DOCSLIB.ORG

BULLHEAD SHARKS Order Heterodontiformes Compagno, 1973C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BULLHEAD SHARKS Order Heterodontiformes Compagno, 1973C click for previous page - 154 - 6. ORDER HETERODONTIFORMES - BULLHEAD SHARKS Order Heterodontiformes Compagno, 1973c, J.Linn.Soc.(Zool.), 53, suppl. 1. Synonymy : Order Asterospondyli: Fowler, 1941 (in part); Smith, 1949 (in part). Order Asterospondyli, Suborder Proarthri: Jordan & Evermann, 1896. Order Centraciones, Suborder Prosarthri: Jordan, 1923 (in part). "Group" Centraciontoidei: Garman, 1913. Suborder Galei: Gill, 1872 (in part). Order Heterodontea: White, 1936, 1937 (in part); Whitley, 1940. Suborder Heterodonti: Goodrich, 1909 (in part). Order Heterodontida: Fowler, 1966a (in part). Order Heterodontiformes: Berg, 1940 (in part), Berg & Svedovidov, 1955 (in part), Arambourg & Bertin, 1958; Patterson, 1967; Lindberg, 1971; Rass & Lindberg, 1971; Applegate, 1974; Nelson, 1976; Chu & Wen, 1979. Suborder Heterodontiformes: Bertin, 1939; Budker & Whitehead, 1971. Order Heterodontoidea: Schultz & Stern (1948). Suborder Heterodontoidea: Romer, 1945 (in part); Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948. Suborder Heterodontoidei: Romer, 1966 (in part). Order Hexanchida, Suborder Heterodontoidei: Glikman, 1967 (in part). Suborder Plagiostomi Asterospondyli: Hasse, 1879 (in part). Order Prosarthri: Gill, 1893. Order Selachii: Blot, 1969 (in part). Suborder Squali: Gill, 1862 (in part). Suborder Squaloidea: Norman, 1966 (in part). "Division" Squaloidei: Regan, 1906 (in part). Suborder Squaloidei: Engelhardt, 1913 (in part). Diagnostic Features : Trunk cylindrical or slightly compressed, not depressed and raylike. Head conical and slightly elevated, not depressed and laterally expanded; 5 pairs of gill slits present on sides of head, the last three above the pectoral fin bases; spiracles present and small, behind and below the eyes; nostrils without barbels but with strong nasoral grooves and circumnarial grooves, connected to mouth, with anterior nasal flaps elongated posteriorly and reaching mouth; eyes on dorsolateral surface of head, without nictitating tower eyelids; snout very short and bluntly rounded, not sawlike and without rostral barbels; mouth moderate, arched and short, well in front of eyes; labial furrows very large, present on both jaws; teeth strongly differentiated along jaws, with anterior teeth small and cuspidate and posteriors enlarged, acuspidate and molariform; no small intermediate teeth or a gap between anterior and lateroposterior teeth in upper jaw. Two dorsal fins, each with a stout fin spine, the first with its origin over the pectoral bases or inner margins; pectoral fins moderately large, not raylike and without triangular anterior lobes; pelvic fins moderately large, with vent continuous with their inner margins; anal fin present; caudal fin with a moderately long dorsal lobe and moderately long ventral lobe, the latter shorter than the dorsal lobe. Vertebral axis raised into the dorsal caudal lobe; intestinal valve of spiral type. 6.1 FAMILY HETERODONTIDAE Gray, 1851 HET Tribe Heterodontida Gray, 1851 (Family Squalidae), List spec.coll.British Mus., pt. 1, Chondropterygii, 65. Synonymy : Subfamily Cestraciontini Bonaparte, 1838 (Family Squalidae). FAO Names : En - Bullhead sharks, Horn sharks; Fr - Requins dormeurs; Sp - Dormilones. Field Marks : These small sharks are easily recognizable, being the only living ones with dorsal fin spines and an anal fin. The piglike snout, small anterior mouth, enlarged molariform teeth in the back of the mouth, supraorbital ridges, rough skin, paddlelike paired fins, and enlarged first gill slits are characteristic of the family. Habitat, Distribution and Biology : These are common, sluggish, warm-temperate and tropical bottom sharks of water above 21° C, mostly confined to the continental and insular shelves and uppermost slopes of the western and eastern Pacific and western Indian Ocean. They occur from the intertidal to 275 m depth, but most are in shallower water than 100 m. As far as is known, these are night-active sharks, slowly swimming and crawling on rocky, kelp-covered and sandy bottom. Some species at least favour rocky crevices and caves, where they spend the day resting. At least one species is migratory when adult, and returns to its breeding sites each