Baseline Study for the Proposed Pilot Wildlife Management Areas (Wmas)

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

BASELINE STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED PILOT WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS (WMAS)

BASELINE DATA AND ANALYSIS FOR TARIME PILOT WMA

Dr. K. Kulindwa1 Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar es Salaam. E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Z. Mvena 2 Sokoine University of Agriculture E-mail [email protected]

Mr. Victor Runyoro3 Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority E-mail: [email protected]

MAY 2003

1 Economist and Team Leader. 2 Sociologist and Team Member. 3 Ecologist and Team Member. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... i LIST OF TABLES ...... ii LIST OF FIGURES ...... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iv BASELINE DATA AND ANALYSIS FOR TARIME PILOT WMA ...... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2. SITUATION ANALYSIS ...... 1 2.1 Tarime Wildlife Management Area ...... 1 2.2.1 Progress Towards Implementation of WMA ...... 1 2.1.2 Land Use Planning ...... 3 2.1.3 Formulation of By-laws ...... 3 2.1.4 Training of VGSs ...... 3 2.1.5 Establishment of AA ...... 3 2.2 Economic Situation ...... 3 2.2.1 The proposed incomes and expenditures ...... 3 2.2.2 Production trends and productivity ...... 4 2.2.3 Economic Agents Infrastructure and Markets ...... 4 2.2.4 Natural Resource Use ...... 4 2.2.5 Poverty levels ...... 4 2.2.6 Possible Economic Activities ...... 5 2.3 Ecological Status ...... 5 2.3.1 Wildlife resources...... 5 2.3.2 Vegetation ...... 6 2.3.3 Water resources ...... 6 2.3.4 Other natural resources ...... 6 2.3.5 Human-wildlife interactions ...... 6 2.4 Sociological Analysis and Baseline Data ...... 7 2.4.1 Population characteristics ...... 7 2.4.1.1 Ethnic composition and migration patterns ...... 7 2.4.2 Institutions and Natural Resources in Tarime WMA ...... 7 2.4.3 Ritual Sites ...... 8 2.4.4 Modern Institutions ...... 8 2.4.5 Capacity Building ...... 8 2.4.6 Conflict and Conflict Management ...... 9 2.4.6.1 Conflict in Tarime WMA ...... 9 2.4.6.2 Conflict Resolution Mechanisms ...... 9 2.4.7 Social Facilities ...... 10 3.0 BASELINE DATA FOR TARIME PILOT WMA ...... 11 3.1 Economic Baseline Data ...... 11 APPENDICES ...... 33

i LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to where born ...... 7 Table 2: Factors Influencing Movement into Gibaso ...... 7 Table 3: Distribution of respondents according to the opinions for improvement WMA .. 9 Table 4: Number of Pupils and Teachers by Gender ...... 10 Table A1(a): Tarime District Sources of Income and Their Proportion from Natural Resources ...... 11 Table A1(b): Tarime District Council Annual Expenditure for 1998-2002 ...... 12 Table B1: TARIME PILOT WMA: Village Level Population Main Occupations and Other Economic Activities ...... 13 Table B2: TARIME PILOT WMA: Sources of Income and their Expenditure (2001) . 14 Table B3: TARIME PILOT WMA: Productivity of Economic Activities ...... 15 Table B4: TARIME PILOT WMA: Costs Associated with Accessing Basic Services .. 15 Table B5: TARIME PILOT WMA: Village Perceptions on Wealth Status ...... 15 Table B6: TARIME PILOT WMA: Land Tenure Regimes ...... 16 Table B7: TARIME PILOT WMA: Progress in Preparation for WMA...... 17 Table B8: TARIME PILOT WMA: Existing land Use, February 2003 ...... 17 Table B9: TARIME PILOT WMA: Indicative Potential Economic Opportunities, February 2003 ...... 17 Table B10: TARIME PILOT WMA: Livestock Size, February 2003 ...... 18 Table C1: Survey Sample Villages ...... 19 Table C2: Sample Profile and Characteristics ...... 19 Table C3: Level of Education of Household Head ...... 20 Table C4: Occupation of head of Household ...... 20 Table C5: Place of Birth of head of Household ...... 20 Table C6: Period of Immigration 1 ...... 20 Table C7: Reasons for Immigration ...... 21 Table C8: Reason for Out-migration ...... 21 Table C9: Sources of Water ...... 21 Table C10: Amount paid for Water ...... 22 Table C11: Time Spend Collecting Water1 ...... 22 Table C12(a): Time Spend Queuing for Water ...... 22 Table C12(b): method used to treat water ...... 22 Table C13: Sanitation Situation: Toilet Use ...... 23 Table C14: Domestic Waste Disposal ...... 23 Table C15: Source of Energy for Cooking ...... 23 Table C16: Natural Resources Used ...... 23 Table C17: Frequency of Use of Natural Resources Used ...... 24 Table C18: Current Availability of the Natural Resources Used...... 24 Table C19: Earnings Last Season from Economic Activities (Main Occupations) ...... 25 Table C20: Engagement in Productive Activities ...... 25 Table C21: Potential Productive Activities Anticipated due to WMA Establishment ...... 26 Table C22(a): Transfers into the Households (Remittance) ...... 26 Table C22(b): Earnings from Off-season Income Generating Activities ...... 26 Table C23: Wealth Status of Households (Mean, Mode) ...... 27 Table C24: Livestock Prices/Values (mean, Modes) ...... 27 Table C25: Farm Sizes and Harvests amounts Mean (Productivity) ...... 28 Table C26: Building Materials Used for Houses: Walls...... 28 ii Table C27: Building Materials Used for Flooring ...... 28 Table C28: Building Materials used for Roofing...... 29 Table C29: Respondent Credit Use ...... 29 Table C30: Source of Credit ...... 29 Table C31: level of Understanding of WMA Concept ...... 30 Table C32: Opinions for Improvement of WMA Implementation Success ...... 30 Table D1: Wildlife species and their status at Tarime WMA ...... 31 Table D2: Bird species recorded at Tarime WMA between 05/03 and 07/03/2003 ...... 32 Appendix Table 1: Itinerary and People Consulted ...... 33 Appendix Table 2: List of respondents ...... 35

