La Main De Maupassant: Une Nouvelle Fantastique

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La Main De Maupassant: Une Nouvelle Fantastique REVISTA DE LENGUAS MODERNAS, N.° 28, 2018 / 99-117 / ISSN: 1659-1933 La Main de Maupassant: une nouvelle fantastique HELENA BRIAN QUÉRÈ Estudiante en Maestría Académica en Literatura Francesa Universidad de Costa Rica, sede Rodrigo Facio Résumé L´œuvre choisie c´est La Main de Maupassant, une nouvelle fantastique, qui paraît en 1883 dans la revue Le Gaulois du 23 décembre 1883 puis dans le recueil Contes du jour et de la nuit en 1885. Le narrateur est juge d´instruction dans une petite ville et raconte des faits qu´il a lui-même vécus. Maupassant se caractérise par l´utilisation du réalisme lors des descriptions et le choix de thèmes qui ont un rapport avec la vie quoti- dienne. De plus, un certain pessimisme marque ses écrits, développant souvent des thèmes de la folie, de la mort comme dans La Main (1885). Puis, Maupassant a recours au fantastique. Il est l´un des « Maîtres in- contestés » du conte fantastique français. Maupassant est influencé par Edgar Allan Poe mais il garde son originalité. Dans cet article nous nous posons comme question dans quelle mesure, l´œuvre choisie, La Main, est une nouvelle fantastique ? Mots clés : Guy de Maupassant, la nouvelle fantastique, le réalisme, le pessimisme Resumen El texto escogido es La Main de Maupassant, un cuento fantástico, que aparece en 1883 en la revista Le Gaulois el 23 de diciembre de 1883, y luego en Contes du jour et de la nuit en 1885. El narrador es juez en un pequeño pueblo de Francia y cuenta unos hechos que él mismo ha vivido. Maupassant se caracterizó por utilizar el realismo en sus descripciones y escoger temas que tienen que ver con la vida cotidiana. Además, un cierto pesimismo marca sus escritos, desarrollando muy a menudo te- mas de locura y de muerte como en La Main (1885). Maupassant utiliza Recepción: 121-09-17 Aceptación: 20-02-18 100 REVISTA DE LENGUAS MODERNAS, N.° 28, 2018 / 99-117 / ISSN: 1659-1933 además lo fantástico. Es uno de los maestros del cuento fantástico francés. Maupassant fue influenciado por Edgar Allan Poe pero sin dejar su originalidad. En este trabajo, nos preguntamos: ¿En qué medida, el texto escogido, La Main, es una novela fantástica? Palabras claves: Guy de Maupassant, novela fantástica, realismo, pesimismo Introduction surnaturel, nous nous interrogeons sur la spécificité générique du mode narra- uy de Maupassant est un tif. Maupassant étant connu comme un écrivain français. Il est né le conteur, nous nous demandons dans G5 août 1850 au château de quelle mesure La Main est-elle une Miromesnil, Tourneville-sur-Arques, nouvelle fantastique ? près de Dieppe. Pour répondre à cette question nous Maupassant a publié près de 300 allons tout d´abord étudier l´organisa- nouvelles, six romans, plusieurs contes, tion de l´œuvre, c´est-à-dire, l´intrigue, et des chroniques pour des journaux. le narrateur et les personnages. En- Cependant en 1877 il est atteint de sy- suite, nous analyserons en quoi cette philis. Il décide de s´éloigner du milieu nouvelle est-elle fantastique. Donc littéraire, puis il commence à écrire de nous étudierons les caractéristiques de moins en moins à cause de sa maladie. la nouvelle, du réalisme et du fantas- Il souffre de migraines nerveuses, il tique. Ensuite, nous allons voir la mort abuse de l´éther, il est fatigué et il a et le pessimisme chez Maupassant. des dépressions. C´est à partir de 1891 Nous nous centrerons sur le passage qu´il cesse d´écrire complètement dû morbide présent dans cette nouvelle, à ses hallucinations visuelles qui le puis nous définirons le pessimisme et sa rendent fou. Il tente de se suicider en présence dans celle-ci, et nous analyse- 1892, il est donc interné dans une cli- rons la perception de la vie d´après Mau- nique, où il meurt peu avant l´âge de passant (une vision pessimiste de la vie). 43 ans, le 6 juillet 1893, de paralysie générale comme son frère Hervé qui meurt fou en 1889. 