DOCSLIB.ORG

Histophilus Somni Unique Features, Pathogenesis and Lesions Update

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Histophilus Somni Unique Features, Pathogenesis and Lesions Update Histophilus somni Unique Features, Pathogenesis and Lesions Update Ted Clark, DVM, MVSci, DACVP Prairie Diagnostic Services, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, Canada Abstract Classification, Virulence Factors and Special Features of H.somni Haemophilus somnus has recently been renamed Histophilus somni and it has been proposed this name Histophilus somni, Histophilus ovis and also includes Haemophilus agni and Histophilus ovis. Haemophilus agni are now considered to be the same The organism occurs in all management systems of the organism andH. somni is the only member of the genus cattle industry, but the most serious losses occur in beef Histophilus in the Pasteurellaceae family. Microbiolo­ feedlots where co-mingling of cattle from numerous farms gists have never been happy with H. somni being clas­ occurs. The disease in feedlots most often manifests as sified as a Haemophilus genus member due to the lack the septicemic form and is known as the Histophilus of "X" and ''V" factors for in vitro growth. Recent phylo­ somni disease complex (HSDC), but pleuritis and bron­ genetic studies has resulted in the now accepted new chopneumonia are two other very common causes of dis­ name Histophilus somni based on sequence analysis of ease or death. Despite effective vaccines and antibiotics, the 165-rDNA and rpoB genes.1 sudden losses from 30 to 90 days after arrival at feedlots H. somni is a gram negative, nonmotile, pleomor­ 0 continue to occur in significant numbers, especially in phic and nonencapsulated bacterium with common sur­ "d ('[) certain geographical areas ofNorthAmerica and Europe. face antigens for all strains of the organism. Nonclinical ~ ~ There undoubtedly remains much to be learned about carriers make up 3.2 to 8.0% of cattle entering feedlots, (') (') predisposing factors to histophilosis and how this organ­ and the organism can be isolated from upper and lower ('[) en ism avoids natural body defense mechanisms. respiratory tracts and urogenital tracts, and most com­ en monly from the preputial cavity of rams and bulls. The 8-:r:n Introduction organism is therefore a commensal in these sites. Simple q- isolation of the organism, therefore, does not necessar­ [ For nearly five decades Histophilus somni (recently ily confirm an etiologic diagnosis, and antibiotic therapy o· renamed from Haemophilus somnus) has been consid­ prior to death easily interferes with laboratory isola­ p ered as part of the bovine respiratory disease complex tion of the organism so do not rule it out based on simple (BRDC), as a cause of septicemia and its sequelae (the culture results. Therefore, as with Mycoplasma bovis, HSDC) and also a cause ofreproductive losses in cattle. typical histologic lesions and immunohistochemical Despite bacterins being available for many years and (IHC) demonstration of the organism relative to the le­ several antibiotics showing good in vitro sensitivity pat­ sions are very important to confirm the diagnosis. terns for H. somni, significant losses in beef cattle feed­ Many different strains of the organism with dif­ lots, cow-calf operations and dairy cattle continue to be ferent tissue tropisms and therefore a variety of dis­ highly significant problems in Canada, the United ease manifestations occurs, but in feedlot cattle the States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and organism most commonly causes pneumonia or a septi­ Israel. The organism also causes significant losses in cemia. Septicemic histophilosis in tissue can result in sheep, bighorn sheep and bison. H. ovis and H. agni pleuritis, myocarditis, thrombotic meningoencephalitis are common in Australia, New Zealand and Canadian (TME) or polyarthritis, and the septicemic forms are sheep flocks. Serum titres reach high levels in most referred to as the H. somni disease complex or HSDC. feedlot cattle 14 to 21 days after arrival but the organ­ Thoracolumbar myelitis, otitis media, laryngeal ism has many unique characteristics and virulence fac­ necrosis, conjunctivitis and retinal hemorrhages are also tors that allow it to not only colonize airways of the lung not uncommon feedlot cattle clinical or lesional mani­ parenchyma but also invade the bloodstream, which in . festations. turn results in a variety of clinical conditions and le­ A particularly unique feature of H. somni is its 4 5 sions at post mortem. , ability to invade into the bloodstream (likely via the 68 THE AABP PROCEEDINGS-VOL. 38 respiratory tract), even in the presence of high circu­ purative bronchopneumonia and myocarditis occur at lating antibody titers, and to avoid being killed despite the same time so the lung may be the source of the being phagocytosed by neutrophils, circulating mono­ organism for the myocarditis.3 cytes and tissue macrophages. This intracellular sur­ vival allows it to continue to replicate. This feature is Gross Post Mortem and Histopathologic Lesions due to immunoglobulin binding proteins (IgBPrs) on of Histophilosis the surface of the organism that prevents complement­ mediated destruction. Normally, in conjunction with I have had no experience with the lesions of H. organism-specific antibodies, this would result in ph­ somni placentitis, aborted fetuses, endometritis, vagini­ agocytosis and intracellular death, commonly referred tis, vulvitis, balanoposthitis, orchitis, seminal vesiculi­ to as opsonization. Also, outer membrane proteins tis or mastitis, but all of these are reported to occur in (OMPrs) have been demonstrated in virulent strains, both beef and dairy cattle. None of the above, except and rapid phase variation of these proteins result, in perhaps the disseminated lesions in multiple tissues of part, in the organism's avoidance of the normal host aborted fetuses, are considered part of the HSDC. defenses both within the bloodstream and after local­ The lesions of the HSDC are a result of a septice­ ization in tissues. mia and the hallmark histopathologic lesions, which may Unlike other Pasteurellaceae family members an or may not be seen as visible gross lesions, include fi­ exotoxin of H. somni has not been convincingly demon­ brinous thrombi, clumps of bacteria in or around small strated, but a lipooligosaccharide (LOS) has been clearly vessels and large numbers of neutrophils in these foci shown with H. somni. This LOS has been shown to be ofvasculitis. A vasculitis and "microabscesses" are there­ capable of undergoing structural and antigenic varia­ fore usually described and often, especially in the brain tion, and by so doing allows the organism to mimic host and meninges, the vasculitis is more specifically a throm­ antigens and thus evade immune mechanisms. The LOS bophlebitis since small veins and venules are clearly is also partially responsible for adherence of the organ­ involved. LOS-induced production ofTNF and IL-1 are ism to epithelial cells of airways and endothelial cells thought to play a role in the vasculitis lesions and im­ lining blood vessels. The lipid A content of LOS also mune complexes, and may be partially responsible for has an endotoxin-like effect on host tissues by inducing the vasculitis seen histologically. pro-inflammatory IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Reflecting the not-yet-totally understood and pe­ from macrophages. culiar tissue tropisms of different strains of H. somni, Lesions produced by the HSDC or septicemic form it is not uncommon to see gross lesions in only one or­ of H. somni requires that the organism first colonize gan or body system in the HSDC. The brain was the the respiratory tract tissues, then adhere to and dam­ first to have H.somni lesions described where it was age endothelial cells that line blood vessels. Once in­ named ITEME, but it is now recognized that 'embo­ travascular, the organism can evade host defenses as lism' per se does not occur so the disease is simply re­ mentioned above. In addition, as with Pseudomonas ferred to as thrombotic meningoencephalitis or TME. aeruginosa, virulent H. somni bacteria