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Bachelors, Bastards, and Nomadic Masculinity:
Illegitimacy in Guy de Maupassant and André Gide

by
Robert M. Fagley
B.A., Slippery Rock University, 2000 M.A., University of Pittsburgh, 2002

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy

University of Pittsburgh
2009
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
College of Arts and Sciences

This dissertation was presented by

Robert M. Fagley It was defended on

May 13, 2009
It was defended on

and approved by
Dr. Todd Reeser, Associate Professor, French and Italian Dr. Lina Insana, Assistant Professor, French and Italian Dr. Scott Kiesling, Associate Professor, Linguistics
Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Giuseppina Mecchia, Associate Professor, French and Italian

ii
Copyright © by Robert M. Fagley
2009

iii

Bachelors, Bastards, and Nomadic Masculinity:
Illegitimacy in Guy de Maupassant and André Gide

Robert M. Fagley, PhD
University of Pittsburgh, 2009

This dissertation is a thematic exploration of bachelor figures and male bastards in literary works by Guy de Maupassant and André Gide. The coupling of Maupassant and Gide is appropriate for such an analysis, not only because of their mutual treatment of illegitimacy, but also because each writer represents a chronologically identifiable literary movement, Realism and Modernism, and each writes during contiguous moments of socio-legal changes particularly related to divorce law and women’s rights, which consequently have great influence on the legal destiny of illegitimate or “natural” children. Napoleon’s Civil Code of 1804 provides the legal (patriarchal) framework for the period of this study of illegitimacy, from about 1870 to 1925. The Civil Code saw numerous changes during this period. The Naquet Law of 1884, which reestablished limited legal divorce, represents the central socio-legal event of the turn of the century in matters of legitimacy, whereas the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and the First World War furnish chronological bookends for this dissertation. Besides through history, law, and sociology, this dissertation treats illegitimacy through the lens of various branches of gender theory, particularly the study of masculinities and a handful of other important critical theories, most importantly those of Michel Foucault, Eve Sedgwick and of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.

iv
Bachelors and bastards are two principal players in the representation of illegitimacy in
Maupassant and Gide, but this study considers the theme of illegitimacy as extended beyond simple questions of legitimate versus illegitimate children. The male bastard is only one of the “counterfeit” characters examined in these authors’ fictional texts. This dissertation is divided into three parts which consider specific thematic elements of their “bastard narratives.” Part One frames the representation in fiction of bachelor figures and how they contribute to or the roles they play in instances of illegitimacy. Part Two springs from and develops the metaphor of the “counterfeit coin,” whether represented by a bastard son, an affected schoolboy, a false priest, or a pretentious littérateur. Part Three explains the concept of “nomadic masculine” practices; such practices include nomadic styles of masculinity development as well as the bastard’s nomadism.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE……………………………………………………………………………………IX

MAUPASSANT AND GIDE: UNLIKELY BED-FELLOWS………………6 THEMES IN THEORY……………………………………………………...10 THREE THEMATIC VIEWS OF ILLEGITIMACY………………………17
1.1 1.2 1.3

  • 2.0
  • PART I: BACHELORS, BASTARDS AND SEDUCTION………………………..29

  • 2.1
  • MAUPASSANT AND GIDE: ETERNAL BACHELORS………………….32

  • 2.2.1
  • A Wild Rose: Linking Woman with Nature…………………………..40

Madness, the Moon, and Animality…………………………………...46 Male Dominance through Seduction and Capitalism………………...50 What Sort of Illegitimacy is This?.........................................................54 Two Forms of Patriarchal Privilege…………………………………..58
2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5
2.3

2.4
EXTREMES OF MALE SEXUALITY IN BOURGEOIS CODES OF
HONOR: TRIANGULATING ILLEGITIMACY………………………………63

  • 2.3.1
  • Maupassant’s “Un fils”: the Wild Oats Defense……………………...71

THE GIDEAN BACHELOR: PEDERASTIC PEDAGOGUE…………….82

  • 2.4.1
  • The Uncle and the Aristocrat, or “deux vieilles tantes”?.....................86

