, Vol. 512, Cols. 647-48, 5 March 1953. 41. FO 371/102859/JE11915/31. Memorandum by Roger Allen, 6 May 1953. 42. Peter Lyon, Eisenhower: Portrait of the Hero (Boston: 1974), pp. 546--8. 43. FO 371/102858/JE11915/24. Telegram from the Foreign Office to Cairo, 7 May 1953. 44. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Memorandum of Conversation, 11 May 1953. Meeting of Dulles and Neguib, pp. 9-18. 45. Ibid. Memorandum of discussion at the 145th meeting of the National Security Council, 20 May 1953, p. 2075. 46. FO 3711102731/JE10345/12. Minute to the Prime Minister from , 22 May 1953. 47. FO 371/102765/JE1052/121. Minute by R. M. A. Hankey, 22 May 1953. 214 Notes

48. NSC 155, US Objectives and Policies with Respect to the Near East, 17 June 1953, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 79, reel 1. 49. FO 371/102731/JE10345/14. Letter from R. M.A. Hankey to Sir James Bowker, 23 June 1953. 50. CAB 129/61 C (53)190, 4 July 1953. 51. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 5 (Washington: 1983). Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the US and UK, 11 July 1953, pp. 1632-33. 52. Ibid. Letter from Prime Minister Neguib to President Eisenhower, 10 July 1953, pp. 1697-99. 53. CAB 128/26 CC (53)42, 13 July 1953. 54. FO 371/102731/JE 10345/15. Foreign Office to Lord Salisbury, 13 July 1953. 55. CAB 128/26 CC (53)44, 21 July 1953. 56. CAB 128/26 CC 49(53), 18 August 1953. 57. CAB 129/62 C (53)249, 8 September 1953. 58. CAB 128/26 CC 51(53), 8 September 1953. 59. CAB 128/26 CC 54(53), 2 October 1953. 60. FO 3711102766/JE1052/148. Letter to the Prime Minister from Leo Amery, 7 October 1953. 61. Quoted in Gilbert, p. 897. 62. CAB 128/26 CC 58(53) and CC 60(53), 15 and 22 October 1953. 63. CAB 129/64 C (53)328, 23 November 1953. 64. CAB 128/26 CC 72(53), 26 November 1953. 65. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 5, Fourth Plenary Tripartite Meeting of Heads of Government, Bermuda, 7 December 1953, pp. 1819-20. 66. PREM 111700. Minute to the Foreign Secretary from the Prime Minister, 11 December 1953; Minute to the Prime Minister from the Foreign Secretary, 12 December 1953. 67. CAB 128/26 CC 81(53), 29 December 1953. 68. DEFE 4/68 COS (54) 3rd meeting, 8 January 1954. 69. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Egypt, 21 January 1954, p. 2205. 70. CAB 129/66 C (54)99, 13 March 1954. 71. CAB 128/27 CC 18(54), 15 March 1954. 72. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Ambassador in the UK to the State Depart• ment, 18 March 1954, pp. 2213-14. 73. Ibid. Memorandum for the President by the Secretary of State, 19 March 1954, p. 2233. 74. Ibid. Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in the UK, 22 April 1954, p. 2264. 75. Memorandum of dinner with Sir , 12 April 1954, Box 1, White House Memoranda series, Dulles Papers, Eisenhower Library. 76. Gilbert, p. 994. 77. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Secretary of State to the Embassy in Egypt, 28 June 1954, pp. 2277-78. 78. CAB 128/27 CC 47(54), 7 July 1954. 79. AIR 8/1863. Minute from the Prime Minister to the Minister of Defence and the Chiefs of Staff, 21 July 1954. Notes 215

80. Shuckburgh, pp. 226-30. 81. CAB 129/70 C (54)251, 23 July 1954. 82. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Ambassador in Egypt to the State Department, 30 August 1954, p. 2299 and following. 83. House of Commons Debates, Vol. 531, Col. 727, 29 July 1954. 84. A. N. Rosecrance, Defense of the Realm: British Strategy in the Nuclear Epoch (New York: 1968), pp. 202-3. 85. Geoffrey Aronson, From Sideshow to Centrestage: American Policy Towards Egypt 1945-56 (Boulder, Colo.: 1986), p. 96. 86. AIR 20/7435. Middle East Air Force Redeployment Policy minute, February 1951. 87. WO 163/114 ECAOP (51)19, 27 February 1951. 88. DEFE 5/37 COS (52)140, 26 February 1952. 89 DEFE 4/52 COS (52) 32nd meeting, 28 February 1952. 90. DEFE 5/39 COS (52)288, 3 June 1952. 91. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Aide-Memoire from the British Embassy to the State Department, 7 November 1952, pp. 2343-44. 92. DEFE 5/44 COS (53)18, 13 January 1953. 93. DEFE 4/59 COS (53) 8th meeting, 19 January 1953. 94. DEFE 5/44 COS (53)88, 12 February 1953. 95. FO 3711104231/E1194/18. Telegram from Amman to the Foreign Office, 16 February 1953. 96. CAB 131/13 D (53) 3rd meeting, 25 February 1953. 97. FO 3711104232/E1194/31. Telegram from the Foreign Office to the Foreign Secretary on RMS Queen Elizabeth, 3 March 1953. 98. AIR 8/1830. Report by the Commander-in-Chief, Middle East Air Forces on Discussions with the Minister of Defence of Iraq, 2-3 March 1953. 99. DEFE 5/45 COS (53)178, 13 April 1953. 100. DEFE 4/64 COS (53) 82nd meeting, 2 July 1953. 101. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Ambassador in Iraq to the State Department, 24 August 1953, p. 2355. 102. DEFE 4/64 COS (53) 102nd meeting, 3 September 1953. 103. FO 371/104240/E1199/22. Memorandum on US military aid to the Middle East by J. F. Powell-Jones, 8 October 1953. 104. CAB 131/13 D (53) 13th meeting, 14 October 1953. 105. FO 3711104241/E1199/40. Telegram from Washington to the Foreign Office, 3 December 1953. 106. FO 3711104238/E1197/83. Letter from David Scott-Fox to Lord Hood, 10 December 1953. 107. CAB 129/65 C (54)9, 9 January 1954. The Mardin scheme was quietly dropped later in the year on the grounds of cost. 108. CAB 129/65 C (54)17, 20 January 1954. 109. DEFE 4/68 COS (54) 19th meeting, 19 February 1954. 110. DEFE 4171 COS (54) 82nd meeting, 14 July 1954. 111. DEFE 4/72 COS (54) 92nd meeting, 27 August 1954. 112. DEFE 5/55 COS (54)385, 13 December 1954. 113. FRUS 1951, Vol. 5. Consul-General at Tripoli to the State Depart• ment, 2 June 1951, p. 1325. 114. CAB 128/20 CM 57(51), 1 August 1951. 216 Notes

115. DEFE 4/51 JP (51)168, 16 January 1952. 116. DEFE 4/59 COS (53) 8th meeting, 19 January 1953. 117. CAB 129/59 C (53)67, 17 February 1953. 118. CAB 128/26 CC 40(53), 8 July 1953. 119. CAB 128/26 CC 45(53), 23 July 1953. 120. CAB 129/64 C (53)364, 30 December 1953. 121. WO 163/541 ECAC/P(53)52, 31 July 1953. 122. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 11. Secretary of State to the Legation in Libya, 20 July 1954. 123. See Ilan Pappe, Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1948-51 (London: 1988). 124. DEFE 5/20 COS (50)141, 28 April 1950. 125. DEFE 4/36 COS (50) 157th meeting, 27 September 1950. 126. Pappe, op. cit. 127. FO 371/91206/E1073/2. Telegram from Washington to the Foreign Office, 5 January 1951. 128. CAB 131111 DO (51)44, 5 April 1951. 129. Pappe, pp. 420-30. 130. DEFE 4/40 COS (51) 41st meeting, 5 March 1951. 131. CAB 131/10 DO (51) 8th meeting, 9 April 1951. 132. DEFE 4/45 JP (51)56, 9 July 1951. 133. FRUS 1951, Vol. 5. Memorandum of Conversation at the UN General Assembly, 19 November 1951, pp. 937-8. 134. CAB 131113 D (53) 8th meeting, 6 May 1953. 135. CAB 129/65 C (54)6, 7 January 1954. 136. FO 3711111118NR 1195/1. Memorandum on Defence Cooperation with Israel by P. S. Falla, 19 February 1954.