year after long migrations. These sharks are oviparous, producing eggs in unique, large, spiral-flanged egg cases. These are laid in specific 'nesting' sites in at least two species. Eggs may take over 5 months to hatch, and young hatch at a large size, over 14 cm. Bullhead sharks primarily feed on benthic invertebrates. Sea urchins (echinoids) are a favorite food, but crabs, shrimps and other crustaceans, abalone, top shells and other marine gastropods, oysters, polychaetes and more rarely small fish are also eaten. Several species of bullhead sharks have been kept in aquaria, where they have proved to be extremely hardy and can live far over a decade. Mating, egg-laying, hatching of eggs, and growth to maturity can occur in captivity. - 155 - Some bullhead sharks are often encountered by divers, who commonly harass them. Although regarded as harmless, these sharks can and do snap when provoked and occasionally pursue and bite their tormentors. Interest to Fisheries: These sharks are of minimal interest to fisheries, being caught as a bycatch of bottom trawl and line fisheries and utilized for human consumption and for fishmeal. They are commonly caught by divers and in sportsfisheries. Remarks : The systematics of the family follows Taylor's (1972) revision. An earlier review of the family is by Smith (1942). Heterodontus Blainville, 1816 HET Het Genus : Subgenus Heterodontus Blainvilte, 1816 (genus Squalus Linnaeus, 1758), Bull.Sci.Soc.Philomat.Paris, 8:121. Type Species : Squalus philippi Bloch & Schneider, 1801, by monotypy, a junior synonym of Squalus portus jacksoni Meyer, 1793. Synonymy : Genus Cestracion Oken, 1817; Genus Centracion Gray, 1831; Genus Centralion Müller & Henle, 1838 (error ?); Genus Gyropleurodus Gill, 1862; Genus Tropidodus Gill, 1862; Genus Molochophrys Whitley, 1931; Subgenus Wuia Fowler, 1934 Genus Heterodontus Blainville, 1816); Genus Tropidodus Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941 (error); Genus Centraction Fowler, 1941 (error); Genus Cetracion Fowler, 1941 (error). Key to Species 1a Supraorbital ridges very high .............................……………………………………………………….....H. galeatus 1b. Supraorbital ridges moderate to low 2a. First dorsal origin behind pectoral fin bases ..……..............................................................…….. H. quoi 2b. First dorsal origin over pectoral fin bases 3a. Body and fins spotted 4a. Body and fins with white spots. Anal fin apex well anterior to lower caudal origin when laid back ......................................................…............. H. ramalheira 4b. Body and fins with dark spots. Anal fin apex reaching lower caudal origin when laid back 5a. Back and sides with small dark spots less than a third of eye diameter; no light bar on interorbital surface of head...………….……………………………………………….............................. H. francisci 5b. Back and sides with larger dark spots a half eye diameter or more; a light bar on interorbital surface of head ..............……...........…. H. mexicanus 3b. Body and fins striped or banded 6a. Body with a harness pattern of dark stripes ...…......................……........... H. portusjacksoni 6b. Body with 7 to 12 vertical dark bands, not arranged in a harness pattern 7a. Ground colour white or cream with narrow, discrete brown or black vertical bands; distance from anal base to lower caudal origin over twice anal base ...............………………………………...................... H. zebra 7b. Ground colour tan to brown with broad, diffuse-edged brown vertical bands; distance from anal base to lower caudal origin less than twice anal base ...................…………………………………........... H. japonicus - 156 - Heterodontus francisci (Girard, 1854) HET Het 2 Cestracion francisci Girard, 1854, Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Philadelphia, 7(6):196. Holotype: US National Museum of Natural History, apparently lost? Type Locality: Monterey Bay, California. Synonymy : Heterodontus californicus Herald, 1961 (error for H. francisci). FAO Names : En - Horn shark; Fr - Requin dormeur cornu; Sp - Dormilón cornudo. Field Marks : Dorsal fins with spines, anal fins present, colour patterns of small dark spots less than 1/3 eye diameter on light background, no light bar on interorbital space between supraorbital ridges, first dorsal origin over pectoral bases. Diagnostic Features: Supraorbital ridges moderately