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2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4
Pederasty Gide’s Way………………………………………………….96 Édouard and the Decrystallization of Love………………………….100 The (Bastard) Bachelor and Knight Errant…………………………103

  • 3.0
  • PART II - COUNTERFEIT AUTHOR(ITY): AUTHENTICITY AND THE

PASSING OF FALSE COINS IN GIDE AND MAUPASSANT………………………….111

INFLUENCES AND INTERPRETATIONS………………………………………….114
3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6
Some Coiner with His Tools: Legitimacy versus Authenticity……. 119 In Debt and Impure: Debased Metals and Bodies…………………..126 Lafcadio: No Credit but to Himself…………………………………..136 The “Demon” as Modernist Subject…………………………………146 The Clothes That Make the Man…………………………………….150 Protos and the Counterfeit Priest…………………………………….159

  • 3.2.1
  • Monstrous Maternity: Forging Freaks………………………………171

Infanticide: Illegitimacy and the Fear of Social Ridicule…………...173 A Bastard’s Legacy……………………………………………………185 Pierre the Sacrificial Son……………………………………………...189
3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4

  • 4.0
  • PART III: BASTARD FREEDOM: BETWEEN NOMADISM AND ANOMIE…205

4.1 4.2
BASTARD NOMADISM……………………………………………………..207 THE BASTARD AS MURDERER………………………………………….209
4.2.1 4.2.2
Death of the Feminine, Regaining of the Logos……………………...212 Identity as Murder…………………………………………………….214

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4.2.3 4.2.4
Atypical “Male Narratives”…………………………………………..217 The Sins of the Father…………………………………………………223

  • 4.3
  • NOMADISM AND MASCULINITY: WANDERING BASTARDS……..234

  • 4.3.1
  • Bernard Profitendieu: Prodigal Bastard?...........................................236

Bastard Exile…………………………………………………………..239 The Prototypical Bastard Nomad…………………………………….243 Modernist Individualism and the Apolitical Bastard……………….246 Moderate Masculine Nomadism……………………………………...251
4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5

  • 5.0
  • CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………..260

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………263

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PREFACE

I would like to thank all of my friends and family for their support during the writing of this dissertation and all the years leading up to its completion. I also extend my gratitude to the Department of French and Italian at the University of Pittsburgh, and everyone, past and present, who belongs to it for their years of support and the opportunity to write this dissertation. It was an honor to spend an important part of my life among such wonderful people and great scholars.
Firstly, I thank the members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Giuseppina Mecchia, Dr.
Todd Reeser, Dr. Lina Insana, and Dr. Scott Kiesling. Dr. Mecchia, my dissertation director and counselor, deserves special thanks for all of the time, work and advice that she gave to facilitate my research and make me a better scholar. Dr. Reeser remains a strong theoretical influence on my work, and I am grateful to have been able to work with him. Many thanks also go to Dr. Phil Watts and Dr. Daniel Russell for their help in the early conceptualization of this project, and for teaching great classes. The infinite patience and help of Monika Losagio and Amy Nichols were absolutely critical to my completion of the program, and they both deserve heartfelt recognition for putting up with me and being there when I needed them, which was often. Finally, I thank my parents and dedicate this dissertation to my mother, the most authentic person I know.

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  • 1.0
  • INTRODUCTION

“L’enfant naturel a en général les mêmes droits et les mêmes devoirs que l’enfant légitime dans ses rapports avec ses pères et mères… Il entre dans la famille de son auteur.” (Code civil, 1972, loi de 3 janvier)

When the law of January 3, 1972 was passed in France, it assured the legal equality of legitimate and illegitimate children alike. This law expresses the juridical end of illegitimacy as a basis for the long-standing privation of inheritance, financial support, and basic needs, suffered by illegitimate children in France. Of present importance is the law’s reference to a child’s “author” (auteur). While the illegitimate child’s rights and duties are explained to be equal to that of a legitimate child, specifically in relation to both that child’s male and female relatives (“ses pères et ses mères”), the “family” to which the child belongs is specifically that of the child’s auteur, the father. With this consideration of the family as specifically that of the father, the importance of a person’s biological sexual identification remains capital for their role within the traditional family, even while the law provides for equality between legitimate and illegitimate children of unspecified gender. Because of the inherent patriarchal nature of the law’s language, one may consider the privileging of the father-son relation in family law and custom as one that began with Roman law, and continues even today thanks to the law presently discussed1.