produce a One tissue where embolism might occur, however, is biofilm at sites of colonization which promotes epithe­ the spinal cord and cases of sudden onset posterior lial cell adherence and allows for bacterial inter-com­ paralysis can be due to H. somni embolic myelitis and munication, which is important for replication. can exist with or without concurrent brain involvement. Stressors such as transport, overcrowding, changes in A formalin fixative-immersed short segment of lum­ feed and adverse weather conditions appear to precipi­ bar spinal column removed with a handsaw is a useful tate disease outbreaks and damage to the mucociliary specimen to submit to a diagnostic lab in such cases. apparatus, especially of the lower respiratory tract The brain lesions are usually seen grossly as focal (lung), which promotes colonization of airway epithe­ brown to red lesions visible on the outer or cut sur­ lium. Several respiratory viruses commonly seen in faces of the brain, but if animals were treated with feedlots are significant contributors to initiating air­ antibiotics while sick, in our experience many cases way epithelial damage, but especially BRSV, PI3, BVD will be missed if multiple sections of brain are not ex­ and IBR. Depending on the strain of the organism, amined histopathologically. many of these lower respiratory H. somni infections The heart lesions are usually seen as a myocardi­ remain confined to the lung as a bronchopneumonia or tis and, except for a few cases thought to arise second­ invade into the vascular system as described above and ary to H. somni suppurative bronchopneumonia, are result in a septicemia. Less common cases of otitis thought to occur from a "silent" septicemia or bacter­ media, conjunctivitis and some cases of arthritis ap­ emia. Lesions are not usually seen concurrently in any pear to occur coexistent with or following several weeks other tissues. In the peracute to acute cases dark red of suppurative bronchopneumonia. Occasionally sup- hemorrhagic lesions may occur, especially in the left SEPTEMBER, 2005 69 ventricle papillary muscles (very similar to Blackleg), nia.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comparative and Functional Genomic Studies of Histophilus Somni
    Comparative and Functional Genomic Studies of Histophilus somni (Haemophilus somnus) Shivakumara Siddaramappa Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences Dr. Thomas J. Inzana, Chair Dr. Stephen M. Boyle Dr. Xiang-Jin Meng Dr. Biswarup Mukhopadhyay Dr. Brett M. Tyler Monday, April 9 2007 Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America Keywords: Haemophilus, Histophilus, Genome, Bacteriophage, Plasmid, LuxS, Biofilm, Restriction-Modification Copyright © 2007, Shivakumara Siddaramappa Comparative and Functional Genomic Studies of Histophilus somni (Haemophilus somnus) Shivakumara S. Siddaramappa ABSTRACT Histophilus somni is a commensal of the mucosal surfaces of respiratory and reproductive tracts of cattle and sheep. However, as an opportunistic pathogen, H. somni can cause diseases such as pneumonia, myocarditis, abortion, arthritis, and meningo-encephalitis. Previously, several virulence factors/mechanisms had been identified in H. somni of which the phase- variable lipooligosaccharide, induction of host cell apoptosis, intraphagocytic survival, and immunoglobulin Fc binding proteins were well characterized. To further understand the biological properties of H. somni, the genomes of pneumonia strain 2336 and preputial strain 129Pt have been sequenced. Using the genome sequence data and comparative analyses with other members of the Pasteurellaceae, putative genes that encode proteases, restriction- modification enzymes, hemagglutinins, glycosyltransferases, kinases, helicases, and adhesins have been identified in H. somni. Most of the H. somni strain-specific genes were found to be associated with prophage-like sequences, plasmids, and/or transposons. Therefore, it is likely that these mobile genetic elements played a significant role in creating genomic diversity and phenotypic variability among strains of H.