1. L´organisation de l´œuvre La Main paraît en 1883 dans la re- vue Le Gaulois du 23 décembre 1883 1.1. L´intrigue puis dans le recueil Contes du jour et de la nuit, en 1885. C´est l´histoire de C´est le narrateur qui nous intro- M. Bermutier, juge d´instruction, qui duit l´histoire, qui nous la raconte, qui se trouve face à un crime inexplicable nous donne des informations utiles à Paris, et il commence à raconter un pour comprendre ce qui se passe. Mais, fait qu´il avait vécu à Ajaccio. comment cette intrigue est-elle or- Étant donné que nous sommes ganisée ? Quels sont les événements devant une narration dont les faits les plus importants ? Comment l´his- peuvent nous plonger dans un uni- toire est-elle narrée ? Quelles sont les vers où les incidents relèvent du actions principales ? BRIAN. LA MAIN DE MAUPASSanT: UNE NOUVELLE FanTASTIQUE 101 Le récit est écrit à la troisième per- Saint-Cloud ») jusqu´à la ligne 28 (« En- sonne du singulier (« on », « il ») puis fin, voici les faits »). Cette première quand il y a un changement de nar- partie se situe avant le récit de M. Ber- rateur, le récit est écrit à la première mutier. Ce sont des récits enchâssés, personne du singulier (« je »). Au dé- c´est-à-dire, un récit s´insère dans un but de l´histoire le narrateur omnis- autre plus important. À partir de l´ex- cient nous situe dans un cadre géogra- plication d´un autre crime, le juge d´ins- phique (Paris), ensuite nous présente truction commence à raconter une de M. Bermutier (le juge d´instruction) ses expériences. Cette deuxième partie et ce qu´il est en train de faire (il est commence à la ligne 29 (« J´étais alors en train de donner son avis sur une juge d´instruction à Ajaccio, une petite affaire mystérieuse de Saint-Cloud). ville blanche, couchée au bord d´un ad- Nous n´avons aucuns indices tempo- mirable golfe qu´entourent partout de rels (pas de jour ni de date ni l´heure hautes montagnes ») jusqu´à la ligne ni l´époque ni l´année…). Puis sur le 166 (« Voilà, mesdames, mon histoire. lieu nous n´avons pas beaucoup de ren- Je ne sais rien de plus. »). Cette partie seignements (« Paris », « debout, le dos M. Bermutier raconte les faits dont il à la cheminée »). Nous ne savons pas a été témoin. Elle correspond au deu- exactement où sont-ils (M. Bermutier xième récit qui est inséré dans l´his- et les autres personnages). Ensuite, toire en général. Ce deuxième récit est le narrateur omniscient nous indique le plus important en réalité. Et finale- qu´il y a des femmes présentes (« Plu- ment, le dénouement qui va de la ligne sieurs femmes s´étaient levées pour 167 (« Les femmes, éperdues, étaient s´approcher et demeuraient debout »). pâles, frissonnantes. ») jusqu´à la ligne Cependant, nous n´avons aucune in- 178 (« Je vous avais bien dit que mon formations de ses femmes-là (prénom, explication ne vous irait pas. »). Ici il y nom, qui sont-elles, que font-elles). a un retour au narrateur omniscient, Nous ne savons rien de plus. Puis il y a il reprend la parole, et il y a aussi un le magistrat (« Le magistrat se tourna retour au premier récit. vers elle »). Mais il n´y a pas plus de Le deuxième récit est le plus im- renseignements sur ce personnage. portant parce que c´est là où l´intrigue, Nous remarquons qu´au début de l´action nous intéresse. Nous pouvons cette nouvelle nous avons la présen- diviser la deuxième partie du récit de tation des personnages puis l´intro- cette façon : la première partie com- duction du récit (le surnaturel). Lors- mence à la ligne 29 (« J´étais alors juge qu´une des femmes dit : « C´est affreux. d´instruction à Ajaccio. ») jusqu´à la Cela touche au “surnaturel”. On ne ligne 88 (« C´été une drap japonaise. »). saura jamais rien ». Cette phrase in- Cette première partie correspond à troduit le thème du récit. l´introduction. La présentation des Le récit peut être divisé de cette personnages (le juge d´instruction et façon : la première partie (l´introduc- l´Anglais), le lieu (Ajaccio), la routine, tion du récit) commence à la ligne 1 la rencontre des personnages. Ensuite, (« On faisait cercle autour de M. Ber- la deuxième partie commence à la ligne mutier, juge d´instruction qui donnait 89 (« Mais, au milieu du plus large son avis sur l´affaire mystérieuse de panneau, une chose étrange me tira 102 REVISTA DE LENGUAS MODERNAS, N.° 28, 2018 / 99-117 / ISSN: 1659-1933 l´œil. ») jusqu´à la ligne 158 (« On ne verbaux, passé et présent (« a », « re- découvrit rien. »). Celle-ci c´est la rup- trouvons »). C´est un présent de vérité ture avec le réel, c´est la description générale. Cela rend le récit encore plus de cette main affreuse accrochée au mystérieux. Le suspense continue, ils mur de l´Anglais. Puis l´assassinat de n´ont pas trouvé la réponse. Nous re- celui-ci, un mystère, un crime inexpli- marquons aussi l´utilisation du passé cable. Personne n´y comprend. Et fina- simple « J´appris », « s´occupa », « se lement, la troisième partie commence firent », « prétendit », « affirma ». C´est à la ligne 159 (« Or, une nuit, trois mois une histoire qui s´est déjà passée. Elle après le crime, j´eus un affreux cauche- reste dans le passé. mar. ») jusqu´à la ligne 166 (« Voilà, Nous ressentons la même chose mesdames, mon histoire.
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