high, abruptly ending posteriorly; molariform teeth in rear of mouth not greatly expanded and rounded, with a strong medial ridge. First dorsal origin over pectoral bases; apex of anal fin falling opposite or slightly behind lower caudal origin when laid back; anal base length equal or less than distance between anal insertion and lower caudal origin. Colour dark to light grey or brown with scattered small spots on fins and body, less than 1/3 length of eye; no light bar on interorbital space. Egg cases with paired simple flat spiral flanges, diagonal to case axis and with 5 turns visible on sides, case apex without tendrils. Geographical Distribution : Warm-temperate and subtropical waters of the eastern Pacific: Central California to Gulf of California, and probably Ecuador and Peru. Habitat and Biology : A common benthic and epibenthic shark, found on the eastern Pacific continental shelf most abundantly at depths of 2 to 11 m but ranging from the intertidal down to at least 150 m. Found on rocky bottom, kelp beds, sandy draws between rocks, and on sand
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Learn About Sharks: Become a Marine Biologist Why We 3D Scan&Print
    Learn about sharks: Become a Marine Biologist Why we 3D Scan&Print ● Anatomy ● Software Engineering ● Materials Science Read below about 8 different species of shark Bullhead Shark ����� → ������������� ����� ������ ���� → bullhead sharks and horn sharks ������ ������� → ������ ����� , ��� ����� , ������ ����� → ������� → ������� ���� → bullhead sharks and horn sharks ������ �� ������� →1 ����� → �������� ������ ��� ���� ������ ������ ������ → ������������� ����� ������ → ��������� ��������� ���� → Heterodontiformes ������� ���� → ������ ������ , ������������ ������ , �������� ������ , ������ ������ , �������� , ��������� , ������� ����� �������� ��� ����������� , ������ ������ , ����� ������ , �������� ���� ������������ → ���� ������ ��������� ����� → ������ ��������� �������� → ������� , ��������� , ������������� ����� , �������� ������ ��� ���� ������ segmentedspiny worms-headed worms arthropods lamp shells kinorhynchs, loriciferans, priapulans arrow worms cnidarians comb jellies cycliophorans salps lobereptiles-finned fishes hagfishes echinoderms mammals chimaeras amphioxus and lancelets spoon worms jawless fishes birds bryozoans sea squirts appendicularians goblet worms amphibians ray-finned fishes chordates gastrotrichs electric rays animals jaw worms angel sharks acorn worms, pterobranchs and graptolites dogfish sharks cartilaginous fishes mesozoans skates, rays, sawfishes and guitarfishes molluscs sawsharks myxozoans sawfishes roundworms carpet sharks ribbon worms mackerel sharks Entity[Species, Phylum:Onychopora] hexanchiform
    [Show full text]
  • Port Jackson Shark
    Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Search Port Jackson shark From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page The Port Jackson shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) is Port Jackson shark Contents a nocturnal, oviparous (egg laying) type of bullhead shark Featured content of the family Heterodontidae, found in the coastal region of Current events southern Australia, including the waters off Port Jackson. It Random article has a large, blunt head with prominent forehead ridges and Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store dark brown harness-like markings on a lighter grey-brown body, and can grow up to 1.67 metres (5.5 ft) long.[1] Interaction Help The Port Jackson shark is a migratory species, traveling About Wikipedia south in the summer and returning north to breed in the Conservation status Community portal winter months. It feeds on hard-shelled mollusks, Recent changes crustaceans, sea urchins, and fish. Identification of this Contact page species is very easy due to the pattern of harness-like Tools markings which cross the eyes, run along the back to the Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) What links here first dorsal fin, then cross the side of the body, in addition Related changes Scientific classification to the spine in front of both dorsal fins. Upload file Kingdom: Animalia Special pages Contents [hide] Phylum: Chordata Permanent link 1 Distribution and habitat open in browser PRO version Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com Page information 1 Distribution and habitat Class: Chondrichthyes 2 Appearance Wikidata item Subclass: Elasmobranchii Cite this page 2.1 Teeth 3 Respiratory system Superorder: Selachimorpha Print/export 4 Reproduction Order: Heterodontiformes Create a book 5 Digestive system Download as PDF Family: Heterodontidae 6 Relationship with humans Printable version Genus: Heterodontus 7 Conservation Other projects 8 Gallery Species: H.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Fact Sheets Heterodontus Quoyi (Fréminville, 1840)