    [Show full text]
  • Histophilus Somni-Induced Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis in Cattle from Northern Paraná, Brazil1
    Pesq. Vet. Bras. 35(4):329-336, abril 2015 DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2015000400003 Histophilus somni-induced thrombotic meningoencephalitis in cattle from northern Paraná, Brazil1 Selwyn A. Headley2*, Ana Paula F.R.L. Bracarense2, Victor H.S. Oliveira3, Gustavo R. Queiroz4, Werner Okano5 3, Karina K.M.C. Flaiban6, Júlio A.N. Lisbôa4 3 , Alice F. Alfieri ABSTRACT.- and Amauri A. Alfieri Histophilus somni-induced throm- botic meningoencephalitis Headley S.A., Bracarense in cattle A.P.F.R.L., from northern Oliveira Paraná, V.H.S., Queiroz Brazil. G.R., Pesquisa Okano Veterinária W., Alfieri BrasileiraA.F., Flaiban 35(4):329-336. K.K.M.C., Lisbôa Laboratório J.A.N. & Alfieride Patologia A.A. 2015. Animal, Departamento de Medicina Vete- rinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445 Km [email protected] Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) is a fatal neurological disease of cattle, predo- 380,minantly Cx. Postal from 10.011,North America, Londrina, that PR 860571-970,is caused by Brazil.Histophilus E-mail: somni with sporadic descrip- tions from other countries. This manuscript describes the occurrence of spontaneous TME in cattle from northern Paraná, Brazil. Most cattle had acute neurological manifestations suggestive of bacterial infections of the brain. Histopathology revealed meningoencephalitis characteristicwith vasculitis of and brain thrombosis dysfunction. of small Hematological vessels that and contained cerebrospinal discrete fluid neutrophilic analyses were and/or not nerve ganglion of all animals. All tissues from the central nervous system used during this lymphocytic infiltrates admixed with fibrin at the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and trigeminal- orescence assay.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in the Rates of Field Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of
    PEER REVIEWED Changes in the rates of field isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens collected from fall­ placed feedlot steers between arrival at the feedlot and 90 to 120 days on feed Nathan E.N. Erickson,1 MVetSc, DVM, BSc; Musangu Ngeleka,2 PhD, MSc, DVM; Brian V. Lubbers,3 PhD, Diplomate ACVCP, DVM; Anatoliy Trokhymchuk,4 MSc, DVM 1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4 Canada 2Prairie Diagnostic Services and Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4 Canada 3Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506 4Prairie Diagnostic Services, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK S7N 5B4 Canada Corresponding author: Dr. Nathan E.N.Erickson,[email protected] Abstract bovins (Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida et Histophilus somni) ont ete observees a l'aide d'ecouvillons The change in bacterial recovery and phenotypic an­ nasaux profonds chez 295 veaux en sante dans un pare timicrobial susceptibility of 3 important bovine respiratory d' engraissement en automne dans l' ouest Canadien entre disease bacteria (Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella mul­ leur arrivee et de 90 a 120 jours plus tard. Au moment de tocida, and Histophilus somni) between arrival and 90 to 120 l'echantillonnage a l'arrivee, le pourcentage de veaux avec days was observed in 295 healthy fall-placed feedlot calves des cultures positives etait de 28% pour Mannheimia hae­ in western Canada using deep nasal swabs. At the arrival molytica, de 28% pour Pasteurella multocida et de 8% pour sampling, 28%, 28%, and 9% of calves were culture posi­ Histophilus somni; les pourcentages apres l'arrivee (note du tive for Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and traducteur: environ 90 jours apres l'arrivee) etaient de 23%, Histophilus somni, respectively; these rates changed to 23%, 14% et 16%, respectivement.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Histophilus Somni Isolated from Clinically Affected Cattle in Australia