1 Yvonne Knibiehler’s Les pères aussi ont une histoire (Mesnil-sur-l’Estrée, France : Éditions Hachette, 1987) provides pertinent descriptions of the origins and evolution of modern French fatherhood, beginning with ancient Roman paternity, and specifically how this was the basis for French concepts of the ideal family structure.

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The appellation “bastard,” despite its generally negative connotation throughout French history in reference to bastard blood and impure lineage, is used throughout this dissertation in reference to children born of unwed parents. Another important term used in French for illegitimate children is enfant naturel; this expression, which has less of a negative connotation, is often found in both literary and legal texts, whereas “bâtard,” when referring to a child, is less commonly found in legal discourse. The various “bastard” characters to be discussed in the following chapters are all male; there are a few reasons for this choice. Firstly, the system of male-centered primogeniture prevalent throughout French history inherently values male children over females, thereby making the question of illegitimacy of more consequence for male bastards than for female bastards. This is not to say that illegitimate daughters did not have their share of problems due to their legal familial status; in the nineteenth century, for example, an illegitimate daughter was much less likely to have a proper dowry (generally provided by the father) than a legitimate daughter. Many of the material disadvantages of being an illegitimate child were suffered equally by male and female bastards, particularly the disadvantages related to being raised in poverty by a single mother. But because even legitimate French daughters lacked many of the legal rights also denied to bastard sons, illegitimacy quite simply represented a greater drawback for sons than for daughters.
Secondly, the study of bastardy, with specific attention paid to the illegitimate son, allows me to analyze different ideals of masculinity associated with legitimate sons of different classes, as well as how those ideals are often viewed in literature as unrealized and “bastardized” in the illegitimate son. While there is undoubtedly work to be done in the study of illegitimacy as it pertains to female bastards, I choose to incorporate, not only gender-based methodologies used for feminist criticism, but also critical work specific to the study of masculinity. “Men’s

2studies,” or more accurately here, the study of masculinities, presently encompasses a wide number of critical methodologies used in anthropology, sociology, criminology, and literary criticism, to name only some of the most prevalent fields for such study. This dissertation is meant to be, in its own way, a contribution to this branch of gender studies.
Questions of il/legitimacy in France during the period from about 1870-1914 are uniquely important in social debate for a handful of reasons, stemming mostly from social, economic and historical events such as industrialization, and the Franco-Prussian War (1870), and from the socio-legal transformations caused by improved women’s rights and the legalization of divorce (1884). According to Annelise Maugue, it is also during this period that masculinity in France finds itself “in crisis.”2 Part of this perceived crisis is the social evolution that accompanied industrialization in Western Europe; the employment of women in industry and the increasingly migratory nature of labor together contribute to a devaluation of traditional family structures for the interest of production. This economic current is directly opposed, however, by national social pressure following the Franco-Prussian War to procreate within marriage in order to repopulate the decimated nation following 1870. Because bio-politics is so essential to understanding the spirit of this time period, both bachelors and bastards, in their exclusion from the structure of the legitimate family, are of prime interest and provide important insights into the fragility of such supposed legitimate institutions.
The French bachelor during the period was considered a transitional figure in society, a man in formation, temporarily free and expected to eventually join the ranks of married French men and fathers; when bachelors put off marrying or refused to do so, however, another problem

2 Annelise Maugue’s L’identité masculine en crise au tournant du siècle (Paris: Editions Payot & Rivages, 2001).

3is posed. Katherine Snyder describes the gender problematic of the bachelor, a social type with important ties to illegitimacy, with relation to social change in the late nineteenth century:
This explosion of popular bachelor discourse attests to the uneven developments that cultural ideologies and institutions of marriage and domesticity were undergoing during this era of rapid urbanization, industrialization, and modernization. Bachelors were a troubling presence within and beyond the already troubled world of the bourgeois family home.
Bachelor trouble was, fundamentally, gender trouble.
While they were often seen as violating gendered norms, bachelors were sometimes contradictorily thought to incarnate the desires and identifications of hegemonic bourgeois manhood.3

