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T .,: IIII~III~I ANALYSIS AND COMPENSATION OF PMD EFFECTS IN HIGH SPEED FIBER-OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS USING DIFFERENT MODULATION AND DETECTION SCHEMES by MD. SAIFUL ISLAM DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 1 r' t .,: IIII~III~I~~~l!"mllll I ,~ ~ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ANDELEGTRONIC ENGINEERING BANGLADESH UNIVI':RSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY May 2008 Analysis and Compensation ofPMD Effects in High Speed Fiber- Optic Transmission Systems Using Different Modulation and Detection Schemes A thesis submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING by Md. Saiful Islam DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY May 2008 11 ( The thesis titled "Analysis and Compensation of PMD Effects in High Speed Fiber- Optic Transmission Systems Using Different Modulation and Detection Schemes" submitted by Md. Saiful Islam (Roll No.: P04040604P, Session: April/2004) has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING on May 27, 2008. BORAD OF EXAMINERS 1. ~ R'I ~ '----- Chairman Dr. Satya Pra~d Majumder (Supervisor & Ex -Officio) Professor & Head Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering BUET, Dhaka-IOOO, Bangladesh 2. Member -~==-'Dr. A. B; M. Siddique Hossain Professor Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering BUET, Dhaka-IOOO, Bangladesh 3. p,~A~, Member Dr. Pran Kanai Saha Professor Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering BUET, Dhaka-IOOO, Bangladesh 4. Member Dr. Md. Kamrul Hasan Professor Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering BUET, Dhaka-IOOO, Bangladesh 5. Member ~ Dr. Md. Shah Alam Associate Professor Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering BUET, Dhaka-IOOO, Bangladesh Member (External) 6. G2-fcu<M'''Tlr Zrfs((')~ Dr. Ranjan Gangopadhyay Professor Department of Electronics and Electrical .r;. Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (lIT), Kharagpur -721302, India 111 , DECLARATION It is hereby declared that this thesis or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma. Signature of the candidate ri?,4~ (Md. Saifullslam)'" IV ••. DEDICATION To my parents v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Satya Prasad Majumder for providing me the opportunity to work with him in the field of optical communication system. I would like to thank him for his constant guidance, encouragement and kind cooperation for my education and research over the past four and half years. I would then like to thank my Ph. D program committee members, Prof. A. B. M. Siddique Hossain, Prof. Pran Kanai Saha, Prof. Md. Kamrul Hasan and Dr. Md. Shah Alam, for their generous help and numerous advices during every stage of my program. I have learned from them not only the knowledge but also the invaluable methodologies to solve problems. My full-hearted thanks should go to my parents for their priceless and unconditional love to me. I will forever remain indebted to them. My full-hearted thanks should also go to my parents-in-law for their understanding, love and faith in me. My deepest thanks from the boltom of my heart, of course, must go to my wife, Sanjida Islam for her love, mental support, constant encouragement and outmost patience without which nothing would have been possible. I sincerely would like to express my endless love to my two sons Sakib and Saif, who are my wish and always make me vital, confident and happy. Finally, I express my highest gratitude to Almighty Allah Sub-ha-nu-tala for giving me the ability to. explore the unknown world of fiber-optic of communications and to complete the Ph. D. degree in BUEr. VI \ ABSTRACT Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) is a serious barrier that limits high-speed optical fiber telecommunication systenls. PMD is the result of random birefringence in single-mode fibers along the transmission path. This leads to wavelength-dependent polarization states and phases at the output that eventually results in inter-symbol interference and system performance degradation. In this thesis work, analytical models have been developed to assess and compensate for the effect of PMD considering different modulation and detection schemes; such as, intensity modulation-direct detection (lM-DD), continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) direct- and heterodyne detection. Based on the analytical model, the average BER performance of an IM- DD optical transmission system is evaluated considering Maxwellian distribution for the differential group delay (DOD). The probability density functions (pdfs) of the random output signal phase fluctuation due to