    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fisheries and for a world without hunger Aquaculture Department Species Fact Sheets Heterodontus quoyi (Fréminville, 1840) Heterodontus quoyi: (click for more) Synonyms Cestracion pantherinus Valenciennes, 1846, pl. 10, fig. 2. Ibid., 1855, text: 350. Holotype the same specimen (MNHN-3445) as that of Cestracion quoyi, Galapagos Islands. Gyropleurodus peruanus Evermann and Radcliffe, 1917: 2, pl. 1, fig. 1. Holotype: U.S. National Museum of Natural History, USNM-77691, 565 mm TL adult (gravid) female, Lobos de Tierra Island, Peru, confirmed by Howe and Springer (1993: 11). Other Combinations: None. FAO Names En - Galapagos bullhead shark, Fr - Requin dormeur bouledogue, Sp - Dormilón de Galápagos. 3Alpha Code: HEQ Taxonomic Code: 1040100106 Scientific Name with Original Description Cestracion quoyi Fréminville, 1840, Mag. Zool. Guerir., ser. 2(5): 1-3, pl. 3. Holotype: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, MNHN-3445, adult male about 475 mm, type locality Galapagos Islands. Diagnostic Features fieldmarks: Dorsal fins with spines, anal fin present, first dorsal-fin origin over pectoral-fin inner margins, colour pattern of large dark spots. Supraorbital ridges low, gradually ending posteriorly; interorbital space very shallowly concave, depth between ridges less than one-fourth eye length. Anterior holding teeth with a cusp and a pair of cusplets in adults, posterior molariform teeth strongly carinate and not greatly expanded and rounded. Pre-first dorsal-fin length 32 to 36%
    [Show full text]
  • And Their Functional, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications
    DePaul University Via Sapientiae College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations College of Science and Health Spring 6-14-2019 Body Forms in Sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), and Their Functional, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications Phillip C. Sternes DePaul University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Sternes, Phillip C., "Body Forms in Sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), and Their Functional, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications" (2019). College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations. 327. https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd/327 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Science and Health at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Body Forms in Sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), and Their Functional, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science June 2019 By Phillip C. Sternes Department of Biological Sciences College of Science and Health DePaul University Chicago, Illinois Table of Contents Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................ii List of Tables..................................................................................................................................iv
    [Show full text]
  • FAO Sheets SHARKS Fishing Area 51 LIST of SPECIES OCCURRING IN
    click for previous page - 9 - FAO Sheets SHARKS Fishing Area 51 LIST OF SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE AREA Code numbers are given for those families and species for which Identification Sheets are included CHLAMYDOSELACHIDAE : Frilled sharks CHLAM Chlamydoselachus anguineus Garman, 1884 CHLAM Chlam 1 HEXANCHIDAE : Sixgill and sevengill sharks, cow sharks HEX Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre, 1788) HEX Hept 1 Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788) HEX Hex 1 Hexanchus nakamurai Teng, 1962 HEX Hex 2 ?Notorynchus cepeduanus (Peron, 1807) HEX Noto 1 ECHINORHINIDAE : Bramble sharks ECHIN Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) ECHIN Echin 1 SQUALIDAE : Dogfish sharks