DOCSLIB.ORG

United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,770,696 Warren Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,770,696 Warren Et Al USOO577O696A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,770,696 Warren et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 23, 1998 54 AUXILIARY PROTEINS FOR ENHANCING Porter, A.G., et al., “Mosquitocidal Toxins of Bacilli and THE INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF Their Genetic Manipulation for Effective Biological Control PESTICIDAL PROTEINS of Mosquitoes”, Microbiological Reviews, 57(4):838–861 (1993). 75 Inventors: Gregory W. Warren; Michael G. Sekar, V., “The Insecticidal Crystal Protein Gene is Koziel, both of Cary; Martha A. Expressed in Vegetative Cells of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Mullins, Raleigh; Gordon J. Nye, temebropmos”, Current Microbiology, 17:347-349. Apex; Brian Carr; Nalini M. Desai, both of Cary; Kristy Kostichka, Shivakumar, A.G., et al., Abstract,:Cloned Crystal Protein Durham; Nicholas B. Duck, Cary; Juan Genes Express Vegetatively in Bacillus subtilis, Plasmid, J. Estruch, Durham, all of N.C. 16(3):230 (1986). Thanabalu, T., et al., “Proteolytic Processing of the Mos 73 Assignee: Novartis Corporation quitocidal Toxin from Bacillus Sphaericus SSII-1, J. Bac teriol., 174(15):5051-5056 (1992). 21 Appl. No.: 471,033 Yoshisue, H., et al., “Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis 20 kDa Protein on Production of the Bti 130-kDa 22 Filed: Jun. 6, 1995 Crystal Protein in Escherichia coli'', BioScience, Biotech Related U.S. Application Data nology, and Biochemistry, 56(9): 1429-1433 (1992). Arellano, A., et al., “Evidence of a New Bacillus thuring 60 Division of Ser. No. 463,483, Jun. 5, 1995, which is a iensis Toxin Active Against the Australian Sheep Blowfly continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 314,594, Sep. 28, 1994, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 218,018, Mar. 23, Lucilla cuprina', Proceedings and Abstracts of the 5th 1994, abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. International Colloquium On Invertebrate Pathology and 37,057, Mar. 25, 1993, abandoned. Microbial Control, Adelaide, Austrailia, 20–24 Aug., 1990, (51) Int. Cl." ..................................................... C07K 14/32 p. 291. 52 U.S. Cl. ........................ 530/350; 536/23.1; 536/23.7; Beecher, Douglas J., et al., “A Novel Bicomponent Hemol 536/23.71; 530/825 ysin from Bacillus cereus', Inspection and Immunity, 58 Field of Search ........................... 530/350; 536/23.1, 58(7):2220–2227 (1990). 536/23.7, 23.71, 825 Faust, R.M., "Bacterial Diseases”, In: Insect Diseases, G. Cantwell, ed., Marcel Dekker, NY 1974, pp. 84-89 and 108-120. 56) References Cited Gilmore, Michael S., et al., “A Bacillus cereus Cytolytic Determinant, Cereolysin AB, Which Comprises the Phos U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS pholipase C and Sphingomyelinase Genes: Nucleotide 3,632,747 1/1972 Satohiro et al. .......................... 424/93 Sequence and Genetic Linkage”, Journal of Bacteriology, 3,651,215 3/1972 Satohiro et al. .......................... 424/93 171(2):744–753 (1989). 4,996,155 2/1991 Sick et al. ............................ 435/252.3 Heimpel, A.M., “The pH in the Gut and Blood of the Larch 5,262,323 11/1993 Baird et al. .......................... 435/252.5 Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (HTG), and Other Insects with Reference to the Pathogenicity of Bacillus cereuS FR. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS and FR.", Can. J. Zool, 33:99-106 (1955). O498537A2 1/1992 European Pat. Off.. Heimpel, A.M., “Investigations of the Mode of Action of O501650A2 2/1992 European Pat. Off.. Strains of Bacillus cereus FR. and FR. Pathogenic for the WO88/08880 11/1988 WIPO. Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (HTG.)", Can. J. Zool., WO90/13651 11/1990 WIPO. WO91/16432 10/1991 WIPO. 33:311-326 (1995). WO91/16434 10/1991 WIPO. Krieg, A., “Thuricin, a Bacteriocin Produced by Bacillus US94/03131 7/1994 WIPO. thuringiensis”, J. Invert. Path., 15:291 (1970). WO 94/21795 9/1994 WIPO. (List continued on next page.) OTHER PUBLICATIONS Primary Examiner Robert A. Wax Hofte, H., et al., “Insecticidal Crystal Proteins of Bacillus ASSistant Examiner Nashaat T. Nashed thuringiensis", Microbiological Reviews, 53(2):242-255 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Gary M. Pace (1989). 