PMD in a CPFSK direct- and heterodyne detection system are analytically developed. The pdf of the signal phase fluctuation is used to evaluate the average BER as a function of mean DOD. As the passive PMD mitigation techniques do not require any dynamically adjusted components, and are bit rate independent, an analytical model of PMD compensation technique is also developed with several Iinecoding to make the single channel optical transmission system more tolerant to PMD. The impact and compensation of PMD in multi-channel optical transmission system is also analytically investigated considering the interaction of cross-phase modulation (XPM) and PMD. XPM changes the state-of-polarization (SOP) of the channels through nonlinear polarization rotation and induces nonlinear time dependent phase shift' for polarization components that leads to amplitude modulation of the propagating waves in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. The angle between the SOP changes randomly and as a result PMD causes XPM modulation amplitude fluctuation random in the perturbed channel. The pdf of the random angle fluctuation between the SOP of pump and probe due to PMD is determined analytically and the impact of PMD on XPM in a two channel pump-probe configuration is evaluated. To mitigate the PMD in a multi-channel transmission system, a high-birefringent adjustable linear chirped Bragg grating (LCFBO) based PMD compensation scheme is developed and its performance is evaluated using the optimum system parameters. The results of this research work will find applications iri the design of WDM transmission systems in presence of fiber nonlinear effects and PMD. VB Table of Contents Title page Approval page 111 Declaration IV Dedication v Acknowledgements VI Abstract VU Table of contents VIII List of Tables XUI List Figures XIV List of symbols XV List of abbreviations and acronyms XXI J," " ~' Chapter 1 Introduction 1,1 Historical, perspective of fiber optic communication system 1.2 Evolution ofPMD and its characterization 3 1.2,I Definition of PMD, birefringence and PMD 4 vector 1.2.2 PMD in short and long fibers 8 1.2.3 The statistical nature of PMD 9 1.3 Literature review, motivation and research objectives II I A Outline ofthe thesis 16 Vill Chapter 2 Bit error rate and effect of PMD in IM-DD transmission 19 system 2.1 Intensity modulation and optical coherent system 19 2.2 Quantifying optical system penalty: BER expression 21 2.2.1 Q-factor 23 2.3 System model of 1M-DOtransmission system 26 2.4 Theoretical analysis 26 2.5 Results and discussion 30 2.5.1 Analytical results and discussion 30 2.5.2 Simulation results and discussion 32 2.6 Summary 35 Chapter 3 Effect of PMD in direct detection CPFSK transmission 36 system 3.1 PMD effect in direct detection CPFSK system 36 3.2 System model 38 3.3 Theoretical analysis 39 3.3.1 Transfer function considering PMD and GVD 40 effects 3.3.2 Optical signal input to the MZI pair 1 and 2 41 3.3.3 Transmittance ofMZI 42 3.3.4 Photodetector output current 43 3.3.5 Noise power 45 3.3.6 Conditional BER expression 46 3.3.7 PDF of random output phase and average BER 47 3.4 Results and discussion 50 3.4.1 Conditional BER performance 50 3.4.2 Average BER performance 52 3.4.3 Average BER 'considering Maxwellian 54 distribution IX 3.5 Summary 55 Chapter 4 Effect of PMD in heterodyne optical CPFSK 57 transmission system 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Delay demodulation receiver model 59 4.3 Theoretical analysis 59 4.3.1 Conditional bit error probability 64 4.3.2 PDF of the random output phase and average. 65 HER 4.4 Results and discussion 66 4.5 Summary 71 Chapter 5 Single channel PMD compensation 72 5.1 PMD compensation strategies 72 5.1.1 Optical PMD compensation technique 74 5.1.2 Electronic PMD compensation technique 75 5.1.3 Passive PMD compensation technique 76 5.2 Line codes (modulation formats) in PMD compensation 76 5.2.1 Order 1 line coding: a multi-level optical line code 78 5.2.2 CPFSK modulation with linecoding 81 5.3 Results aild discussion 83 5.3.1 Comparison among different line codes 88 5.4 Summary 90 Chapter 6 Effect of PMD in multichannel optical transmission 91 system 6.1 Interaction of cross phase modulation and PMD 91 6.2 Pump probe configuration system model 94 6.3 Theoretical analysis for pump-probe configuration (2- 94 ch.WDM) x 98 6.4 WDM multi-channel system model 99 6.5 Theoretical analysis for multi-channel WDM system 6.5.1 Determining the PDF of 8j(z) and BER 105 expressIOn 6.6 Results and discussion 107 6.6.1 Performance of pump-probe configuration 107 6.6.2 Performance of 4-channel WDM system III 6.6.3 OptSim software simulation 115 6.7 Summary 119 Chapter
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