6 Security at Last? The Establishment of the Baghdad Pact, 195~56

1. Albert Hourani, 'The Decline of the West in the Middle East - Part 2', International Affairs, April 1953, pp. 168-9. 2. FO 3711104236/E1197/10. Telegram from the Commonwealth Rela• tions Office to the High Commissions, 10 April 1953. 3. H. W. Brands, ' and in American Strategic Planning 1947-54: The Commonwealth as Collaborator', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol. 15, no. 1, October 1986, pp. 45-9. 4. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9 (Washington: 1986). Memorandum of Conver• sation, 24 May 1953, pp. 135-6. 5. Ibid. Memorandum of Discussion at the 147th meeting of the National Security Council, 1 June 1953, pp. 380-5. 6. Ibid. Memorandum of conversation, 3 June 1953, p. 389. 7. NSC 155, US Objectives and Policies with Respect to the Near East, 17 June 1953, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 79, reel 1. 8. Memorandum by the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Near East, South Asian and African Affairs, 17 June 1953, FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 6 (Washington: 1986), p. 993. Notes 217

9. JCS 1887/68. Memorandum to the Secretary of Defence by the Joint Chiefs, 11 August 1953, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 4, reel4. 10. FRUS 1952-·54, col. 9. Secretary of Defence to the Secretary of State, 17 August 1953, p. 408. 11. FO 371/106937/FY1192/76. Record of conversation between Eden and Dulles, 7 December 1953. 12. DEFE 5/49 COS (53)521, 19 October 1953. 13. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Secretary of State to the Embassy in Turkey, 24 December 1953, pp. 439-43. 14. CAB 129/65 C (54)4, 5 January 1954. 15. CAB 128/27 CC 1(54), 7 January 1954. 16. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Memorandum of conversation with British Embassy officials, 6 January 1954, pp. 444--6. 17. Ibid. Secretary of State to the Embassy in Turkey, 16 January 1954, pp. 45~. 18. DEFE 11/88. Brief for the Berlin Conference: US policy in the Middle East, 15 January 1954. 19. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Turkey, 26 January 1954, pp. 46~. 20. CAB 129/66 C (54)53, 15 February 1954. 21. CAB 129/66 C (54)58, 16 February 1954. 22. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Ambassador in Iraq to the State Department, 17 February 1954, p. 486. 23. Ibid. Editorial note, p. 491. 24. Ibid. Ambassador in Iraq to the State Department, 5 April 1954, p. 491. 25. Ibid. Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Iraq, 15 April1954; Ambassador in Iraq to the State Department, 16 April 1954, pp. 2377-79. 26. DEFE 4/69 COS (54)39th meeting, 7 April 1954. 27. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Paper approved by the Chiefs of Mission Conference, Istanbul, 11-14 May 1954, pp. 506-12. 28. FO 371/110828N1196/3. Brief for the Washington talks on Middle East defence, June 1954. 29. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. National Intelligence Estimate-Prospects for the creation of a Middle East defence grouping and probable conse• quences of such a development, 22 June 1954, pp. 518-19. 30. NSC 5428-US Objectives and Policies with Respect to the Near East, 23 July 1954, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 77, reel2. 31. Progress Report on NSC 155/1, 30 July 1954. 32. Mohammed H. Heikal, Cutting the Lions Tail: Suez Through Egyptian Eyes, (London: 1986), pp. 52-4. 33. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Note from Dulles to the Assistant Secretary of State, NEA, 23 August 1954, pp. 54~. 34. Sir Anthony Eden, Full Circle: The Memoirs of the Right Honourable Sir Anthony Eden (London: 1960), pp. 219--20. 35. FO 3711110791Nl076/8. Telegram from Baghdad to the Foreign Office, 1 September 1954. 218 Notes

36. FO 371/110791N1076/17. Memorandum on the Nuri Said-Saleh Salem proposals on Middle East defence, 10 September 1954. 37. FO 371/110791N1076/36. Memorandum by Selwyn Lloyd, 20 Sep• tember 1954. 38. DEFE 4n2 COS (54) tOOth meeting, 22 September 1954. 39. FO 371/110791N1076/43. Telegram from the Foreign Office to Bagh• dad, 6 October 1954. 40. DEFE 5/54 COS (54)325, 14 October, 1954. 41. FO 3711108485/JE 11932/2. Telegram from Cairo to the Foreign Office, 24 November 1954. 42. Heikal, pp. 53-4. 43. Ali E. Hillalal Dessouki, 'Nasser and the Struggle for Independence' in W. R. Louis and Roger Owen (eds), Suez 1956; The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford: 1989), p. 34. 44. AIR 8/1883. Anglo-Egyptian Strategic Discussions-Brief for the Chief of the Air Staff, 22 December 1954. 45. FRUS 1952-54, Vol. 9. Secretary of State to the Embassy in Turkey, 31 December 1954, pp. 2402-03. 46. AIR 8/1771. Telegram from Baghdad to the Foreign Office, 27 January 1955. 47. Evelyn Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez: Diaries 1951-56 (London: 1986), pp. 293-304. 48. FO 371/115469N1023/3. Telegram from Washington to the Foreign Office, 29 January 1955. 49. Townsend Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (London: 1974), p. 322. 50. AIR 8/1771. Telegram from Baghdad to the Foreign Office, 8 Febru- ary 1955. 51. AIR 8/1771. Brief for the Chief of the Air Staff, 9 February 1955. 52. DEFE 5/56 COS (55)33, 18 February 1955. 53. AIR 8/1771. Telegram from Baghdad to the Foreign Office, 22 February 1955. 54. Hurewitz, p. 390. 55. DEFE 4n5 COS (55) 11th meeting, 17 February 1955. 56. FO 371/113684/JE 1196/12. Brief for the Secretary of State's conversa- tion with Colonel Nasser, 17 February 1955. 57. Dessouki, p. 36. 58. Heikal, pp. 52-88. 59. FO 371/115584N1193/42. Letter from Sir Harold Redman to C. A. E. Shuckburgh, 9 March 1955. 60. CAB 129n4 C (55)70, 14 March 1955. 61. FO 371/115754NQ1051/82. Telegram from the Commonwealth Rela• tions Office to the High Commissioners, 31 March 1955. 62. Hoopes, p. 322. 63. Progress Report on NSC 5428, 7 April1955, Box 78, NSC staff papers, White House Office, Eisenhower Library. 64. Department of Defence memorandum on US objectives in the Middle East area, 5 May 1955, Box 11, Office of Staff Secretary Subject series, White House Office Papers, Eisenhower Library. Notes 219

65. DEFE 7/452. General Headquarters Middle East Land Forces to the Ministry of Defence, 13 April1955. 66. DEFE 4/77 COS (55) 47th meeting, 20 June 1955. 67. Draft memorandum on Plan Alpha, 6 June 1955, Box 1, Subject series, Dulles Papers, Eisenhower Library. 68. CAB 129/76 CP (55)84, 18 July 1955. 69. Memorandum for the President from the State Department on defence of the Middle East, July 1955, Box 2, International Meetings series, Ann Whitman File, Eisenhower Papers, Eisenhower Library. 70. Eisenhower's conversation with Sir Anthony Eden at Geneva, 17 July 1955, Box 6, Ann Whitman Diary series, Ann Whitman File, Eisen• hower Papers, Eisenhower Library. 71. FO 3711115585N1193/90. Letter from Sir Roger Makins to Sir lvone Kirkpatrick, 26 July 1955. 72. Richard Lamb, The Failure of the Eden Government (London: 1987), p. 166. 73. Message from Dulles to Macmillan, 19 August 1955, Box 1, Subject series, Dulles Papers, Eisenhower Library. 74. DEFE 4/79 JP (55)115, 3 October 1955; COS (55) 79th meeting, 4 October 1955. 75. NSC 260th meeting, 6 October 1955, Box 7, NSC series, Ann Whitman File, Eisenhower Papers, Eisenhower Library. 76. FO 371/115587Nll93/137. Minute to the Prime Minister from the Foreign Secretary, 13 October 1955. 77. Lamb, p. 172. 78. CAB 128/29 CM 36(55), 20 October 1955. 79. Shuckburgh, p. 293. 80. Progress Report on NSC 5428, 2 November 1955, Liddell Hart Archives, King's College, London, MF 77, reel 2. 81. Shuckburgh, p. 298. 82. Geoffrey Aronson, From Sideshow to Centre Stage: US Policy Towards Egypt 1946-56 (Boulder, Colo.: 1986), p. 117. 83. FO 3711115469N1023/23. Memorandum prepared by C. A. E. Shuck• burgh and Francis Russell at Geneva, 9 November 1955. 84. FO 371/115469N1023/24. Record of meeting between Mr Macmillan and Mr Dulles at Geneva, 9 November 1955. 85. DEFE 4/80 JP (55)139, 10 November 1955. 86. Shuckburgh, p. 304. 87. DEFE 4/81 COS (55) 97th meeting, 25 November 1955. 88. DEFE 5/63 COS (55)323, 1 December 1955. 89. CAB 131116 DC (55) 16th meeting, 2 December 1955. 90. Heikal, pp. 52-88. 91. DEFE 4/81 JP (55)152, 8 December 1955. 92. A. J. R. Groom, British Thinking about Nuclear Weapons (London: 1974), p. 100. 93. T 225/437. Letter from R. A. Butler to Lord Alexander, 2 Apri11954; Letter from toR. A. Butler, 4 January 1955. 94. CAB 130/109 Gen. 497/3, 27 June 1955. 95. CAB 130/109 Gen. 497/4, 18 July 1955. 220 Notes