57 ABSTRACT Koziel, M.G., et al., “Field Performance of Elite Tansgenic The present invention is drawn to pesticidal Strains and Maize Plants Expressing an Insecticidal Protein Derived proteins. Bacillus Strains which are capable of producing from Bacillus thuringiensis', Bio/Technology, 11:194-200 pesticidal proteins and auxiliary proteins during vegetative (1993). growth are provided. “The auxiliary proteins enhance the Krieg, A., “Concerning Alpha-exotoxin Produced by Veg insecticidal activity of pesticidal proteins.” Also provided etative Cells of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus', are the purified proteins, nucleotide Sequences encoding the J. Invert. Path., 17:134–135 (1971). proteins and methods for using the Strains, proteins and Myers, P.S., et al., “Localization of a Mosquito-Larval genes for controlling pests. Toxin of Bacillus Sphaericus 1593”, Appl. Environ. Micro biol, 39(1):1205-1211 (1980). 6 Claims, 1 Drawing Sheet 5,770,696 Page 2 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Thanabalu et al., “Cytotoxicity and ADP-Ribosylating Kushner, D.J., et al., “Lecithinase Production by Strains of Activity of the Mosquitocidal Toxin from Bacillus Sphaeri Bacillus cereuS FR. and FR. Pathogenic for the Larch cus SSII-1: Possible Roles of the 27-and 70-Kilodaron Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (HTG.)", Can. J. Microbiol., Peptides”, Journal of Bacteriology, 175(8):2314–2320 3:547-551 (1957). Luthy, P., et al., “Bacillus thuringiensis as a Bacterial (1993). Insecticide: Basic Consideration and Application', In: Vaithlingam et al., “Anti-Coleopteran Toxin and Gene”, Microbial and Viral Pesticides, E. Kurstak, Ed., Marcel Dekker, NY 1982, pp. 37–39, 54–56. Abstract No. 226442, New Zealand Patent Office Journal, European International Search Report dated May 3, 1996. 80(7):931, (1991). Bernier et al., “Bacillus thuringiensis Strains A20 and A29 and Insecticidal Compounds therefrom, and Compositions Wahisaka et al., “Bacillus Thuringiensis Mutant and Bacte Containing These Compounds”, Abstract No. 227249, New rial Insecticide”, Abstract No. 199725, New Zealand Patent Zealand Patent Office Journal, 80(6):798, (1988). Office Journal, (1982). Jellis et al., “Bacillus Thuringiensis 8-Endotoxin Variants and Insecticidal Compositions”, Abstract No. 228108, New Walther et al., “Analysis of Mosquito Larvicidal Potential Zealand Patent Office Journal, 81(3):359, (1992). Exhibited by Vegetative Cells of Bacillus thuringiensis Schurter et al., “Genetic Manifpulation of B. thuringiensis B. cereus Vectors and Insecticidal Composition”, Abstract No. subsp. israelensis”, Applied and Environmental Microbiol 229191, New Zealand Patent Office Journal, 81(3):363, ogy, 52(4):650–653 (1986). (1992). Tayabali et al., “Semiautomated Quantification of Cytotoxic Ward et al., “Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis 8-Endot Damage Induced in Cultured Insect Cells Exposed to Com OXin Cloning and Expression of the Toxin in Sporogenic and mercial Bacillus thuringiensis Biopesticides”, Journal of ASporogenic Strains of Bacillus subtilis”, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 15(5):365-373 (1995). Molecular Biology, 191(1): 13–22 (1986). U.S. Patent Jun. 23, 1998 5,770,696 Figure 1 Characterization of pCIB6022 Activity vs. WCRW S: pCIB6022 ---- WTP2A(a VIP1A(a) pCB6203 pCIB6023 pCIB6206 - pCLB6024 Functional Complementation of VIP Clones pCIB6203 H pCDB6023 pCIB6203 -H pCB6206 pCIB6023 cro pCIB6024 5,770,696 1 2 AUXLIARY PROTEINS FOR ENHANCING The methods and compositions of the invention may be THE INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF used in a variety of Systems for controlling plant and PESTICIDAL PROTEINS non-plant pests. This is a divisional application of Ser. No. 08/463,483, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE filed Jun. 5, 1995 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/314,594 filed Sep. 28, 1994, now pending, which is a FIG. 1: Characterization of pCIB6022. Boxed regions continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/218,018, filed Mar. 23, represent the extent of VIP1A(a) and VIP2A(a). White box 1994, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of represents the portion of VIP1 encoding the 80 kDa peptide Ser. No. 08/037,057, filed Mar. 25, 1993, now abandoned. observed in Bacillus. Dark box represents the N-terminal propeptide of VIP1A(a) predicted by DNA sequence FIELD OF THE INVENTION analysis. Stippled box represents the VIP2A(a) coding The present invention is drawn to methods and compo region. Large 'X' represents the location of the frameshift Sitions for controlling plant and non-plant pests. mutation introduced into VIP1A(a). Arrows represent con 15 Structs transcribed by the beta-galactosidase promoter. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Restriction Sites: C-Cla I; X-Xba I, S-Sca I, RI-Eco RI; B-Bgl II; RV-Eco RV. Insect pests are a major factor in the loSS of the World's commercially important agricultural crops. Broad Spectrum chemical pesticides have been used extensively to control or DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE eradicate pests of agricultural importance. There is, INVENTION however, Substantial interest in developing effective alter Compositions and methods for controlling plant pests are native pesticides. provided. In particular, novel pesticidal proteins are pro Microbial pesticides have played an important role as Vided which are produced during vegetative growth of alternatives to chemical pest control. The most extensively 25 Bacillus Strains. The proteins are useful as pesticidal agents. used microbial product is based on the bacterium Bacillus The present invention recognizes that pesticidal proteins thuringiensis (Bt). Bt is a gram-positive spore forming are produced during vegetative growth of Bacillus Strains. Bacillus which produces an insecticidal crystal protein (ICP) To date, all of the identified pesticidal proteins of the during sporulation. invention are secreted from the cell. Prior to the present Numerous varieties of Bt are known that produce more invention, there was no recognition in the art that a class or than 25 different but related ICP's. The majority of ICP's classes of pesticidal proteins are produced during vegetative made by Bt are toxic to larvae of certain insects in the orders growth of Bacillus.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Synergistic Mixtures for Controlling Invertebrate Pests Containing An
    (19) TZZ ¥__T (11) EP 2 263 461 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: A01N 43/56 (2006.01) A01N 61/00 (2006.01) 12.12.2012 Bulletin 2012/50 (21) Application number: 10009776.5 (22) Date of filing: 30.06.2005 (54) Synergistic mixtures for controlling invertebrate pests containing an anthanilamide compound and a lip biosynthesis inhibitor Synergistische Mischungen zur Bekämpfung von wirbelosen Lästlingen enthaltend ein Anthranilamid und einen Lipidbiosynthese-Hemmer Mélanges synergiques pour la lutte contre les invertébrés comprenant une anthranilamide et un inhibiteur de la biosynthèse lipidique (84) Designated Contracting States: • Lahm, Philip George AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR Wilmington, DE 19808 (US) HU IE IS IT LI LT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR • Stevenson, Thomas Martin Newark, DE 19702 (US) (30) Priority: 01.07.2004 US 584601 P • Portillo, Hector Eduardo 29.03.2005 US 666073 P Newark, Delaware 19702 (US) • Flexner, John Lindsay (43) Date of publication of application: Landenberg, Pennsylvania 19350 (US) 22.12.2010 Bulletin 2010/51 (74) Representative: Beacham, Annabel Rose (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in Dehns accordance with Art. 76 EPC: St Bride’s House 09002571.9 / 2 060 179 10 Salisbury Square 05770891.9 / 1 778 012 London EC4Y 8JD (GB) (73) Proprietor: E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Wilmington, DE 19898 (US) (56) References cited: WO-A-03/015518 WO-A-03/015519 (72) Inventors: WO-A1-03/024222 • Annan, Isaac Billy Newark, Delaware 19711 (US) Remarks: • Selby, Thomas Paul Thefile contains technical information submitted after Hockessin, DE 19707 (US) the application was filed and not included in this specification Note: Within nine months of the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent in the European Patent Bulletin, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to that patent, in accordance with the Implementing Regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Masked Chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs in Turfgrass