    Accepted Manuscript Title: Antimicrobial susceptibility of histophilus somni isolated from clinically affected cattle in australia Author: Lauren K. Goldspink, Joanne L. Mollinger, Tamsin S. Barnes, Mitchell Groves, Timothy J. Mahony, Justine S. Gibson PII: S1090-0233(14)00504-8 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.008 Reference: YTVJL 4356 To appear in: The Veterinary Journal Accepted date: 9-12-2014 Please cite this article as: Lauren K. Goldspink, Joanne L. Mollinger, Tamsin S. Barnes, Mitchell Groves, Timothy J. Mahony, Justine S. Gibson, Antimicrobial susceptibility of histophilus somni isolated from clinically affected cattle in australia, The Veterinary Journal (2014), http://dx.doi.org/doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.008. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 Antimicrobial susceptibility of Histophilus somni isolated from clinically affected cattle in 2 Australia 3 4 5 Lauren K. Goldspink a,b, Joanne L. Mollinger a, Tamsin S. Barnes b,c, Mitchell Groves b, Timothy J. 6 Mahony c, Justine S. Gibson b,* 7 8 a Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4108, Australia 9 b The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia 10 c The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre 11 for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia 12 13 14 15 16 * Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Comparison of Histophilus Somni Strains Shows Genetic Drift
    Genomic comparison of Histophilus somni strains shows genetic drift Brittanny Wiener, BSc; Paulraj Lawrence, PhD Newport Laboratories Inc., A Boehringer-Ingelheim Company, Worthington, MN 56187 Introduction virulent phenotype isolate (NCBI accession # CP00094 7), pseudo-reads of 129PT were generated using the ART read Histophilus somni is a gram-negative, non-motile, simulation software (http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/ non-encapsulated, coccobacillus commensal bacterium resources/software/biostatistics/art/). Finally, samtools was associated with nasal cavities of cattle. H. somni is an op­ used to calculate mapping coverage for each position against portunistic pathogen that complicates viral infections the 2336 reference genome. This was used to calculate the and increases the severity of infection in association with percentage of bases that had coverage for each gene. Genes other bacterial agents. H. somni can infect several organs that contained less than 80% of bases were called absent once it becomes blood-borne, and is often associated for that respective isolate. Two analyses were conducted on with Mannheima haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. missing genes against 2336. H. somni affects the respiratory, genital, nervous (throm­ botic meningoencephalitis, TME), circulatory and muscu­ Results loskeletal systems (joints), either individually or together. Currently there are 22 USDA-licensed H. somni vaccines The overall analysis indicated a genetic-drift in recent licensed by 5 companies for the US market; however, many H. somni isolates when compared to historical isolates. The of these are no longer being manufactured or marketed. The recent isolates were only 82 % identical at whole genome level current manufactured vaccines are heavily used, with 69.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial Resistant Pathogens Affecting Animal Health in the United States Acknowledgements
    AVMA/Committee on Antimicrobials ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANT PATHOGENS AFFECTING ANIMAL HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to the following individuals, who contributed to the development of this report. AVMA COMMITTEE ON AVMA COMMITTEE ON Ian Rubinoff, DVM, MPH, DACPV ANTIMICROBIALS ANTIMICROBIALS ADVISORS G. Donald Ritter, DVM, DACPV Representing Amer Assn of Food Safety & Kathe E. Bjork, DVM, MS Michelle Kromm, DVM, MPH, MAM, DACPV Public Health Veterinarians (AAFSPHV) Susan J. Bright Ponte, DVM, MPH, DACVPM Joni Scheftel DVM, MPH, DACVPM SMALL RUMINANT (SHEEP AND Megin Nichols, DVM, MPH (Project Leader) GOATS) SPECIES GROUP Michele T. Jay-Russell, DVM, MPVM, PhD, Ron Phillips DACVPM Representing American Association of Charles Lemme, DVM Small Ruminant Practitioners (AASRP) Representing American Association of Virginia R. Fajt*, DVM, PhD. DACVCP Bovine Practitioners (AABP) COMPANION