SQUAL Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) SQUAL Centrop 1 Centrophorus lusitanicus Bocage & Capello, 1864 SQUAL Centrop 2 Centrophorus moluccensis Bleeker, 1856 SQUAL Centrop 5 Centrophorus squarnosus (Bonnaterre, 1788) SQUAL Centrop 3 Centrophorus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810) SQUAL Centrop 4 Centroscyllium ornatura (Alcock, 1889) Centroscymnus crepidater (Bocage & Capello, 1864) SQUAL Centros 2 Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788) SQUAL Dal 1 Deania profundorum (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912) Deania quadrispinosum (McCulloch, 1915) SQUAL Dean 2 Etmopterus Lucifer Jordan & Snyder, ].902 Etmopterus sentosus Bass, D'Aubrey & Kistnasamy, 1976 Euprotomicrus bispinatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Heteroscymnoides marleyi Fowler, 1934 Isistius brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Scymnodon obscurus (Vaillant, 1888)? Squaliolus laticaudaus Smith & Radcliffe, 1912 Squalus asper Merrett, 1973 SQUAL Squal
    [Show full text]
  • Port Jackson Shark Heterodontus Portusjacksoni
    HUSBANDRY MANUAL FOR THE PORT JACKSON SHARK Heterodontus portusjacksoni Chondrichthyes: Heterodontidae Date By From Version 2013 Gemma Ducker WSI Richmond v 1 DISCLAIMER The information used in this Husbandry Manual should only be used as a guide. The information held within can only be used as a general guide in the husbandry and care of the species outlined within this Husbandry Manual. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 6 2 TAXONOMY ............................................................................................................ 8 2.1 NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................................. 8 2.2 SUBSPECIES.......................................................................................................... 8 2.3 RECENT SYNONYMS............................................................................................. 8 2.4 OTHER COMMON NAMES ..................................................................................... 8 3 NATURAL HISTORY ............................................................................................. 9 3.1 DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES ...................................................................................... 10 3.2 DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT ............................................................................. 11 3.3 LONGEVITY .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • AN OVERVIEW of SHARK UTILISATION in the CORAL TRIANGLE REGION Written By
    WORKING TOGETHER FOR SUSTAINABLE SHARK FISHERIES AN OVERVIEW OF SHARK UTILISATION IN THE CORAL TRIANGLE REGION Written by Mary Lack Director, Shellack Pty Ltd Glenn Sant Fisheries Programme Leader, TRAFFIC & Senior Fellow, ANCORS Published in September 2012 This report can be downloaded from wwf.panda.org/coraltriangle Citation Lack M. and Sant G. (2012). An overview of shark utilisation in the Coral Triangle region. TRAFFIC &WWF. Photo cover © naturepl.com / Jeff Rotman / WWF-Canon Thanks to the Rufford Lang Foundation for supporting the development of this publication 2 An Overview Of Shark Utilisation In The Coral Triangle Region ACRONYMS ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (the Philippines) CCSBT Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMM Conservation and Management Measure CMS Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals CNP Co-operating Non-Contracting party COFI Committee on Fisheries (of FAO) CoP Conference of the Parties (to CITES) EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission IPOA-Sharks International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks IUU Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (fishing) MoU Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks (CMS) nei Not elsewhere included NPOA-Sharks National Plan of Action for the Conservation and
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography Database of Living/Fossil Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras (Chondrichtyes: Elasmobranchii, Holocephali)