    Journal of Integrated Pest Management (2016) 7(1): 3; 1–11 doi: 10.1093/jipm/pmw002 Profile Biology, Ecology, and Management of Masked Chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs in Turfgrass S. Gyawaly,1,2 A. M. Koppenho¨fer,3 S. Wu,3 and T. P. Kuhar1 1Virginia Tech, Department of Entomology, 216 Price Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0319 ([email protected]; [email protected]), 2Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected], and 3Rutgers University, Department of Entomology, Thompson Hall, 96 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525 ([email protected]; [email protected]) Received 22 October 2015; Accepted 11 January 2016 Abstract Downloaded from Masked chafers are scarab beetles in the genus Cyclocephala. Their larvae (white grubs) are below-ground pests of turfgrass, corn, and other agricultural crops. In some regions, such as the Midwestern United States, they are among the most important pest of turfgrass, building up in high densities and consuming roots below the soil/thatch interface. Five species are known to be important pests of turfgrass in North America, including northern masked chafer, Cyclocephala borealis Arrow; southern masked chafer, Cyclocephala lurida Bland [for- http://jipm.oxfordjournals.org/ merly Cyclocephala immaculata (Olivier)]; Cyclocephala pasadenae (Casey); Cyclocephala hirta LeConte; and Cyclocephala parallela Casey. Here we discuss their life history, ecology, and management. Key words: Turfgrass IPM, white grub, Cyclocephala, masked chafer Many species of scarabs are pests of turfgrass in the larval stage southern Ohio, and Maryland. The two species have overlapping (Table 1). Also known as white grubs, larvae of these species feed distributions throughout the Midwest, particularly in the central on grass roots and damage cultivated turfgrasses.
    [Show full text]
  • White Grubs (Japanese Beetle, May/June Beetle, Masked Chafer, Green June Beetle, European Chafer, Asiatic Garden Beetle, Oriental Beetle, Black Turfgrass Ataenius)
    White Grubs (Japanese Beetle, May/June Beetle, Masked Chafer, Green June Beetle, European Chafer, Asiatic Garden Beetle, Oriental Beetle, Black Turfgrass Ataenius) There are 8 different white grubs that are commonly known to cause turfgrass plant damage. They include the Japanese beetle, May and June beetle, masked chafer, green June beetle, European chafer, Asiatic garden beetle, oriental beetle, and black turfgrass ataenius. They all do the most damage in their larval stage, although some adults can also cause damage. Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) Japanese beetles are concentrated mostly in the northeastern and Mid Atlantic states. The Japanese beetle larvae are the primary cause of turf damage. They feed on turfgrass roots, which causes yellowing and a wilting, thinning appearance to the plants. Turf that has been damaged can easily be rolled or lifted back from the soil because the grubs have eaten through the fibrous roots. Typical Japanese beetle raster pattern. Typical Japanese beetle adult. Pictures: http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/orn/beetles/Japanese_beetle_02.htm; http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/factsheet/ENT-100-06PR.pdf; http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2510.html Text: Handbook of Turfgrass Insect Pests by Rick Brandenburg and Michael Villani For more information on Japanese beetles: Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet – Japanese Beetle http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2504.html University of Maryland – Japanese Beetle http://iaa.umd.edu/umturf/Insects/japanese_beetle.html Utah State University Extension Fact Sheet – Japanese Beetle http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/factsheet/ENT-100-06PR.pdf University of Florida – Japanese Beetle http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN630 May and June Beetles (Phyllophaga species) May and June beetles can be found all across the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Entomopathogenic Fungi Against Masked Chafer White Grubs, Cyclocephala Spp
    Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Entomopathogenic Fungi against Masked Chafer White Grubs, Cyclocephala spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Shaohui Wu Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology Dr. Roger R. Youngman, Co-Chair Dr. Loke T. Kok, Co-Chair Dr. James M. Goatley Dr. Douglas G. Pfeiffer Dr. Sally L. Paulson April 23, 2013 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Entomopathogenic Nematode, Entomopathogenic Fungus, Masked Chafer, Cyclocephala spp., White Grub Copyright 2013, Shaohui Wu Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Entomopathogenic Fungi against Masked Chafer White Grubs, Cyclocephala spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Shaohui