This contradiction is not as paradoxical as it might seem, and considering the bachelor figure as an incarnation of hegemonic bourgeois masculinity is, in fact, misleading; the desires and identifications embodied in the bachelor must be specified, and are not exclusively those of the bourgeoisie, nor of any single social class. According to Snyder, the bachelor in French society was troublesome to the institution of marriage as well as to gender norms, while at the same time exemplifying in some way, “hegemonic bourgeois manhood,” although I would argue that the identifications of the bachelor cannot be strictly limited to bourgeois variants of masculinity. The hegemonic masculinity in question would have much more to do with the bachelor’s violation of publically established gender norms than with his desire and freedom to act upon it. Bourgeois gender norms limiting male promiscuity via the dictates of the institution of marriage are often at odds with seemingly “natural” sexual desire. Desire, being irreducible to an expression of hegemonic (masculine) gender identity, must rather be considered as a universal.

3 Katherine Snyder’s Bachelors, Manhood, and the Novel, 1850-1925 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 3-4.

4
Any discussion of “bachelors” and what this word designates among different social groups is problematised by various factors beyond etymology, namely law and social norms pertaining to gender and sexuality. Most mentions of “bachelors” as such in historical and sociological texts depart from an image of the bachelor as a young man who has not yet been committed to a heterosexual marriage and destined to fathering as many legitimate children as possible. This is why the heteronormative definition of marriage and the resulting definition of the bachelor are problematic to the term’s use as a categorizer for all unmarried men. Nevertheless, I persist in using the term “bachelor” for any unmarried man, while remaining conscious of the social realities that force homosexual men to remain life-long bachelors, in a legal sense, except for those who marry a woman, whatever the motivation. The identifications of the bachelor must be defined in contrast to his opposite, the married man; the bachelor is relatively unbound, independent from familial and conjugal restraints, and is more or less free to express his desire as he wishes. Social reality allowed this, if social norms did not, and the relative sexual liberty of young unmarried men creates nostalgia in married men of any class for this life stage. The bachelor, quite simply, embodies the behaviors other men might wish for themselves, yet are prevented from displaying.
Since the bachelor and bastard figures are both defined by their place within or without the institution of marriage, one might say that they are “fictions,” artificially created and maintained by a patriarchal social order; bachelors can still be genuine fathers, if not legitimate, afterall, and bastards are still sons. The compelling nature of these two fictionalized figures assures them crucial roles in modern French literature. Questions of paternity, legitimacy, and authenticity infiltrate numerous literary and social discourses of the late nineteenth century, as we will see in detail. If one retains the metaphor of the above-mentioned law which equates the

5
“father” with the “author,” one may extend the comparison to equate the “son” with the “text”; this overlying metaphor will serve as a thematic key for much of this dissertation. The “illegitimate” son in literature, then, may be considered as representative of wider discourses concerning “textual paternity.”
While the law of January 3 purports to dissolve the stigma of the bastard child, the legislation’s rather late arrival attests to the fact that conceptions of “illegitimacy” in French families carry with them centuries of social custom and prejudice that would not be completely discarded in the thirty-seven years since the ruling. The question of illegitimacy before 1972 is tied to a number of other subjects of social and legal debate, perhaps most closely to divorce and women’s rights. Discourses of il/legitimacy provide a unique lens with which to analyze literary, cultural, sexual and political discourses as well. In the following dissertation, I consider a wide variety of illegitimacies, counterfeits and bastards, primarily in works of French fiction from roughly the period 1880-1925.