96. CAB 1301109, Gen. 497 2nd meeting, 21 July 1955. 97. DEFE 4/79 JP (55) Note 17, 30 August 1955. 98. DEFE 4/76 JP (54)103, 18 March 1955. 99. DEFE 5/57 COS (55)60, 23 March 1955. 100. See especially John Baylis (ed.), British Defence Policy in a Changing World (London: 1977). 101. DEFE 4/79 JP(55)50, 25 August 1955. 102. DEFE 4/81 JP (55)155, 20 December 1955. 103. The Baghdad Pact-Origins and Political Setting, Royal Institute of International Affairs Information Department Memorandum, 1956, p. 13. 104. DEFE 5/64 COS (56)4, 4 January 1956. 105. FO 3711121270N1075/22. Letter to E. M. Rose from G. G. Arthur, 20 January 1956. 106. FO 3711121270N1075/3. Telegram from Washington to the Foreign Office, 20 January 1956; Minute to the Secretary of State from Anthony Nutting, 21 January 1956. 107. FO 3711121270N1075/29. The Interests of the US and UK in the Middle East, January 1956. 108. Entry for 10 January 1956, Box 9, Eisenhower Diaries, Ann Whitman File, Eisenhower Papers, Eisenhower Library. 109. Talks with Eden on the Middle East and other issues, 30 January• ! February 1956, Box 20, International series, Ann Whitman File, Eisenhower Papers, Eisenhower Library. 110. CAB 128/30 CM (56) lOth conclusions, 9 February 1956. 111. DEFE 5/65 COS (56)79, 21 February 1956. 112. DEFE 4/84 JP (55)127, 28 February 1956. 113. Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London: 1978), pp. 46-7. 114. Robert Rhodes James, Anthony Eden (London: 1986), pp. 426-31. 115. CAB 128/30 CM (56) 19th conclusions, 6 March 1956. 116. CAB 128/30 CM (56) 21st conclusions, 9 March 1956. 117. DEFE 4/85 COS (56) 31st meeting, 13 March 1956. 118. CAB 128/30 CM (56) 24th conclusions, 21 March 1956. 119. Memorandum for the President from the Secretary of State, 28 March 1956, Box 5, Dulles-Herter series, Ann Whitman File, Eisenhower Papers, Eisenhower Library. 120. Phone conversation with Dulles, 7 April 1956, Box 15, DDE diaries, Ann Whitman File, Eisenhower Papers, Eisenhower Library. 121. PREM 1111457. Minute to the Prime Minister from Sir Norman Brook, 14 April 1956. 122. Ibid. Minute to Sir Norman Brook from the Prime Minister's Private Secretary, 15 April 1956. 123. DEFE 4/86 COS (56) 46th meeting, 3 May 1956. 124. DEFE 4/87 JP (56)97, 25 May 1956. 125. DEFE 4/87 JP (56)54, 28 May 1956. 126. DEFE 5/68 COS (56)219, 7 June 1956. Notes 221

7 Conclusions

1. See especially David Carlton, The (London: 1988), W. R. Louis and Roger Owen (eds), Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Conse• quences (Oxford: 1989), and a forthcoming book by W. Scott Lucas. Bibliography

1. PRIMARY MATERIAL

A. Unpublished i. Officials Documents UK, Public Record Office, Kew. Air Ministry; AIR 2, AIR 6, AIR 8, AIR 19, AIR 20. Cabinet Office; CAB 21, CAB 128, CAB 129, CAB 130, CAB 131, CAB 133, CAB 134. ; CO 537, CO 1015. Commonwealth Relations Office; DO 35, DO 121. Defence Ministry; DEFE 4, DEFE 5, DEFE 6, DEFE 7, DEFE 10, DEFE 11. Foreign Office; FO 141, FO 195, FO 371, FO 800, FO 1021. Prime Minister's Office; PREM 8, PREM 11. Treasury; T 225. War Office; WO 32, WO 33, WO 163, WO 216, WO 259. Official Documents, US-Liddell-Hart Centre for Military Archives, London. Joint Chiefs of Staff; J.C.S. National Security Council; N.S.C. ii. Private Papers Bodleian Library, Oxford; Attlee Papers, Monck ton Papers. Churchill College, Cambridge; A. V. Alexander Papers, Gordon-Walker Papers, Noel-Baker Papers, Strang Papers. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, KS; Eisenhower Papers, Dulles Papers, White House Central Files. Liddell-Hart Centre for Military Archives, London; Pyman Papers, Ismay Papers. Public Record Office, London-FO 800 series; Bevin Papers, Morrison Papers, Macmillan Papers, Lloyd Papers, Eden Papers. Truman Library, Independence, MO; Truman Papers, Acheson Papers, McGhee Papers. iii. Oral Interviews Sir , 11 May 1987.

B. Published i. Official Documents-New Zealand Kay, Robin, (ed.), Documents on New Zealand External Relations Vol. 3; The ANZUS Pact and the Treaty with Japan. Wellington, 1985.

222 Bibliography 223

UK Command Papers Cmd. 7327 Statement Relating to Defence, 1948. Cmd. 7631 Statement on Defence 1949. Cmd. 7895 Statement on Defence 1950. Cmd. 8146 Defence Programme-Statement made by the Prime Minister in the House of Commons, Monday 29 January 1951. Cmd. 8475 Statement on Defence 1952. Cmd. 8768 Statement on Defence 1953. Cmd. 9075 Statement on Defence 1954. Cmd. 9391 Statement on Defence 1955. Cmd. 9691 Statement on Defence 1956. Cmnd. 124 Defence: Outline of Future Policy. Bullen, Roger and M. E. Pelly (eds), Documents on British Policy Overseas Series 11 Volume 11: The London Conferences, Anglo-American Relations and Cold War Strategy. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1987. House of Commons Debates (Hansard). us Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) series 1947-57. ii. Books Acheson, Dean, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (London: 1969). Butler, R. A., The Art of the Possible: The Memoirs of Lord Butler (London: 1971). Colville, Sir John, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries 1939-1955 (London: 1985). Dalton, Hugh, High Tide and After (London: 1962). Eayrs, James (ed.), The Commonwealth and Suez: A Documentary Survey (London: 1964). Eden, Sir Anthony, Full Circle: The Memoirs of Sir Anthony Eden (London: 1960). Galamber, Louis (ed.), The Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower: The Chief of Staff Vols. 6-8 (Baltimore: 1978). Glubb, Sir John, A Soldier with the Arabs (London: 1957). Hurewitz, J. C., Diplomacy in the Middle East: A Documentary Record 1914-1956 Vol. 2 (Princeton: 1956). James, Robert Rhodes (ed.), Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches 1897-1963 Vol. 8 1950-1963 (New York: 1974). Lloyd, Selwyn, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London: 1978). McGhee, George, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy (New York: 1983). Macmillan, Harold, Tides of Fortune 1945-55 (London: 1969). Millar, T. B. (ed.), Australian Foreign Minister: The Diaries of R. G. Casey 1951-60 (London: 1972). Morgan, Janet (ed.), The Backbench Diaries of (London: 1981). 224 British Defence Policy, 1948-56

Pimlott, Ben (ed.), The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton I9I8-I940, I945-60 (London: 1986). Shuckburgh, Evelyn, Descent to Suez: Diaries I95I-56 (London: 1986). Williams, Francis, A Prime Minister Remembers: The War and Post-War Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Earl Attlee (London: 1961). Williams, Phillip (ed.), The Diary of Hugh Gaitske/1 I945-56 (London: 1983). iii. Articles Elliot, George Fielding, 'Strategic Problems of the Middle East', Middle Eastern Affairs, Vol. 4, 1953, pp. 313-23. Helm, Sir Knox, 'Turkey and Her Defence Problems', International Affairs 30, (1954), pp. 434-40. Horrocks, Sir Brian, 'Middle East Defence-British View', Middle Eastern Affairs, Vol. 6, 1955, pp. 33-41. Hourani, Albert, 'The Anglo-Egyptian Agreement: Some Causes and Impli• cations', Middle East Journal (9) 1955, pp. 239-55. Hourani, Albert, 'The Decline of the West in the Middle East', International Affairs, April 1953, pp. 156--83. Lyme, Maj. Gen. L. 0., 'The Middle East-A Strategic Survey', Brassey's Annua/I953, pp. 107-13. Martin, Lieut-Gen. H. G., 'The Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East', Brassey's Annua/I955, pp. 95-109. Muggeridge, Malcolm, 'A General Survey of the Middle East', R US/ Journal 97 (1952), pp. 19{}-200. Nicholl, A. D., 'The Work of the Navy in the Suez Canal1951-52', Brassey's Annua/I952, pp. 134-41. Raleigh, J. S., 'The West and the Defence of the Middle East', Middle Eastern Affairs, Vol. 6, 1955, pp. 177-84. Wright, Esmond, 'Defence and the Baghdad Pact', Political Quarterly (28) 1957, pp. 158-67. Wyndham, Col. the Hon. E. H., 'The Near and Middle East in Relation to Western Defence', Brassey's Annua/I952, pp. 4G-6. iv. Pamphlet Royal Institute of International Affairs, The Baghdad Pact-Origins and Political Setting, February 1956.