Wu ABSTRACT Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. megidis) and entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) (Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana) were evaluated for efficacy against masked chafer white grub, Cyclocephala spp., under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, as well as their efficacy against various grub stages in the field. Under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions, additive interactions were found between EPN and EPF in their combined application against Cyclocephala spp., except a few observations that showed antagonism or synergism. Significantly greater control occurred from the combination of a nematode and a fungus compared with a fungus alone, but not compared with a nematode alone. The combined effect did not differ significantly for nematode and fungi applied simultaneously or at different times. EPF had no significant impact on EPN infection and production of infective juveniles (IJs) in grub carcasses. Nematodes alone or in combination with fungi were comparable to the insecticide Merit 75 WP (imidacloprid) against 3rd instar Cyclocephala spp in the greenhouse.
    [Show full text]
  • Insect and Mite Pests of Strawberries in Ohio
    RESEARCH BULLETIN 987 APRIL, 1966 Insect and Mite Pests of Strawberries in Ohio ROY W. RINGS and R. B. NEISWANDER OHIO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER - WOOSTER, OHIO CONTENTS * * * * * * * * * * Acknowledgments__________________________________________________ 2 Introduction _______________________________________________________ 3 Relative Importance of Insect and Mite Pests ____________________________ 3 Field Key for Identification of Insects and Other Pests Attacking Strawberries ___ 3 Insects and Mites Attacking Foliage ___________________________________ 5 Strawberry Leaf Roller __________________________________________ 5 Oblique-banded Leaf Roller _____________________________________ 6 Blueberry Leaf Roller ___________________________________________ 6 Strawberry Rootworm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 Grape Colaspis _______________________________________________ 8 Strawberry Sawflies____________________________________________ 9 Two-Spotted Spider Mite ________________________________________ 9 Cyclamen Mite________________________________________________ 9 Pests Attacking Buds and Fruits ______________________________________ lo Strawberry Weevi I_____________________________________________ l 0 Cutworms and Armyworms ______________________________________ 10 Strawberry Bug______________________________________________ l l Ground Beetles _______________________________________________ 11 Slugs and Snails _______________________________________________ 12
    [Show full text]
  • Grubs and Beetles: What to Do with These Pests
    Grubs and Beetles: What to Do with These Pests By Sharon Vaughan Smith, Fairfax Master Gardener Intern In early spring, we begin cleaning out our gardens and ornamental beds of leaves, twigs and debris. As we work, we till up the soil and discover C-shaped white- to cream-bodied worm-looking pests with tan or brown heads. In July and August, when the weather is at its hottest with the harvest of blueberries, blackberries and raspberries, we come across some unwelcomed beetles enjoying the fruits of our labor (no pun intended). In late August, a brown patch in our lawn catches our eye. We noticed it has been dry, so we believe the dieback is due to lack of water and scorching heat. By October, we see several crows hanging out in the yard, and we catch a hint in the air that a skunk has been visiting, too. We observe that the irregularly-sized photo: University of Wisconsin brown patch in the lawn has gotten bigger and that we can easily Japanese beetle pull up the brown turf in large pieces. What could be causing these problems? It is the result of three beetles that are members of the scarab beetle family. Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) It was first introduced in 1916 to New Jersey in nursery stock from Japan. Its larvae feed on grass roots, herbaceous plants and nursery stock, while the adults feed on foliage and fruit. The native Green June Beetle (Cotinus nitida L.) Its larvae mainly feed on decaying plant matter and less on roots, yet the adults, similar to the Japanese beetle, feed on the foliage of shrubs, trees and occasionally attack most tree fruits and berries.