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    Chapitre I (extrait), Une Vie, Guy de Maupassant Support : Chapitre I (extrait), Une Vie, Guy de Maupassant Originaire comme lui de Normandie, Maupassant fut formé à l’écriture par Flaubert (1821-1880) qui lui inculque l’observation du réel et l’incite à faire ses « gammes » de style. Amateur de grand air, de canotage, de chasses et de femmes, Maupassant est aussi un membre assidu de la société d’écrivains et d’artistes qui entourent Zola : il publie Boule de Suif dans le recueil Les Soirées de Médan. Il devient célèbre et bientôt riche. Plus de 300 nouvelles paraissent dans des journaux avant d’être réunies en volumes. Son talent de conteur apparait aussi dans ses 6 romans : Une Vie (1883), Bel Ami (1885) ainsi que Pierre et Jean (1887). Il fait de nombreux voyages sur son yacht, le Bel-Ami. Vers 1884, sa santé commence à décliner. Victime d’hallucinations, il est hanté par l’idée de la mort, par des obsessions dont ses dernières œuvres portent trace (Le Horla, 1887). Ces troubles dégénèrent en folie après un suicide manqué. Il est interné et meurt en 1893, sans avoir jamais recouvré sa lucidité. A 30 ans, Maupassant connait le succès grâce à la nouvelle « Boule de Suif », publiée avec le concours d’Emile Zola dans le recueil Les Soirées de Médan (1880). L’école naturaliste est née. Tandis que Zola s’impose comme le chef de file de toute une génération de jeunes auteurs avides de gloire, Maupassant prend du recul pour se remettre au travail comme le lui avait conseillé Flaubert.
  • MAUPASSANT Une Vie

    MAUPASSANT Une Vie

    MAUPASSANT Une vie Présentation, notes et dossier parANNEPRINCEN, professeur de lettres Entretien avec Stéphane Brizé parLAUREHUMEAU-SERMAGE, professeur de lettres Cahier photos parANNEPRINCEN etLAUREHUMEAU-SERMAGE Flammarion De Maupassant dans la collection «Étonnants Classiques» Apparition, in Nouvelles fantastiques I Bel-Ami Boule-de-Suif Hautot père et fils, in Trois Nouvelles naturalistes La Ficelle et autres nouvelles des champs L’Ivrogne, La Main, in La Peur et autres récits, 8 nouvelles réalistes, fantastiques, à chute Le Papa de Simon et autres nouvelles La Parure et autres scènes de la vie parisienne Pierre et Jean Toine et autres contes normands Une partie de campagne et autres nouvelles au bord de l’eau Une vie © Éditions Flammarion, 2015. Édition révisée en 2016. ISBN : 978-2-0813-9502-2 ISSN : 1269-8822 N° d’édition : L.01EHRN000521.N001 Dépôt légal : novembre 2016 SOMMAIRE I Présentation ........................ 7 Maupassant : l’homme et l’œuvre 7 Une femme est une femme 14 Les affres de la condition féminine 17 Mère courage ou la réhabilitation de Jeanne 20 Grandeur et décadence de la noblesse cauchoise 25 Les éléments, la nature et les hommes 29 I Chronologie ......................... 37 Une vie Chapitre I 49 Chapitre II 69 Chapitre III 79 Chapitre IV 97 Chapitre V 117 Chapitre VI 135 Chapitre VII 157 Chapitre VIII 183 Chapitre IX 197 Chapitre X 227 Chapitre XI 253 Chapitre XII 279 Chapitre XIII 289 Chapitre XIV 305 I DOSSIER ............................. 319 Les premières atteintes de l’ennui (parcours de lecture no 1)
  • William Sydney Porter)

    William Sydney Porter)