2 SECONDARY MATERIAL

In a study involving post-war Britain, the United States, the Commonwealth and the Middle East, the amount of secondary material is almost unlimited. I have therefore restricted the list to those books and articles that I used for the study in question, and those which I found to be helpful background material. It is not intended as a comprehensive survey of all aspects of the topic. Bibliography 225

A. Books

Abadi, Jacob, Britain's Withdrawal from the Middle East, I947-7I: The Economic and Strategic Imperatives (Princeton: 1982). Ambrose, Stephen E., Eisenhower: The President (New York: 1983). Anderson, Terry H., The United States, Great Britain and the Cold War I944-47 (Columbia, Mo.: 1981). Aronson, Goeffrey, From Sideshow to Centrestage: US Policy Towards Egypt I946-I956 (Boulder, Colo.: 1986). Barber, James, South Africa's Foreign Policy 1945-1970 (London: 1973). Barker, Elisabeth, The British Between the Superpowers I945-I950 (London: 1983). Barraclough, Geoffrey and Rachel F. Wall, Survey of International Affairs I955-56 (London: 1960). Bartlett, C. J., The Long Retreat: A Short History of British Defence Policy I945-I970 (London: 1972). Baylis, John, Anglo-American Defence Relations I939-I984: The Special Relationship 2nd edn, (New York: 1984). Bell, Coral, Survey of International Affairs I954 (London: 1957). Berridge, Geoff, Economic Power in Anglo-South African Diplomacy: Simonstown, Sharpeville and After (London: 1981). Best, Richard A., 'Cooperation With Like-Minded Peoples': British Influence on American Security Policy, I945-I949 (Westport, Conn.: 1986). Bill, James A. and W. R. Louis (eds), Mussadiq, Iranian Nationalism and Oil (Austin: 1988). Blaxted, Gregory, The Regiments Depart (London: 1971). Botti, T. J., The Long Wait: The Forging of the Anglo-American Nuclear Alliance I945-58 (New York: 1987). Bryson, Thomas, American Diplomatic Relations with the Middle East 1784-I975 (Metuchen, N.J.: 1975). Bullock, Alan, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary I945-I95I (London: 1983). Burridge, Trevor, (London: 1985). Calvocoressi, Peter, Survey of International Affairs I95I (London: 1954). Calvocoressi, Peter, Survey of International Affairs I952 (London: 1955). Calvocoressi, Peter, Survey of International Affairs I953 (London: 1956). Campbell, John, Nye Bevan and the Mirage of British Socialism (London: 1987). Campbell, John C., Defence of the Middle East: Problems of American Policy (New York: 1958). Carlton, David, Anthony Eden: A Biography (London: 1981). Carver, Michael, Harding of Petherton: Field Marshal (London: 1978). Cohen, Michael J., Palestine and the Great Powers I945-I948 (Princeton: 1982). Coker, Christopher, NATO, the Warsaw Pact and Africa (London: 1985). Condit, Kenneth W., The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, Vol. 4, 1950-52 (Wilmington, Del.: 1980). Darby, Phillip, British Defence Policy East of Suez I947-I968 (London: 1973). 226 British Defence Policy, 1948-56

Deighton, Anne (ed.), Britain and the First Cold War (London: 1989). Dockrill, M. L. and J. W. Young (eds), British Security Policy I945-56 (London: 1989). Donoughue, Bernard and G. W. Jones, : Portrait of a Politician (London: 1973). Edmonds, Robin, Setting the Mould: The United States and Britain I945-I950 (Oxford: 1986). Fitzsimons, M. A., Empire by Treaty: Britain and the Middle East in the Twentieth Century (Notre Dame, Ind.: 1964). Foot, Michael, : A Biography, Vol. 2, 1945-1960 (London: 1973). Gaddis, John Lewis, Strategies of Containment (Oxford: 1982). Gardner, Richard N., Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy (Oxford: 1956). Gilbert, Martin, Winston S. Churchill Vol. 8: Never Despair I945-65 (London: 1988). Goold-Adams, Richard, The Time of Power: A Reappraisal of John Foster Dulles (London: 1962). Gowing, Margaret, Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Ener- gy, I945-I952 (New York: 1974). Groom, A. J. R., British Thinking about Nuclear Weapons (London: 1974). Harris, Kenneth, Attlee (London: 1982). Heikal, Mohammed, Cutting the Lion's Tail: Suez Through Egyptian Eyes (London: 1986). Hennessy, Peter and Anthony Seldon (eds), Ruling Performance: British Governments from Attlee to Thatcher (London: 1987). Hoopes, Townsend, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (London: 1974). Horne, Alistair, Macmillan I894-I956 Vol. I (London: 1988). Howard, Anthony, RAB: The Life of R. A. Butler (London: 1987). James, Robert Rhodes, Anthony Eden (London: 1986). Kimche, Jon, Seven Fallen Pillars: The Middle East I9I5-I950 (London: 1950). Kuniholm, Bruce R., The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East (Princeton: 1980). Lamb, Richard, The Failure of the Eden Government (London: 1987). Louis, W. R., The British Empire in the Middle East I945-I95I: Arab Nationalism, the United States and Post-War Imperialism (Oxford: 1984). Louis, W. R., Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonisation of the British Empire I94I-I945 (Oxford: 1977). Louis, W. R. and Robert Stookey (eds), The End of the Palestine Mandate (Austin, Tex.: 1986). Louis, W. R. and Hedley Bull (eds), The Special Relationship: Anglo• American Relations Since I945 (Oxford: 1986). Louis, W. R. and Roger Owen (eds), Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford: 1989). Lunt, James, Glubb Pasha: A Biography (London: 1984). Lyon, Peter, Eisenhower: Portrait of the Hero (Boston: 1974). Mcintosh, Alister (ed.), New Zealand in World Affairs (Wellington: 1977). Middlemas, Keith, Power, Competition and the State Vol. I: Britain in Search of Balance (London: 1986). Bibliography 227

Monroe, Elizabeth, Britain's Moment in the Middle East 1914-1956 (London: 1963). Morgan, Kenneth 0., Labour in Power 1945-1951 (Oxford: 1984). Noer, Thomas, Black Liberation: The United States and White Rule in Africa 1948-

B. Articles

Agman, Mareny, 'Defending the Upper Gulf: Turkey's Forgotten Partner• ship', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 21, 1986, pp. 81-97. Bartlett, C. J., 'The Military Instrument in British Foreign Policy', John Baylis (ed.), British Defence Policy in a Changing World (London: 1977). 228 British Defence Policy, 1948-56

Boyle, Peter G., 'Britain, America and the Transition from Economic to Military Assistance 1940-51', Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 22, 1987, pp. 521-37. Brands, Henry, W., Jr., 'From ANZUS to SEATO: United States Strategic Policy Towards Australia and New Zealand, 1952-1954', International History Review, Vol. 9, No.2, May 1987, pp. 250-70. Brands, Henry W., Jr., 'India and Pakistan in American Strategic Planning 1947-54: The Commonwealth as Collaborator', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol. 15, No. 1, October 1986, pp. 41-54. Devereux, David R., 'Britain, the Commonwealth and the Defence of the Middle East 1948--56', Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 24, April 1989, pp. 327-45. Hahn, Peter L., 'Containment and Egyptian Nationalism: The Unsuccessful Effort to Establish the Middle East Command 1950-1953', Diplomatic History, Vol. 11, No.1, Winter 1987, pp. 23-40. Louis, W. R., 'The Special Relationship and Decolonisation: American Anti-Colonialism and the Dissolution of the British Empire', International Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 3, 1985, pp. 395-420. McGibbon, Ian, 'New Zealand's Intervention in the Korean War, June-July 1950', International History Review, Vol. XI, May 1989, pp. 272-90. Oren, Michael B., 'Escalation to Suez: the Egypt-Israel Border War 1949-56', Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 24, April 1989, pp. 347-73. Ovendale, Ritchie, 'The South African Policy of the British Labour Govern• ment 1947-1951', International Affairs, Vol. 59, No. 1, 1983, pp. 41-58. Weiler, Peter, 'British Labour and the Cold War: the Foreign Policy of the Labour Governments 1945-1951', Journal of British Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 1987, pp. 54-82.