    [Show full text]
  • Plum Island Biodiversity Inventory
    Plum Island Biodiversity Inventory New York Natural Heritage Program Plum Island Biodiversity Inventory Established in 1985, the New York Natural Heritage NY Natural Heritage also houses iMapInvasives, an Program (NYNHP) is a program of the State University of online tool for invasive species reporting and data New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry management. (SUNY ESF). Our mission is to facilitate conservation of NY Natural Heritage has developed two notable rare animals, rare plants, and significant ecosystems. We online resources: Conservation Guides include the accomplish this mission by combining thorough field biology, identification, habitat, and management of many inventories, scientific analyses, expert interpretation, and the of New York’s rare species and natural community most comprehensive database on New York's distinctive types; and NY Nature Explorer lists species and biodiversity to deliver the highest quality information for communities in a specified area of interest. natural resource planning, protection, and management. The program is an active participant in the The Program is funded by grants and contracts from NatureServe Network – an international network of government agencies whose missions involve natural biodiversity data centers overseen by a Washington D.C. resource management, private organizations involved in based non-profit organization. There are currently land protection and stewardship, and both government and Natural Heritage Programs or Conservation Data private organizations interested in advancing the Centers in all 50 states and several interstate regions. conservation of biodiversity. There are also 10 programs in Canada, and many NY Natural Heritage is housed within NYS DEC’s participating organizations across 12 Latin and South Division of Fish, Wildlife & Marine Resources.
    [Show full text]
  • "White Grubs and Their Allies"
    WHITE GRUBS AND THEIR ALLIES A Study of North American Scarabaeoid Larvae NUMBER FOUR : ENTOMOLOGY }``` ` .f -' eta STUDIES IN i, BY PAUL O. RITGHER Corvallis, Oregon OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS .- OREGON STATE MONOGRAPHS STUDIES IN ENTOMOLOGY JoHN D. LATTIN, Consulting Editor NUMBER ONE A Review of the Genus Eucerceris (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) By HERMAN A. SCULLEN NUMBER TWO The Scolytoidea of the Northwest: Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia By W. J. CHAMBERLAIN NUMBER THREE Stonefíies of the Pacific Northwest By STANLEY G. JEWITT, JR. NUMBER FOUR White Grubs and Their Allies By PAUL O. RITCHER © 1966 Oregon State University Press Library of Congress Catalog Card number: 66 -63008 Printed in the United States of America By the Department of Printing, Oregon State University Author's Acknowledgments THE INFORMATION published in this book represents Mrs. Patricia Vaurie, American Museum of Natural work done over the past thirty years while the History ; Bernard Benesh, Sunbright, Tennessee; E. C. writer was on the staffs of the Kentucky Agricul- Cole, University of Tennessee; W. A. Price, the late tural Experiment Station (1936- 1949), North Carolina H. H. Jewett, L. H. Townsend, and other members of State College (1949- 1952), and Oregon State Univer- the Kentucky Department of Entomology and Botany; sity (1952 -1966). I am especially indebted to the Ken- J. D. Lattin, Louis Gentner, and other entomologists at tucky Agricultural Experiment Station for permission Oregon State University; D. Elmo Hardy, University to reproduce much of the material contained in my Ken- of Hawaii ; W. F. Barr of the University of Idaho; tucky Bulletins 401, 442, 467, 471, 476, 477, 506, and Joe Schuh of Klamath Falls, Oregon; Kenneth Fender 537, which have long been out of print.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Masked Chafer
    Pest Profile Photo credit: Ted Kropiewnicki, BugGuide.net Common Name: Northern masked chafer Scientific Name: Cyclocephala borealis Order and Family: Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae Size and Appearance: Adult Egg Larva/Nymph Pupae (if applicable) Length (mm) 11-14 mm 1.7 mm 4.5 mm at eclosion and 17 mm 22-25 mm as mature 3rd instars Appearance 6-7 mm 1.2 mm wide, Dirty white, soft bodied, 8 mm wide, first wide, brown pearly white, and robust with a brown creamy white oval head and six well- and turn to developed legs reddish brown before adults emerge Type of feeder (Chewing, sucking, etc.): Chewing Host plant/s: Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass. This species is native to North America, and specimens have been collected from Maine to California and as far south as Alabama. Description of Damage (larvae and adults): Young larvae burrow to the soil surface in search of plant roots, they also eat general organic material in the soil as well as thatch. The larvae grow rapidly when adequate moisture and food are present. They can develop to second instars in 20 to 24 days at 80°F and third instars are common by September. This is when most of the damage occurs. As the soil temperatures begin to drop in the fall, the larvae begin to dig downwards to hibernate. Larvae may dig down 12 inches but most are within 3 to 6 inches, at least in southern states. Grubs surviving the winter return to the upper level of soil in late April and May to feed.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Beetle Management in Minnesota