ANIMAL Joan Dean Rowe, DVM, MPVM, PhD Terry W. Lehenbauer, DVM, MPVM, PhD (DOG AND CAT) SPECIES GROUP Paula Menzies, DVM, MPVM, DECSRHM David R. Smith, DVM, PhD, DACVPM Representing American Animal Hospital Kelly Still Brooks, DVM, MPH, DABVP (Epidemiology) Association (AAHA) (Food Animal), DACVPM Representing American Association of Erin Frey*, DVM, MPH, DACVPM Kris Clothier, DVM, PhD, DACVM Small Ruminant Practitioners (AASRP) Jeff Bender, DVM, MS, DACVPM Virginia R. Fajt, DVM, PhD. DACVCP Michael Lappin, DVM, PhD, DACVIM BOVINE SPECIES GROUP Paul J. Plummer, DVM, PhD (Project Leader) Mark Papich*, DVM, MS, DACVCP Representing American
    [Show full text]
  • Single Pathogen Challenge with Agents of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Single Pathogen Challenge with Agents of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Laurel J. Gershwin1*, Alison L. Van Eenennaam2, Mark L. Anderson1, Heather A. McEligot1, Matt X. Shao1†, Rachel Toaff-Rosenstein2, Jeremy F. Taylor3, Holly L. Neibergs4, James Womack5, Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Coordinated Agricultural Project Research Team¶ 1 Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America, 3 Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America, 4 Department of Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America, 5 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 77843–4467, United States of America † Deceased. ¶ Complete membership of the author group is listed in Acknowledgments. * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Gershwin LJ, Van Eenennaam AL, Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is an important cause of mortality and morbid- Anderson ML, McEligot HA, Shao MX, Toaff- Rosenstein R, et al. (2015) Single Pathogen ity in cattle; costing the dairy and beef industries millions of dollars annually, despite the use Challenge with Agents of the Bovine Respiratory of vaccines and antibiotics. BRDC is caused by one or more of several viruses (bovine Disease Complex. PLoS ONE 10(11): e0142479. respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpes type 1 also known as infectious bovine rhinotra- doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142479 cheitis, and bovine viral diarrhea virus), which predispose animals to infection with one or Editor: Kevin Harrod, University of Alabama at more bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Bovine Respiratory Disease Associated with Histophilus Somni
    Semina: Ciências Agrárias ISSN: 1676-546X [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Londrina Brasil Arlington Headley, Selwyn; Carvalho de Balbo, Luciana; Fernandes Alfieri, Alice; Elsen Saut, João Paulo; Lopes Baptista, Anderson; Alcindo Alfieri, Amauri Bovine respiratory disease associated with Histophilus somni and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a beef cattle feedlot from Southeastern Brazil Semina: Ciências Agrárias, vol. 38, núm. 1, enero-febrero, 2017, pp. 283-293 Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=445749994025 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p283 Bovine respiratory disease associated with Histophilus somni and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a beef cattle feedlot from Southeastern Brazil Doença respiratória bovina associada a Histophilus somni e vírus respiratório sincicial bovino em um confinamento de bovinos de corte na região sudeste do Brasil Selwyn Arlington Headley1*; Luciana Carvalho de Balbo2; Alice Fernandes Alfieri1; João Paulo Elsen Saut3; Anderson Lopes Baptista4; Amauri Alcindo Alfieri1 Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex multifactorial and multi-etiological disease entity that is responsible for the morbidity and mortality particularly in feedlot cattle from North America. Information relative to the occurrence of BRD in Brazil and the associated infectious agents are lacking. This study investigated the participation of infectious agents of BRD in a beef cattle feedlot from Southeastern Brazil. Nasopharyngeal swabs of 11% (10/90) of cattle (n, 450) with clinical manifestations of respiratory distress were analyzed by targeting specific genes of the principal infectious pathogens of BRD.