C. Papers

Spence, J. E. and G. R. Berridge, The Simonstown Agreements 1955. Paper presented to the Societies of Southern Africa in the 19th and 20th Centuries postgraduate seminar, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London, 30 October 1987.

D. Theses

Albert, J. G., Attlee, the Chiefs of Staff and the Restructuring of Common• wealth Defence Between V. J. Day and the Outbreak of the Korean War. Unpublished Oxford D.Phil thesis, 1986. Devereux, David R., Anglo-American Relations and the Defence of the Middle East 1945-48. Unpublished Dalhousie MA thesis, 1985. Devereux, David, R., Between Friend and Foe: The Formulation of British Defence Policy Towards the Middle East 1948-56. London PhD thesis, 1988. Pappe, Han, British Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East 1948-1951: Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Oxford D.Phil thesis, 1984. Bibliography 229

Rahman, H., The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty Negotiations of 1946 and British Post Second World War Military Strategy in the Middle East. Unpublished London PhD thesis, 1982. Zametica, Orner, British Strategic Planning for the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East 1944-47. Unpublished Cambridge PhD thesis, 1986. Index

Abadan 102, 103, 123 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (Treaty of Acheson, Dean, Assistant Secretary of Portsmouth) 33, 35 State, showed necessity for US aid Anglo-Jordan Defence Board 147 to Greece and Turkey 11-12 Anglo-Jordanian Agreements Acheson, Dean, Secretary of State 69, (1955) 193-4 73 Anglo-Jordanian Treaty (1948) 182 MEC and the Canal zone issue 5~ Anglo-Libyan Treaty 150, 194 proposed meeting with Egypt and Anglo-South African differences on UK 128 defence 96-7 supported more active role in Middle Anglo-US cooperation on Egyptian East cooperation 48-9 issue deteriorating 135 Aden 31, 112, 189 Anglo-US Middle East connection, Aegean Command 63, 65 value of 19 African colonies 97 Anglo-US military cooperation 12 defence of 81-2 breaking down 23-4 African defence conferences 84, 190 unofficial joint plan 23 African Defence Facilities Conference Anglo-US planning 84, 8~, 86--7, 94 Middle East, coordination seen as a Alexander, A.V., Defence Minister, priority 178 feared demise of Britain as a world role of African colonies 82 power 38 Anglo-US planning meetings 51, 52-5 Alexander, Lord, Defence Minister Anglo-US policies, parallel 13 (1952-55), 96 Anglo-US talks Alpha plan, solution to Arab-Israeli on defence (1950) 40-1 dispute 168-9, 170 on Egypt 69-70, 128, 129 American-Libyan Treaty 150 anti-British riots, Egypt 63, 124 Anglo-Egyptian dispute anti-imperialism 9 and 1936 Treaty 26 ANZAM 79 and MEC 43, 55 ANZUS Treaty 90, 91 settlement seen as essential 67 Arab Collective Security Pact see also Canal Zone base; Egypt British reservations 161-2 Anglo-Egyptian Heads of Agreement, a proposed to Egypt 161 major breakthrough 140, 161 Arab demands 14 Anglo-Egyptian negotiations/talks 140 Arab League collective security pact 45 1948, failed over Sudanese issue 25 Arab Legion 36, 37 agreement seemed close 13~, 136--7 dismissal of Glubb Pasha 180-1 remained deadlocked 28-9 expansion of 108, 142, 144 Anglo-Egyptian relations, Arab states deteriorated 29 and MEDO 68, 69; unlikely to Anglo-Egyptian staff talks 27 participate in 72 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1936) US aid 62, 107 abrogation 105, 124; risk of 60 Arab-Israeli dispute 170, 188 Egypt requested re-negotiation 6 plan Alpha 168-9, 170 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1954) 140-1, Atlantic security alliance 16 192, 193 Attlee, Clement, Prime Minister 2-3, Anglo-Iranian oil dispute 101-5 5, 186 Anglo-Iraqi military cooperation 166 proposed staged withdrawal from Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1955) 193 Canal zone 6--7 230 Index 231

proposed withdrawal from Middle bilateral agreements/treaties 43, 44, East 3 45, 193 questioned assessment of Middle advantages of 5 East's vital position 25, 185 favoured by Bevin 34 on rearmament programme 100-1 preferred by Britain 35 Australia 89, 96, 115 bilateral discussions, with Australia and defence of SE Asia 190 New Zealand 78 and Middle East 189; airforce bombers commitment to 90-1 B29s 22, 23 Pacific pact and Middle East 88-9 Canberras 107, 115 prime commitment to Malaya 93 tactical 22 wished to devote money to defence V-bombers 115, 183, 192 nearer home 78-9 Britain worries about Far East defence 93 accepted Northern Tier Policy 163 Australian Defence Committee, plans and Africa: cooperation with S Africa for both Middle East and at odds with general African Malaya 79-80 policy 86; policy of African self-government 83 and African colonies 81 and Baghdad Pact 74, 154, 192-3, 194 Baghdad Pact: much of abandoned by Britain 184 commitment to based on bluff British commitment based on 179, 183; wished it to be a bluff 179, 183 functioning military alliance 177 developed into functioning belief in Middle East security 41 organisation 183-4 beneficiary of US assistance 106-7 establishment of 163-73 and the Commonwealth: approach meeting of Council of to 87-99, 189-90; to be Ministers 171-2 considered as source of assistance meeting of Military Committee 179 75; unable to see countries as seen as creating instability 177 independent 75 weaknesses of 173 see also defence restraints and the strategic Turco-Iraqi pact situation (1950) 37-42 Bahrain 22, 23, 182 effects of reassessment of global Ben-Gurion, Prime Minister (Israel), strategy 153 Commonwealth comments 151 and Egypt: arms shipments to Bevin, Ernest, Foreign Secretary 2-3, suspended 29; attempting to 5, 186 settle with 51; plans to attempted to work with Egyptian leave 109; position in Wafd party 27 fragile 63; regarded abrogation interest in treaties 17, 34, 43, 45 of 1936 treaty as illegal 61; Middle East initiative defeated relationship with 6; sought to through lack of resources 9 remain until 1936 treaty expired Middle East a vital factor 15 26; withdrawal from and MEDO 70 and Pentagon Talks 12-13, 15, 19 felt US support lacking 56-7 raised defence cooperation at financially unable to maintain Commonwealth level 77 Egyptian base (1948) 26 realised changes necessary in British and Greece and Turkey: decision to Middle East policy 5 terminate aid to 11; on their retirement of 101 entering NATO and MEC 54 and South Africa 82 influence declining 16 suggested joint Anglo-US approach to and Iraq: to train and equip Egypt 29 forces 169; unable to supply suggested move to Cyrenaica 26 arms to 142; wished to modify Bevin-Sidky Agreement relations with 7-8; withdrawal (abortive) 17-18, 25 from 167 232 Index