    Japanese Beetle Management in Minnesota Vera Krischik, Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota Doree Maser, Minnesota Department of Agriculture Copyright © 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) Family Scarabaeidae The Japanese beetle (JB) is a serious pest of turf and ornamental plants. Grubs feed on the roots of grass and adults feed on the foliage of more than 300 plant species. Japanese beetles were first found in United States in 1916, after being accidentally introduced into New Jersey. Until that time, this insect was known to occur only in Japan where it is not a major pest. It is controlled in the eastern United States by soil-inhabiting protozoans that are not present in Minnesota. There are two biological control agents, the fly Istocheta aldrichi and the tiphid wasp, Tiphia vernalis, but they do not control infestations. There are a number of related beetles in the family Scarabaeidae that feed on the roots of grasses. In Minnesota, JB is the worst pest, so you need to identify grubs to species as the life history varies and management is not the same for all species. A management program consists of identifying grubs to species, determining grub numbers, identifying thresholds, timing pesticide application to smaller grubs, and monitoring the treated area for results. Identifying adult Japanese beetles Japanese beetle adults are approximately 3/8 inches in length with a dark metallic green head and metallic dark tan wings. Key characteristics for adult JB are two white rear tufts and five white lateral tufts of hair (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Biology and Management of the Japanese Beetle
    26 Oct 2001 10:29 AR AR147-07.tex AR147-07.SGM ARv2(2001/05/10) P1: GSR Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2002. 47:175–205 Copyright c 2002 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE JAPANESE BEETLE Daniel A. Potter and David W. Held Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Key Words Popillia japonica, Scarabaeidae, invasive species, polyphagy, integrated pest management ■ Abstract The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, an introduced scarab, has become the most widespread and destructive insect pest of turf, landscapes, and nursery crops in the eastern United States. It also damages many fruit, garden, and field crops. This review emphasizes recent research on the beetle’s biology and man- agement. Adults feed on leaves, flowers, or fruits of more than 300 plant species. Adaptations mediating their host finding, dietary range, mating, and oviposition are discussed. We also address abiotic and biotic factors affecting population dynamics of the root-feeding larvae. Japanese beetle grubs are widely controlled with preventive soil insecticides, but options for remedial control of adults and larvae presently are limited. Advances in understanding host plant resistance, entomopathogens, and other biorational approaches may provide more options for integrated management. Despite ongoing regulatory efforts, the Japanese beetle remains a threat as an invasive species. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .....................................................176 HISTORY AS A PEST; CURRENT GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION ...........176 BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY ............................................177 Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2002.47:175-205. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by Colorado State University on 07/23/18.
    [Show full text]
  • Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affecting the Japanese Beetle in Arkansas Bryan Mathew Petty University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 8-2013 Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affecting the Japanese Beetle in Arkansas Bryan Mathew Petty University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Entomology Commons, Plant Biology Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Petty, Bryan Mathew, "Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affecting the Japanese Beetle in Arkansas" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 869. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/869 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affecting the Japanese Beetle in Arkansas Abiotic and Biotic Factors Affecting the Japanese Beetle in Arkansas A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology By Bryan Mathew Petty Missouri Southern State University Bachelor of Science in Biology, 2009 August 2013 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ____________________________________ Dr. Donald Steinkraus Dissertation Director ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Dr. Donn Johnson Dr. Fred Spiegel Committee Member Committee Member ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Dr. Fiona Goggin Dr. Mike Richardson Committee Member Committee Member ABSTRACT Japanese beetles are a relatively new pest to Arkansas. During my Ph.D. research I investigated the pathogens and environmental factors influencing Japanese beetle populations in the state. The prevalence of various pathogens and parasitoids attacking Popillia japonica were recorded annually from wild populations.
    [Show full text]