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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI FACULTY OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK THE FORMULATION AND PRACTICE OF THE CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUND IN KENYA: A Case Study of People’s Participation in its Projects in Gatanga and Kitui Central Constituencies KARIUKI JAMES GICHURU A thesis submitted in fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in the Department of Sociology and Social Work, University of Nairobi August 2016 DECLARATION This Thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university James Gichuru Kariuki Signature _______________________________________ Date----------------------------------------------------------------- This Thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as the university supervisors. Prof. P. O. Chitere Department of Sociology and Social Work Signature ______________________________________ Date-------------------------------------------------------------- Dr Beneah Mutsotso Department of Sociology and Social Work Signature ______________________________________ Date-------------------------------------------------------------- ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my father Henry Kariuki who died when I was about to complete this thesis, wife Elizabeth, and sons Henry Kariuki and Joe Gichuki, for their continued love, support and encouragement throughout my studies. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to deeply thank many people who have contributed to make this thesis a reality. I thank my wife Elizabeth, for her encouragement, support and assistance throughout the months of research and writing. Special gratitude also goes to my children Henry Kariuki and Joe Gichuki for their patience and help. They sat many hours drawing, reading and playing computer games to keep me company in my reading room. My sincere appreciation goes to my beloved parents Salome and Henry Kariuki and my father in law Joseph Nderitu for their continued love, guidance and encouragement that I have always counted on throughout my studies. I extend my sincere appreciation to all my research assistants namely: Veronica Ngundo, Loreen Adagala, Martha Mwaniki, Eunice Ndinda, Dennis Muthura, and Charity Muthini. They overcame the many challenges of field work and conducted the interviews professionally with minimal supervision. I am also grateful to Mr Sammy Tonui and Mr Apollo Orlando for data processing and analysis in the S.P.S.S computer programme. I wish to acknowledge the information and assistance received from the county governments of Kitui and Muranga, officials of CDF, the CDF project management committee members and all the constituents of Gatanga and Kitui Central constituencies who gave their time and provided information for this study. I would also like to thank my colleagues for their support of this study and for inspiring me and providing me with insight into the field of sociology: Special thanks to the late Dr Pius Mutie for his encouragement; the chairman of the department of sociology and social work Dr Robinson Ocharo whose confidence in my work has been inspirational; and Prof Octavian Gakuru for his generous academic support and encouragement. I would like to thank Prof Paul Mbatia my proposal reviewer when it was in the initial stages. I am appreciative of the comments and suggestions of all iv academic members of the department of sociology that were helpful in organizing my work. I am also grateful to Prof Evan Mwangi of the Northwestern University, USA, for continuously putting pressure on me to complete my PhD studies. I thank Prof Halimu Shauri of Pwani University for encouraging me to study and research about the Constituency Development Fund. I have benefitted a great deal from institutional support facilitated by the University of Nairobi. Without the support accorded by the university, I would not have managed to attend to my students while I continued with my studies. My gratitude and sincere appreciation goes to my supervisors Prof Preston Chitere and Dr Beneah Mutsotso for their support and enthusiasm for this thesis. They provided the energy and assistance necessary to bring this study to completion. Finally, with the inspiration of my academic colleagues including Prof Philip Nying’uro, Prof Peter Wasamba, Prof E. Njeru, Prof C.B.K Nzioka, Prof E. Mburugu, Prof O. Gakuru, Dr L. Odiemo, Dr K. Kiemo, Dr M. Kitata, Dr M. Chepkong’a, Dr H. Misigo, Dr J. Njagi, Dr J. Birech, Dr A. Karanja, Mr S. Wakanyua, Mr K. Mubuu, Mr B. Ndonga, Mr A. Korongo, and Mr T. Nyang’au among others, completing this work was made a little easier. The views expressed in this thesis are mine and not of my supervisors or the University of Nairobi. I am therefore entirely responsible for any shortcomings in this thesis. v ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AIDS Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CBOs Community Based Organizations CDC Constituency Development Committee CDF Constituency Development Fund. CDFB Constituency Development Fund Board CDFC Constituency Development Fund Committee CFC Constituency Fund Committee CSOs Civil Society Organizations DFC District Fund Committee DFRD District Focus for Rural Development DPC District Projects committee ERS Economic Recovery Strategy FBOs Faith Based Organizations FGDs Focus Group Discussions GDP Gross Domestic Product GOK Government of Kenya HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IMF International Monetary Fund LATF Local Authority Transfer Fund MDGs Millennium Development Goals MPs Members of Parliament MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NARC National Rainbow Coalition NESC National Economic and Social Council NGCDF National Government Constituencies Development Fund NGOs Non Governmental Organizations NMC National Management Committee vi NPEP National Poverty Eradication Programme NTA National Taxpayers Association OXFAM Oxford Committee for Famine Relief PMC Project Management Committee PRSP poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RCDF Rural Constituency Development Fund RMLF Roads Maintenance Fuel Levy Fund SAPs Structural Adjustment Programmes SDD Social Dimensions of Development SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme WEF Women Enterprise Fund YEDF Youth Enterprise Development Fund vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration…………………………………………………………………………...............ii Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………...iii Acknowledgements.………………………………………………………………................iv Acronyms and Abbreviations………………………………………………………………..vi Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………..........viii List of Figures........................................................................................................................xiv List of Tables……………………………………………………………………..................xv Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….….xix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………..…1 1.0 Background of the Study....................................................................................................1 1.1 Problem Statement…………………………………………………………….………….3 1.2 Research Questions……………………………………………………………………….5 1.3 Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………………………...6 1.3.1 General Objective…………………………………………………………………….....6 1.3.2 Specific Objectives…………………………………………………………………..….6 1.4 Justification of the Study…………………………………………………………………6 1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study……………………………………………………....7 1.6 Organization of the Study…………………………………………………………….......8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK......................................................................................................................10 2.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..........10 2.1.1 The Concept of Development………………………………………………………...10 2.1.2 Concepts of Decentralization and Devolution………………………………………..12 2.1.3 Development Approaches Used in Kenya……………………………………………13 2.1.4 Needs Assessment and Community Participation in Projects………………………..21 2.1.5 Decentralization in Other Countries………………………………………………….22 2.1.6 Successes of and Challenges Facing CDF……………………………………………27 2.1.6.1 Successes of CDF…………………………………………………………………...27 2.1.6.2 Challenges of CDF………………………………………………………………….29 viii 2.2 Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………………………31 2.2.1 Social Action Theory…………………………………………………………………31 2.2.2 The Social Systems Theory…………………………………………………………...33 2.2.3 Decentralization Theoretical Perspective……………………………………………..35 2.3 Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………37 2.4 Operational Definitions of Variables……………………………………………….......38 CHAPTER THREE: STUDY METHODOLOGY…………………………………………41 3.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………......41 3.1 Study Sites and Site Selection…………………………………………………………..41 3.2 Site Description…………………………………………………………………………41 3.2.1 Gatanga Constituency………………………………………………………………...41 3.2.2 Kitui Central Constituency……………………………………………………………45 3.3 Sampling Design………………………………………………………………………..48 3.4 Sample Size……………………………………………………………………………..49 3.5 Units of Analysis………………………………………………………………………..50 3.6 Units of observation………………………………………………………………….....50 3.7 The Respondents………………………………………………………………………..50 3.8 Methods and Techniques of Data Collection…………………………………………...51 3.9 Ethical Considerations………………………………………………………………….52 3.10 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………….53 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION...53 4.0 Introduction……………….…………………………………………………………….54 4.1 CDF in Kenya…………………………………………………………………………..54 4.1.1 The Historical Background…………………………………………………………...54 4.1.2 Legal Provisions