Britain (cont'd.) British defence policies and Jordan 36 changes in 173, 191-5 and Middle East: changed approach major shift on Egypt 129 to 186-7; declining status Middle East, confused and in 43; difficulty in treating uncoordinated (late 40s) 36-7 states as truly independent British Global Strategy outlined to 188-9; distrusted value of Middle Australia and New Zealand 78 East countries 53; felt we must redefined (1952-54) 113-20 remain 186; importance of in war British Middle East strategy 17~, 41 177-8 and Middle East defence: 1955 164, 173-7 Commonwealth contribution 1956, Jan-July 177-84 to 46; lacked funds 147; 1948 altered to support Outer Ring plan 22 defence 192 and Middle East pact 48 defending Inner Ring 105 Middle East policy: change in 1-2; British nuclear device 3, 100 uncertainty about 181-2 British planning, and the USA military commitments 100 (1951-52) 109-13 mistrusted USA 110 broken-backed strategy 115 patriarchal role 31 need for conventional forces 192 policy of self-determination for Sudan Brussels Treaty 16 more acceptable to UN 123 and military planning 79 poor economic situation entailed Buccaneer, proposed military operation cutting of defence spending 11 in Iran 104 preferred bilateral treaties 44, 45 Butler, R, A., Chancellor, proposed reassessed value of colonies for severe defence cuts 115-17, 174 defence purposes 95 relationship with Israel 194 Canada remaining in Canal Zone 61 committed to Europe 88 resources inadequate to defend Outer no interest in Middle East Ring 105 defence 77 seen as liability by US 156-7 Canal Zone base 2, 103 shift of priorities to Europe 194-5 alternatives discussed 122 and smaller Middle East base not to be evacuated because of countries 31-7, 141-53 cold war 41 suspicious of Dulles' unilateral as centre of allied defence stance 71 scheme 22 suspicious of French involvement 57 Churchill did not want Britain to suspicious of US motives in Middle leave under threat 126 East 187 evacuation of 106 thinking of three global security future of 66 systems 16-17 importance declining 121 and Turco-Iraqi Pact 164 maintenance of troops in 6 and Turkey: and MEC 49; sounded need for, cases put forward 128, out on Middle East defence 129, 133, 134 planning 50 not to be retained 182-3 unhappy about Egyptian relationship progressive rundown 2~ with US 134-5 reactivation principles agreed 140 view of Gulf situation 111 reinforced 124 weakened status as great power 99 retention of rights 16 worried by Dulles' Egyptian seen as no longer essential 177-8 visit 133 troops exceeded peacetime limit 29, British defence planning, centred on 30 USA 76 troops only there to guard canal 65 Index 233

Central African Federation 95, 96 and maintenance of Canal base 121 Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 98-9, 189 collective defence, decline of (1952-53) Chiefs of Staff, UK 8-9 64-74 aimed for Middle East mutual collective security, not important to security system 46 Middle East countries 72 Canal Zone base: accepted loss of Colombo Conference 78 127; considered essential 119; UK-S African discussions 84 proposed withdrawal from then colonial powers, cooperation leasing of 122 among 95 concerned at US conception of Commonwealth 68 Middle East defence 23 Britain's approach to 189-90; failure and defence cooperation 43 of 190 on long-term defence policy 183, defence planning, first practical 184 tests 80 Middle East policy and Egypt 138 governments concerned about Middle position after Washington talks East commitments 89-90 (1952) 66 and Middle East defence saw Attlee's ideas as dangerous 3 planning 87-92; saw Australia and New Zealand as importance declining 92-9 planning for either war military cooperation within 75--fl theatre 93 some countries developing military Chiefs of Staff, USA relationships with USA 76 believed US navy strong enough to support required for Middle East 17 defend Australia and New transformation of 77 Zealand 81 US and UK, differing views on 75 forbade mention of US interest in Commonwealth airforce Middle East 26--7 representatives meeting, positive pessimistic about Britain's role in results 90 Middle East 68-9 Commonwealth Conference (1951) 80 resisted committing US forces to importance of Middle East Middle East 110-11 outlined 87-8 suggested two-phase defence scheme Commonwealth Conference (1955), in Middle East 157 Middle East defence discussed by viewed Middle East as British Britain and S Africa 97 Commonwealth Commonwealth cooperation 106 responsibility 41 need for 39, 75-81 Churchill, Winston, 'Iron Curtain' a wider form of 80-1 speech 10 Commonwealth defence ministers' Churchill, Winston, Prime Minister meeting, importance of token believed withdrawal from Suez forces emphasised 89 justified on strategic 16, 82, 96, 190 grounds 139-40 Conservative Government, supported briefed on American strategic air MEC 65 plan 113-14 conventional rearmament 114 favourable to US Middle East Cyprus 16, 28, 61, 108, 112, 118, 183, defence plan 158 189, 192 frustrated over Suez impasse 137-8 complete sovereignty no longer so met Truman 65 important 183 uncompromising attitude on defence facilities 174-5 Egypt 127, 129-30 growing importance as a base 108 wanted Canal Zone base under new Middle East Headquarters 167 MEC 66 redeployment to 25 Cold War 41, 48, 170 upgrading of infrastructure 176 deepening tensions 13 Cyrenaica 16, 22 234 Index

Cyrenaica (cont'd.) Nasser, growing mutual mistrust an alternative to Suez base 17-18 165; new proposals to 125--{i; decline in strategic role 33 policy based on agreement within hopes of British Trusteeship 18, 32 MEC 124, 125; seen as main importance declined 41-2 threat to Middle East 180, 181; redeployment to 25 visit to 164-5; wished to reopen a vital link in British Middle East negotiations with 66 policy 18 favoured joining Turco-lraqi pact 166 Dakar Conference 82, 94, 95 recommended no use of Israel as a defence budget restrictions, affecting base 152 outer bases network 33 saw Canal base as necessity for defence cuts (1952) 115-17 British status 124 defence estimates 1949-50 37-8 on US plans for Pakistan 158 crisis over 38--9 visited new Eisenhower defence expenditure 1954-55 fall in 174 administration concerning Egypt cuts in 5 130-1 need to economise 100 Egypt 19, 22-3, 40, 100, 108, 153, 155, reduction in needed 106, 120 188 defence liaison with Dominions 76 abrogation of 1936 Treaty 60, 61, 105, 124 Defence Policy and Global Strategy paper 106 allied approach would allow Britain to pull out troops 65--{i defence production, increase in 40 disputes, local, settlement of a high armed forces' coup d-etat (1952) 69, priority 109 126-7 Dulles, John Foster, Secretary of State asked for US aid 127, 128 argued for stronger US position on at Africa-Far East cross-roads 186 Middle East development 71-2 bought arms from became hesitant 167 Czechoslovakia 169 impressed by seriousness of Egypt defence facilities seen as vital to situation 132-3 world peace 56 Middle East trip 71-2, 132-3; defence negotiations with 15 reviewed 155--{i deteriorating domestic situation more independent approach to caused postponement of Middle East 71 MEC 67 deteriorating relations with 193 Nasser not to expect US aid if cooperating with USSR 181 increasing in importance 41 proposed to link MEDO with Arab insisted on British withdrawal before Collective Security discussion of defence relations 28 Organisation 71 saw Britain as a weakening power 132 the insoluble problem 24-30 key to 1948 British defence plan 22 East Africa 22, 25, 28 and MEC: not interested without redeployment to 25 British withdrawal 58--9; store-holding facilities 18--19 officially invited to join 61; Eastern Mediterranean Command proposals rejected 56 proposed 61-2 and MEDO 73; rejection of 74; Eden, Sir Anthony, Foreign Secretary refused discussions until British and Prime Minister 69 withdrawal 131 argued for retention of a Canal Zone more amenable to multilateral base 119 solution 30 decided to procede with MEDO negotiations with (1951-52) 121-9; despite Egyptian problem 68 agreement (1953-54) 129-41 Egypt: conciliatory to Neguib new government willing to cooperate regime 130; meeting with with US 69 Index 235

opposed any British presence 27 based on defence of Zagros opposed to Baghdad Pact 180, 181 Mountains 143 opposed to Northern Tier pact 162 and Egyptian base 128 opposed Turco-Pakistan pact 161 France 73, 190 resented Turco-Iraqi Pact 163 seen as centre of Middle East defence Galloper, defence plan 24 system 31 Gaza 28 suggested as Britain's main wartime global strategy, based on nuclear base 25 deterrent 173-5 talks with Britain resumed 46-7 Qlobal Strategy Paper (1952) to be supplied with arms 27 movement away from traditional took Britain to Security Council 11 imperial strategy 114-15 UK position in bad 6 new emphasis on strategic uninterested in regional alliance 161 reserve 115 willing to cooperate with USA, would only partially implemented 192 not accept MEDO 71 recognition of nuclear Eisenhower, President, decided US deterrence 191-2 would only take part in Canal base report on effects on Middle East J\7 discussion if asked by both on retention of British forces in sides 139 Middle East 117-18 enosis, effect of 174-5 Glubb Pasha (Sir John Glubb) 36 Erasmus, Defence Minister (South dismissal from Arab Legion a Africa) more concerned about personal matter 180--1 Africa South of the Sahara 96 Greece 11, 44, 63 no specific commitment on Middle and NATO 47, 48, 52 East 97-8 position of 52 wanted African regional defence US aid 62, 70, 107 organisation 96 Eritrea 18, 112 Half-moon, defence plan 22-3 European Defence Community, failure Head, Antony (War Minister) 107, of 192 140, 144, 179 Hong Kong 38 Far East 116 real area for concern 92 Ibn Saud, King financial situation, deteriorating 37 agreed to British airfields mission 35 foreign ministers, tripartite London preferred British military advisory meeting (1950) 46 missions 34 Foreign Office proposed tripartite pact 35 advocated new Treaty proposals for and USA 34 Iraq 146 imperial defence, at an end 99 against intervention in Iran 103-4 India 15, 99, 189 refused disclosure of Britain's Middle independence announced 11 East reinforcement plans 120 Inner Ring 40, 68, 105, 191 refused to accept Cairo Ambassador's defence plans inadequate 118 appreciation of Egypt's new strategy involved position 60 pre-stocking 118 saw Egyptian arms deal as blow to Iran 41, 68, 155, 162 Middle East stability 169-70 encouraged US involvement 10 suspicious of US policies 160 feared USSR would not leave unwilling to arrange multilateral northern provinces 10 pact 44 joined Baghdad Pact 170--1 on US military aid in Middle nationalisation of oilfields 101-5 East 145 nationalist crises 92 view of Mediterranean defence 43-4 showed interest in Middle East wanted MEC set up immediately 66 defence 157 Forward Strategy 141-2, 149, 173, 193 US aid 62, 70 236 Index