    www.shark-references.com Version 14.10.2011 Bibliography database of living/fossil sharks, rays and chimaeras (Chondrichtyes: Elasmobranchii, Holocephali) Species descriptions published by Jürgen Pollerspöck, Benediktinerring 34, 94569 Stephansposching, Germany ISSN: 2195-6499 - 1 - please inform me about missing papers E-Mail: [email protected] www.shark-references.com Version 14.10.2011 Abstract: This collection is the result of research in numerous journals, books and online publications. It contains the citations of papers about the first description of sharks, rays and chimaeras (Chondrichtyes: Elasmobranchii, Holocephali) until 2011. Notice: This paper is intended to be consulted for advice and information. This information has been compiled to the best of my abilities based on current knowledge and practice, however, please note that possible errors cannot be altogether/entirely excluded. Citation: Pollerspöck, J. (2011), Bibliography database of living/fossil sharks, rays and chimaeras (Chondrichtyes: Elasmobranchii, Holocephali) - Species descriptions -, www.shark-references.com, World Wide Web electronic publication, Version 10/2011; ISSN: 2195-6499 © Edited By: Jürgen Pollerspöck, Benediktinerring 34, D-94569 Stephansposching; Germany Please support www.shark-references.com Please send me missing, not listed references! Send me publications that are not incorporated so far (marked in red lettering)! - 2 - please inform me about missing papers E-Mail: [email protected] www.shark-references.com
    [Show full text]
  • 2. SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE Order HETERODONTIFORMES
    click for previous page Sharks of the World, Vol. 2 31 2. SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE 2.1 Order HETERODONTIFORMES - Bullhead sharks Order: [Group] Heterodonti Garman, 1885, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, 12(1): 30, emended to Order Heterodontiformes. Number of Recognized Families: 1. Synonyms: [Part] 1 Squali, Abtheilung [Division] 2: Müller and Henle, 1838: 27; Müller and Henle, 1839: 27; also [Part] 1 Squali, Abtheilung [Division] 2, Unterabtheilung [Subdivision] 3: Müller and Henle, 1839: 66. Ordo Plagiostomi, Subordo Squalini, Sectio Proktopterides, Tribus Dinotopterini: Bleeker, 1859: xi. Order Squali, Suborder Squali: Gill, 1862b: 396. Order Squali, Suborder Galei: Gill, 1872: 23. Order Plagiostomi diplospondyli, Suborder Plagiostomi Asterospondyli, Group 3 Acrodonten: Hasse, 1879: 50. Order Selachii, Suborder Asterospondyli: Woodward, 1889: 157. Order Prosarthri: Gill, 1893: 129. Order Asterospondyli, Suborder Proarthri: Jordan and Evermann, 1896: 19. Order Euselachii, Suborder Pleurotremata, Division Squaloidei: Regan, 1906a: 723. Order Selachii, Group 2, Division A, Suborder Heterodonti: Goodrich, 1909 (in part): 143. Order Plagiostoma, Suborder Antacea, “Group” Centracoidei: Garman, 1913: 11, 13. Order Pleurotremata, Suborder Squaloidei: Engelhardt, 1913: 100. Order Centraciones, Suborder Prosarthri: Jordan, 1923: 95. Order Heterodontea, Suborder Heterodontida, Superfamily Heterodontoidea: White, 1936: 4; White, 1937: 37, tab. 1; Whitley, 1940: 69. Order Euselachii, Suborder Heterodontiformes: Bertin 1939a: 9. Order Heterodontiformes: Berg, 1940: 134, 135; Berg and Svetovidov, 1955: 61; Arambourg and Bertin, 1958: 2028; Patterson, 1967: 667; Lindberg, 1971: 8, 256; Rass and Lindberg, 1971: 303; Compagno, 1973: 28; Applegate, 1974: 743; Nelson, 1976: 32; Chu and Meng, 1979: 114, tab. 2; Compagno, 1984: 154; Nelson, 1984: 50; Gubanov, Kondyurin and Myagkov, 1986: 3, 42; Cappetta, 1987: 26, 69; Compagno, 1988: 382; Nelson, 1994: 45; Shirai, 1996: 32; Eschmeyer, 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes Superclass Gnathostomata
    Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes Review Superclass Gnathostomata - Jawed fishes I. Chondrichthian characteristics & groups • Class Placodermi (plate-skinned) extinct II. Holocephali • Class Acanthodii (spiny sharks) extinct III. Elasmobranchii A. Evolution of elasmobranchs • Class Chondrichthyes living B. Elasmobranch basic characteristics • Class Sarcopterygii living C. Elasmobranch basic adaptive patterns • Class Actinopterygii living D. Taxonomy of elasmobranchs Classes: An alternative view Jawed vertebrates of the phylogeny of Placodermi {extinct} fishes •Chondrichthyes Superclass are not ancestral Chondrichthyes to bony fishes Gnathostomata cartilaginous fishes •based on DNA instead of morphology Acanthodii {extinct} Arnason et al. 2001 Sarcopterygii