    [Show full text]
  • Histophilus Somni: Pathogenicity in Cattle. an Update
    AN. VET. (MURCIA) 26: 5-21 (2010). PATHOGENICITY OF HISTOPHILUS SOMNI. PÉREZ, D. S., ET AL. 5 HISTOPHILUS SOMNI: PATHOGENICITY IN CATTLE. AN UPDATE Histophilus somni: actualización de la patogenicidad en vacuno Pérez, D. S.1; Pérez, F. A.2; Bretschneider, G.*3 1 Facultad de Veterinaria, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario B7000 – Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argen- tina. 2Newton 985 - Bahía Blanca (8000) - Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. 3 Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Área de Inves- tigación en Producción. Rafaela Ruta 34 - Km 227, CC 22, Rafaela (2300), Santa Fe, Argentina. * Autor para correspondencia: Gustavo Bretschneider. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Histophilus somni (H. somni) is a Gram-negative bacterium currently classified as a member of the Hae- mophilus-Actinobacillus-Pasteurella group. Clinical syndromes associated with H. somni infection involve thromboembolic meningoencephalitis, pneumonia and disease of the reproductive tract in cattle. Animals can be carriers of non-pathogenic variants of the organism, mainly in the genital mucosa. The causes of these dif- ferences in virulence between strains are not defined. Several determinants of virulence of the pathogen are proposed. However, many of these factors cannot be clearly related to clinical disease. H. somni avoids killing by phagocytic cells. Thus, it is able to evade the immune response by intracellular survival in the infected host. The bovine adaptive immune response against H. somni is not completely characterized. IgG2 antibodies are thought to be protective. However, the major antigen determinants of the bacterium are still unknown. Studies with H. somni bacterins have inconsistent results, especially because the factors involved in pathogenesis and immune response remain unclear.
    [Show full text]
  • Association Between Antimicrobial Drug Class for Treatment And
    Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Publications Medicine 12-13-2019 Association between antimicrobial drug class for treatment and retreatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and frequency of resistant BRD pathogen isolation from veterinary diagnostic laboratory samples Johann F. Coetzee Iowa State University and Kansas State University, [email protected] Drew R. Magstadt Iowa State University, [email protected] Pritam K. Sidhu Kansas State University Lendie Follett Drake University Adlai M. Schuler Iowa State University SeeFollow next this page and for additional additional works authors at: https:/ /lib.dr.iastate.edu/vdpam_pubs Part of the Large or Food Animal and Equine Medicine Commons, Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology Commons, Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health Commons, and the Veterinary Toxicology and Pharmacology Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ vdpam_pubs/167. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Association between antimicrobial drug class for treatment and retreatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and frequency of resistant BRD pathogen isolation from veterinary diagnostic laboratory samples Abstract Although 90% of BRD relapses are reported to receive retreatment with a different class of antimicrobial, studies examining the impact of antimicrobial selection (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Examination of the Horizontal Gene Transfer Dynamics of an Integrative Conjugative Element Encoding Multi-Drug Resistance in Histophilus Somni
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2021-01-15 Examination of the horizontal gene transfer dynamics of an integrative conjugative element encoding multi-drug resistance in Histophilus somni Farghaly, Mai Mohammed Farghaly, M. M. (2020). Examination of the horizontal gene transfer dynamics of an integrative conjugative element encoding multi-drug resistance in Histophilus somni (Unpublished master thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/113703 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Examination of the horizontal gene transfer dynamics of an integrative conjugative element encoding multi-drug resistance in Histophilus somni by Mai Farghaly A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCES CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2021 © Mai Farghaly 2021 I Abstract Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are autonomous-transferred mobile genetic elements that play a significant role in disseminating antimicrobials between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). One recently identified ICE in a clinical isolate of H. somni named ICEHs02 is 72,914 base pairs in length and harbours seven AMR genes which confer resistance to tetracycline (tetR-tet(H)), florfenicol (floR), sulfonamide (sul2), aminoglycoside (APH(3'')-Ib), (APH(6)-Id), and (APH(3')-Ia), and copper (mco).
    [Show full text]
  • Using Comparative Genomics to Identify Virulence Traits and Vaccine Candidates in Mannheimia Haemolytica
    Using comparative genomics to identify virulence traits and vaccine candidates in Mannheimia haemolytica A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicines University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Cassidy Klima Copyright Cassidy Klima, June 2015. All rights reserved Permission to Use In presenting this thesis/dissertation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis/dissertation in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis/dissertation work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis/dissertation or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed with-out my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis/dissertation. Requests for permission to copy or to make other uses of materials in this thesis/dissertation in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4 Canada OR Dean College of Graduate Studies and Research University of Saskatchewan 107 Administration Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A2 Canada i Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the principal cause of morbidity and mortality among feedlot cattle.
    [Show full text]