Iran-Iraq border region 141 Kenya 100 Iraq 16, 36, 64, 106, 118, 141, 143, Korean War 46, 80, 85, 92, 100, 109 147, 155, 162, 174, 183, 192 Australian contribution 80 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty a failure 33--4 eased Britain's defence and Forward Strategy 193 problem 39-40 increased importance 153 made a secure Middle East increased interest in 142 important 40 and MEDO 74; unlikely to made US realise need for secure participate 72 Middle East 42 and Middle East defence 121 swung US behind Britain over Suez new Iraq-UK Treaty 15 base 30 relations with Britain 7-8 and Turco-Pakistan pact 159, 160 US aid 160, 161 Labour Government (1945) 2-3, ~ and US arms sales 16~ thoughts of disassociation from Iraqi army 108 USA 3, 5 isolationism 10, 11 Labour government (1951), rearmament Israel 28, 40, 64 plan 100-1 approached concerning defence Lebanon 36, 64, 162 cooperation 106 pact suggested 44 British relationship with 194 Libya 17-18, 25, 28, 108, 112, 113, considered as base location 150-1 118, 174, 183, 188 eager to cooperate in Middle East becoming less important 149, 153 defence 151 draft agreements with 148-9 and MEC 63; seen as eventual housing Middle East armoured member 151-2 brigade 149 military aid 70 independence as a single country a sensitive issue 37 favoured by USA 32 US aid 62, 107, 152 place in Forward Strategy 143 Italian colonies and redeployment planning 148 future of referred to United see also Cyrenaica; Tripolitania Nations 18 see Cyrenaica; Libya; Tripolitania; McGhee, George Eritrea and defence of Middle East 73 Middle East tour to study US Jordan 16, 118, 141, 143, 147, 152, policy 51 162, 174, 183, 192 noted British hard-line attitude on allowed armoured squadron to train Canal base 122 with Arab Legion 145 paper on US Middle East policy 48 border clashes with Israel 146-7 McKinnon Road project 18-19, 42 British presence upgraded 146 Macmillan, Harold, Chancellor and British role in 8 Foreign Secretary 168, 169, 170 and Forward Strategy 193 Malan Dr D.F., Prime Minister (South increased importance of 153 Africa) proposed African pact 83 increased role in Middle East supported Britain 82 planning 142 Malaya 93, 100 inducements to join Baghdad Malayan Emergency 37, 80, 92, 189 Pact 171, 172 Malta 108, 118 an unreliable ally 182 106 wanted new treaty relationship with MEC see Middle East Command Britain 36 MEDO see Middle East Defence would not accept British Organisation troops 143--4 Menzies, Robert, Prime Minister see also Arab Legion (Australia) Index 237

despatch of troops a wartime Middle East air defence 89 decision 79-80 Middle East airfields to London to discuss defence development of 107 priorities 91 improvements to 23, 142 visited London and Washington 80 Middle East Airforce 108 worried about SE Asia 88 Middle East base, locations Middle East considered 28 Anglo-US divergence over 23-4, Middle East Command 17, 89, 109, 40-1, 133 123, 188 a British Commonwealth basic structure 54--5 responsibility 75 could be set up without Egypt 61 British garrison to be reduced 38 culmination and failure of 5~ British military presence run failed because Middle East states not down 192 treated as partners 43 changes in (1952-54) 113--20 formulation of 48-55 changing ideas on collective security genesis of (1949-50) 43--8 in 73-4 lack of enthusiasm among Middle defensive positions 20-1 East states 63 end of Australian and New Zealand plans for Egyptian position in 57 defence participation 94 proposals to Egypt opposed by British an extravagant defence officials 58-9, 60 commitment 174 structure 59 good political relations now most Middle East command system 52 important 120, 121 Middle East Cooperative Defence importance of to Britain: during Board 52-3 1939-45 war 2: in post-war era Middle East defence, 1951-52 100-9 185; paramount (UK military Middle East Defence Board 53-4 assessment) 17; seen as vital by US view 53 Labour government 14; still a Middle East Defence Organisation 130 pillar of British strategy 107; British doubts 70--1 value as seen by Chiefs of Staff conflicting US and British view 72 (1948) 16 and the decline of collective security left to Britain to defend 23-4 (1952-53) 64--74 lost importance 195 Egypt to join if US aid received 127 now considered a subsidiary obsolescent 155 theatre 182 role seen as liaison and planning 70 a political minefield 188 and South Africa 92 question of peacetime see also Middle East Command commitments 119 Middle East Defence Organisation quiescent by 1953 92 concept, seen as finished 156 re-evaluation of defence strategy Middle East defence pact 44--5 for 118-19 Middle East defence plan regional defence 43 modified 106 replacing India in British relied on reinforcements from strategy 191 Africa 97 seen as buffer for Africa 3 Middle East defence planning secret seen as first line of defence for discussions 175--6 Africa 81 and the USA 19-24 smaller countries and Britain 31-7 Middle East defence system, Inner strategic and economic resources 2 and Outer Rings concept 40 ultimate goal of British policy 44 Middle East defence systems, see US and British defence plans 19, also Inner Ring; Outer Ring 22-3 Middle East garrison, unable to meet US and UK, mutually suspicious 159 frontal attack in Iraq 144 238 Index