lobe-finned fishes, tetrapods Actinopterygii ray-finned fishes Subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks & rays, strap gills) 930 Class Chondrichthyes, two major groups: living spp. Infraclass Cladoselachimorpha (1 extinct order) Infraclass Xenacanthimorpha (1 extinct order) Subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks & rays) Infraclass Euselachii (2 extinct orders; 13 living orders in 2 subdivisions) Subclass Holocephali (chimaeras, whole heads) 35 living Subclass Holocephali (chimaeras) spp. Superorder Paraselachimorpha (6 extinct orders) Superorder Holocephalimorpha • 6 extinct orders • Chimaeriformes (1 living order) 1 Characteristics of Chondrichthyes: • cartilaginous skeleton (w/ endoskeletal calcification) • male intromittent organs (claspers) ceratotrichia • placoid scales • teeth not fused
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Shark Species
    Vers 48 16 Sep 98/1 STATUS OF SHARK SPECIES by Josi 1. Castro, Christa 1VL Woodley, and Rebecca L Brudek National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center 75 Virginia Beach Dr. Miami, Florida 33149 U.S.A. 2 Preface This survey was undertaken at the request of FAO in the summer of 1996. It was stipulated that the work had to be completed in about six months. We worked under that constraint, and the general lack of data on shark fisheries. We evaluated the status of shark species based on reproductive potentiaL historical fishery trends, and on the impact of fisheries upon the species. Because of the wide or cosmopolitan ranges of many species of sharks, and because of the lack of fisheries data, in most cases it was not possible to assess a species as a whole. We have limited ourselves to showing how a species has reacted to exploitation at one or several localities. The reader can hifer how the species may be reacting under similar exploitation elsewhere. Much of the data used in this report is of Australian or of North American origin. This is simply a reflection of the effort spent in shark research and management in Australia and, in the last few years, in the United States. The Australian knowledge of sharks, shark fisheries, and management is unexcelled, and we have drawn freely from it. As a survey of the status of all the shark species, this work is certainly incomplete, as it reflects our fi-agmentary knowledge of sharks and the paucity of fisheries data that was available to the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Isistius Brasiliensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) En - Cookiecutter Shark; Fr - Squalelet Féroce; Sp - Tollo Cigarro
    1228 Sharks Euprotomicrus bispinatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) En - Pygmy shark; Fr - Squale pygmée; Sp - Tollo pigmeo. Maximum total length about 27 cm. Occurs at or near the surface at night and apparently descends to below 400 m (possibly as deep as 1 800 m) during the day. Feeds on squid, bony fishes, and crustaceans. Without interest to fisheries. Oceanic and circumglobal in the tropical and temperate oceans. ? ? Isistius brasiliensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) En - Cookiecutter shark; Fr - Squalelet féroce; Sp - Tollo cigarro. Maximum total length about 50 cm. Makes diurnal vertical migrations probably from below 1 000 m in the day to or near the surface at night. Feeds on free-living deep-water prey, but is also a facultative ectoparasite on larger marine organisms. Minor importance to fisheries in the area. Widespread oceanic in temperate and tropical oceans. Scymnodon squamulosus (Günther, 1877) En - Velvet dogfish; Fr - Squale-grogneur velouté; Sp - Bruja terciopelo. Maximum total length at least 84 cm. Demersal or pelagic near continental slopes and seamounts in depths of 550 to 2 000 m. Without interest to fisheries. Western Atlantic (Gulf of Mexico, Surinam, Brazil), eastern Atlantic from Iceland to Senegal, southern Africa and the western Pacific from Japan, South China Sea, Australia, and New Zealand. Squalidae 1229 Squaliolus aliae Teng, 1959 En - Smalleye pigmy shark. Maximum total length about 22 cm.Together with the following species possibly the smallest living shark. Epipelagic or mesopelagic near continental and island land masses; makes diurnal migrations probably from within 200 m of the surface at night down to about 2 000 m during the day.
    [Show full text]