    A C~4PARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED SHORT STORIES OF GUY DE MAUPASSANT AND OF 0. HENRY (WILLIAM SYDNEY PORTER) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS BY MATTYE B. ROSS WILLIAMS DEPARTMENT OF FRENCH ATLANTA, GEORGIA JULY 1970 — TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I.INTRODUCTION 1 Maupassant: A Biographical Sketch 5 0. Henry: A Biographical Sketch 11 II. ANALYSES OF SELECTED WORKS OF MAIJPASSANT 16 III. AN~4LYSES OF SELECTED WORKS OF 0. HENRY 32 S COMPARISON OF THE STYLES OF MAUPASSANT AND 0 • HENRY . 41 BIBLIOGRAPHY 52 11 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Guy de Maupassant and 0. Henry are two of the best loved writers of the short story. Both were masters of achieving the designs in tended. Their works are concise, inventive and intriguing. But there are noticeable differences in the humor and philosophy of their works. Before a detailed comparison of the works of the two artists is attempt ed, a definition and some background information of the short story as a literary genre must be given. Brevity, the most obvious characteristic of the short story, is not the only distinctive characteristic of this genre for there are other forms of which brevity is also characteristic. The novelette or condensed novel lacks the preciseness and singleness of effect which are characteristic of the short story; the episode, the sketch and the tale usually contain no plot. Th.e one characteristic of all these lit erary forms is brevity. The short story differs from the other forms in that it is: A brief, imaginative narrative, unfolding a single pre dominating incident and usually a single chief character; contains a plot, the details of which are so compressed and the whole treatment so organized as to produce a single im pression •1 Short prose narrative is the form used in the Story of Ruth, the Tales of the Arabian Nights and other works dating from the early 1 J.
  • Pierre Et Jean

    Pierre Et Jean

    Pierre et Jean Guy de Maupassant Biographie de Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) A) Enfance. En 1870 il commence un service militaire qui durera jusqu'à fin 1871, et rentre au ministère Guy de Maupassant naît le 5 août 1850 au de la Marine en 1872 où il restera jusqu'en château de Miromesnil (8 km de Dieppe), dans 1878. une noble famille d'origine lorraine. Son frère Hervé naîtra 6 ans plus tard. C) Vers la folie. Les parents de Guy déménagent souvent, et Maupassant commence à être troublé c'est pour cela que ce dernier aimera voyager mentalement dès 1878, vers 1880 il est lié à (lire certaines de ses oeuvres). une consommation de haschich. En cette période-là il ne fait qu'écrire, mais il B) Les études. écrit énormément. En 1889 son frère est interné à Charenton Après le divorce de ses (hôpital psychiatrique du Val de Marne), où il parents (1860), Guy de meurt vers le mois de Novembre. Pour oublier Maupassant rentre à cet événement, Guy de Maupassant fait une Dieppe avec sa mère. Il croisière en Méditerranée sur un yacht nommé suit une scolarité en le Bel-Ami, qu'il a auparavant décrit dans un de école publique. ses romans. En 1868, après être D) De la folie à l'agonie. renvoyé du séminaire de Rouen pour des écrits ne Après une tentative de suicide dans la nuit du 1 plaisant pas aux clercs au 2 janvier 1892, Maupassant, à son retour à tenant l'établissement, il Paris, est à son tour interné dans un asile commence des études de (service du Dr Blanche).
  • Quotes and Images from the Short Stories of Maupassant

    Quotes and Images from the Short Stories of Maupassant

    Quotes and Images From The Short Stories of Maupassant Guy de Maupassant - Edited and Arranged by David Widger The Project Gutenberg EBook of Quotes and Images From The Short Stories of Maupassant, by Guy de Maupassant, Edited and Arranged by David Widger This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Quotes and Images From The Short Stories of Maupassant Author: Guy de Maupassant Edited and Arranged by David Widger Release Date: September 4, 2004 [EBook #7549] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK QUOTES FROM MAUPASSANT *** Produced by David Widger QUOTES AND IMAGES FROM MAUPASSANT THE ORIGINAL SHORT STORIES GUY DE MAUPASSANT CONTENTS Volume I. Volume II. Volume III. Volume IV. Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. Volume V. Volume VI. Volume VII. Volume VIII. Volume IX. Volume X. Volume XI. Volume XII. Volume XIII. Contents of the 13 Volumes (180 Stories) Volume I. A Study by Pol. Neveux Boule De Suif Two Friends The Lancer's Wife The Prisoners Two Little Soldiers Father Milon A Coup D'etat Lieutenant Lare's Marriage The Horrible Madame Parisse Mademoiselle Fifi A Duel Volume II. The Colonel's Ideas Mother Sauvage Epiphany The Mustache Madame Baptiste The Question of Latin A Meeting The Blind Man Indiscretion A Family Affair Beside Schopenhauer's Corpse Volume III.