Middle East Liaison Organisation 66 opposed to help for Britain in Middle East multilateral pact, wide Anglo-Iranian dispute 102-3 appeal of 154-5 and Turkey 52 Middle East Office 5 National Service 40, 175 Middle East operating requirements nationalism 5, 6, 8, 111-12, 182 conference, differing perspectives NATO 116, 195 112-13 associate membership for Greece and Middle East pact under NATO, put Turkey 47 forward by Britain 47-8 Southern Flank 16 Middle East states 67 NATO Treaty, made W Europe Midget, Plan (1951) 102-3 Britain's main concern 39 military equipment for natural barriers, use of for defence 106 Commonwealth contingent 87, 89 navy, cuts in 38 stockpiles 108 Neguib, General 126, 131 Ministry of Defence, to UK Chiefs of new position on Canal Base 134 Staff on 'British Strategic spoke to Dulles of Egyptian Requirements in the Arab World' fears 132 (1948) 16 New Zealand 80, 89, 92, 93, 96 mobile forces concept 118, 192 defence of SE Asia 190 reducing Britain's profile in Middle and Middle East 189; airforce East 117 commitment to 90, 91; forces Morrison, Herbert, Foreign Secretary seen as having vital role agreed to Joint Chiefs' Canal base in 77-8; to send forces in time proposal 122-3 of war 88 had to accept SACME answering to should participate militarily in NATO Standing Group 58 Malaya 94 MEC and the Canal zone issue 5~ wished to devote money to defence unable to deal with critical Middle needs nearer home 78-9 East issues 101 Nokrashy Pasha, Prime Minister 6, 7, 25 wrote to Acheson on Egypt's North Atlantic Council, Greece, Turkey defensive capability 56 and MEC 58 Mutual Defence Assistance Northern Tier defence policy 134, 157, Program 107, 157 160, 161, 170, 184, 194 aid for Middle East 110 accepted by Britain 163 Mutual Security Act 107 convergence of US and UK views 162 Nasser, President 173 importance of 170 believed Middle East threat to be S Africa not convinced 98-9 internal 165 USA: interest in 155; support for 64 feared split in Arab world 162 nuclear deterrent 118, 120, 140-1, meeting with Eden 165 173--4, 175-6, 182, 183, 191-2 misgivings about Turco-Iraqi incorporated into British global Pact 165 strategy 114 propaganda against Jordan 172 strategic importance of 119-20 rejected Arab Collective Security Nuri Pasha Pact 162 planned to expand Turco-Iraqi talks with Selwyn Lloyd on Baghdad Pact 163--4 Pact 180 proposed Arab Collective Security National Security Council (USA) on Pact to Egypt 161 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty and proposed five-power pact 162 Baghdad Pact 167 reverted to Iraq-Pakistan pact 162 and Middle East 109; policies seen as unpredictable 163 reviewed and reworked 63--4, 133; review of Dulles trip 15~ oil denial, cooperation for 110 Index 239 oil supplies 16 Robertson, General Sir Brian, visit to S Gulf, securing of 106 Africa, requested increase in importance of: discussed by US defence spending 86 Chiefs of Staff 112; to Britain 186 SACME (Supreme Allied Commander and US Middle East policy 9 Middle East) 52, 53 oilfields 22, 178, 184 Salisbury, Lord, Foreign Secretary Iran: British evacuation from 58; (acting), talks with Dulles 134 nationalisation of 101-5 Sandown, defence plan 22 plans for wartime demolition 23 Saudi Arabia 9, 34-6 Outer Ring 40, 41, 49, 68 Dhahran airfield, US airbase 23, 34, defence of, long-term policy 105 36, 111 and defence of Middle East 191 possible treaty with 34 new strategy involved development of wished to build airfield with British Iraqi forces 119 supervision 35 proper defence of 105 Shinwell, Emmanuel, Minister of should hold Russian attack in Turkey Defence and Iran 40 and Abadan 102 strategy needed Iraqi forces MEC, Greece, Turkey and developed 146 NATO 57-8 supplies of equipment for South Pakistan 68, 99, 155, 189 Africa 85 Middle East defence: showed interest wanted peacetime contribution from in 160; to be included in 155 Commonwealth 87 to join Baghdad Pact 168, 169 Simonstown Agreement 98 US aid 158, 159; informal request Simonstown naval base 97, 98 for 157 Slim, Field Marshal Palestine 15, 16, 19, 186 Cairo visit restarted Anglo-Egyptian Palestine problem 13, 44 talks 46--7 referred to United Nations 11 persuaded Egyptians of Russian Pentagon Talks 12-13, 15, 19 threat 26 Persian Gulf 28, 118 on strategic reserve 37-8 Anglo-US cooperation 111 to try reasoning with Egyptians importance of 110 (1950) 27-8 Persian Gulf defence 113 visited Australia and New Portsmouth, Treaty of see Anglo-Iraqi Zealand 79-80 Treaty Somaliland 18, 31 Pyman, Sir Harold, on Arab trust 17 South Africa 80, 89, 90, 91 and African regional defence, Radical Review, Ministry of problem of 81-7 Defence 117 Afrikaners, antipathy to defence ties RAF 115 with Britain 81 cuts in 38 agreed to be support area in role of long-term 183 wartime 82 to expand Middle East airfields 107 concerned for internal security 88 training visits to Iraq 164 defence relationship continued 96 Ramallah Line 22 feared Communism 82, 96, 190 raw materials 82, 94 and Middle East defence 94; redeployment 25, 141, 167-8, 173 agreeable to British initiative became more urgent 108 190; decision to send forces in cost of 107 wartime 84-5; involvement in final decisions 108-9 ended with Suez 99 from Egypt 175 military ready to cooperate with redeployment planning 106, 148 Britain 83 240 Index

South Africa (cant' d.) decision to aid Greece and obsessed with African defence 98 Turkey 11-12 request for military equipment 85 Truman Doctrine 12-13 sought return of Simonstown naval Turco-Iraqi Pact 163, 164 base 97 British accession 166-7 wished to join Atlantic Treaty 83, 84 see also Baghdad Pact would only cooperate in appropriate Turco-Pakistan pact 157, 158--9 regional defence conflicting British opinions 159 arrangements 82 provision for other states to Southern Rhodesia 80, 90 join 15~ possible contribution to Middle East signed 15~ defence 83 US aid an inducement to states to to send forces in time of war 88 join 161 stockpiles, atomic 119 Turkey 11, 28, 40, 41, 44, 63, 68, 73, Strang, Sir William, report to Bevin on 155, 157' 170 Arab states 31 dual role of 50 strategic reserve 115, 175, 180 Dulles visit 71 army in Germany seen as 183 and MEC; accepted invitation to cuts proposed 116 join 58; contribution to 55 lacking 37-8 and NATO 47, 48, 50, 51-2; entry Sudan 16, 189 into 106; an effective guarantee Sudan issue 25, 30, 123, 126 of W flank of Middle East 146; Anglo-Egyptian agreement 130 seen as preference 62 an Anglo-Egyptian problem 7 as part of Middle East planning 51 Egypt abandoned claim 130 proposal to approach Iraq re Suez Canal 5, 6 MEDO 69 Suez Canal base see Canal Zone base role of 52 Suez Canal Company, sought pact with Britain 45-6 nationalisaton of 185; a shock 195 source of Anglo-US military planning Suez Group 140 disagreement 49-50 concerned about government Soviet initiatives foiled by US 10 sell-out 136 a strong regional force 73 embarrassing government 138 to propose pact with Pakistan 157-8, pressure from 137 158--9 views of 131 US aid 62, 70, 107 supplies us-UK disagreement over role pre-stocking of 118, 176 of 49, 52 stockpiles 108, 119, 192 Swinton, Viscount 96 United Nations Syria 36, 106, 155, 162 creation of single Libya 32-3 partition of Palestine 8, 13 Templer Mission 1955, 171-2 Security Council procured Soviet Transjordan see Jordan evacuation of N Iran 10 Tripartite Declaration 46 unable to solve Anglo-Egyptian Tripartite discussions, Washington problem 7 ( 1953), ended serious discussion of US defence community, and Middle MEDO 73 East 112 Tripolitania 148 US Middle East Chiefs of Mission British troops in 33 meeting, US to clarify military military use of 149 responsibilities with UK 50 US interest in 32 USA 115 troop movement East and Central aid given 106--7 Africa, easing of 94 Baghdad Pact: distant attitude Truman administration committed to to 170; reasons for not joining setting up MEDO 67-8 178, 179; remained aloof 194 Index 241 and Britain: Canal base proposals Middle East defence organisation (1953) secured support 138-9; 156; had to find more resources material assistance to, post-war for 170; planning for (1948 13 3; refused support in 22-3; re-evaluation of US Iran 102-3, 104-5; seen as objectives 67 lacking resources for Middle East Middle East economic aid 155 defence 111; support crucial in Middle East policy (late 1948) 23-4 gaining 1954 Anglo-Egyptian military aid 41, 64, 70, 156 Treaty 141; unpredictable in now seen as guarantor of security in dealings with 23; unwilling to Far East 88-9 be supportive to 187; used the Pakistan: aid dependent on British 187-8 Turco-Pakistan pact 158 Britain needed cooperation favoured as an ally 155 from 39 preferred to concentrate on W and British planning (1951-52) 109-13 Europe 24 brought to forefront in refused to mediate in deadlocked Anglo-Egyptian dispute 127-8 Anglo-Egyptian talks 28-9 did not want Mediterranean or showed willingness to confront Middle East pacts 44, 45 USSR 10 financial and economic aid to technical and economic assistance 50 Israel 152 Turkey, seen as Mediterranean foreign policy and pro-Israeli power 49-50 feelings 188 urged to guarantee security of Greece and Turkey: did not Australia and New Zealand by anticipate UK asking for aid Britain 90 for 11 ; preferred them to join willing to study joint Anglo-US NATO 49, 53-4 approach to Egypt 47-8 interest in South Africa 82, 94 wished to expand in Libya and Iraq: Military aid for 143, 144-5; Tripolitania 148 success with arms sales to 165-6 wished to keep forces in looking to Northern Tier for Tripolitania 33 defence 134 wished to maintain dominant position MEC: agreed to put proposals to in Saudi affairs 36 Turkey 58; contribution to 55; USSR 30, 178 first support for 52-3; wished to assumptions about aims (1948) 22 bring Arab states into 65-6 British suspicions of 2 Middle East: acknowledged as British effect of arms sale to Egypt 98 responsibility 48; accepted felt MEC was anti-Soviet 63 importance of for global strategy perceived as Middle East threat 43, 40; backed away from direct 185-6 involvement in 167; became reaction to 170 significant force in 9; began to recognized as a threat 13 appreciate importance of 10; still expected to attack Middle could not commit itself to 45, 46, East 115 68-9; diminished interest in post threat to Middle East 1945 9-10; economic aid for 62; recognised 191 growing importance of in 14; had to find more resources for 170; Wafd Party increased role in 2, 67, 68 used UK as scapegoat 123 109-10, 186 won Egyptian election 27 Middle East defence: averse to war reserves, at Suez, a problem 25 involvement in 49; collective Western Europe, UK, not able to send idea abandoned 64-5; concern defence forces ( 1948) 17 at weakness of W military Working Party on the Size artd Shape of position 68, and formation of the Armed Forces (1950-53) 38--9