LIST OF FIGURES

Map1: Map of Tarime District showing villages constituting the proposed Tarime WMA ...... 2

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Baseline study for the proposed Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) initiated by the Wildlife Division (WD) in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNR&T) in collaboration with various donors, Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) and local communities. The study has been conducted countrywide in 16 proposed pilot wildlife management areas. This team was charged with the responsibility of conducting the study for the Northern Working Area or Northern Zone which included the districts of Monduli, Kiteto, Babati, Ngorongoro, Serengeti and Tarime. Quite a number of people have therefore been involved in facilitating the completion of this study.

We would like to first and foremost wish to express our sincere gratitude to the WD for opportunity to conduct this important study, which heralds the beginning of a new era in natural resource management. Here we would particularly like to thank the staff of the WD who took part in the preparation of the study namely Mr Severe the Director of WD, Ms Miriam Zechariah, the co-ordinator of the project, and Mr Michael Maige. We further would like to thank the sponsors of the project for the northern working area namely USAID through WWF-Tanzania Programme Office. We would particularly like to thank Dr Hussein Sosovele and the team at WWF-TPO for the able facilitation all along the course of the study implementation.

AWF facilitated our transport during the field assignment. Here we pay our sincere gratitude to Dr James Kahurananga, the Director of AWF Tanzania, Ms Eliza Mhando, Ms Josephine, Ms Rehema. We further would like to pay tribute to the late Kadala, the first driver who took us through Enduimet, Makami and Burunge proposed WMA villages, may God rest his soul in eternal peace. We also thank Mr Jacob Karuwa, the AWF driver who took over after the late Kadala and drove us safely through Loliondo, Serengeti and Tarime WMAs.

The household surveys would have not been accomplished in time and in such effectiveness without the able assistance of three dedicated Research Assistants. We would like to appreciate the services of Mr Cornel Johari of Dar es Salaam, Zainab Sige of Arusha and Charles Bulemo of Arusha.

Mr Abbamwesiga Bennet of the Technical Resources Unit of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam did the processing of data from the field superbly, we thank him for his perseverance and good co-operation. We also thank Mr Mahuwi and Ngowi for their professional cartographic work.

We appreciate the efficient secretarial work done by Ms Mwanaisha Kassanga and Ms Grace Kiwia, who saw to it that the document was in the form it is in currently. We also thank Ms Eva Nkonoki of the University of Dar es Salaam for scanning the pictures and maps into the document. All the assistance, facilitation and co-operation not withstanding, any errors or deficiencies remain with the principal researchers.

Dr Kassim Kulindwa Professor Zebedayo Mvena Mr Victor Runyoro

Dar es Salaam, May 2003

iv BASELINE DATA AND ANALYSIS FOR TARIME PILOT WMA

1. INTRODUCTION

Tarime WMA is in Ingwe Division in Tarime District. Two villages namely Gibaso and Mrito are proposed to form the WMA. During the current task only Gibaso village was visited and data collected. At Mrito insecurity resulted into data not to be collected. This was because there was a group of agitators who misinformed villagers about the WMA concept. It was noted that apart from the presence of agents who are expressing the concept negatively, government leaders in the two villages were firm and very supportive of the WMA initiative which provides hope for the village to ultimately succeed in implementing the WMA concept.

As far as the District leadership is concerning there was progress towards the starting of the WMA. However, more time, for example up to four years was needed for the people to start realizing benefits from it. Unlike in other areas where the implementation of the concept is in progress, Tarime is lagging behind due to, apart from designating land for its establishment; there is a need to slowly resettle some of the families from proposed sites that constitute the WMA. The leadership was optimistic that so long as the guidelines and regulations were in place, execution will be fast because in the absence of these, handling of the issue was being done with caution.

2. SITUATION ANALYSIS

2.1 Tarime Wildlife Management Area

2.2.1 Progress Towards Implementation of WMA

Preparation for the establishment of WMA in this area are still at a low stage but progressing. Measuring progress against the four pre-requisites of land use planning and designation of land for wildlife, enactment of by-laws to facilitate the implementation of the WMA programme, training of VGSs and establishment of AAs, the following was the situation.

Map1: Map of Tarime District showing villages constituting the proposed Tarime WMA

2.1.2 Land Use Planning

Land Use Planning of the Gibaso village for different uses which include the WMA, livestock grazing farming, forestry and settlement has been done but the land use map s are not yet prepared.

2.1.3 Formulation of By-laws

The village government with the facilitation of experts from the Serengeti Regional Conservation Program has drawn up By-laws.

In this village, by-laws had been prepared by the village government and taken to the district. They have been promised that the district council will soon complete the process.

2.1.4 Training of VGSs

Sixteen untrained VGs are in place at Gibaso village charged with the important role in carrying out anti-poaching activities. Wildlife conservation issues are directed the Village Natural Resources Committee (VNRC), which has a strong chairperson.

2.1.5 Establishment of AA

Establishment of AA is yet to be effected by Gibaso. The land dispute problems with Serengeti National Park and the relocation of villagers from the designated land for WMA will need some time before things start moving. The inclusion of Mrito in the WMA is also a contentious issue in that it blocks the villagers to access the Mara river which is their lifeline.

2.2 Economic Situation

2.2.1 The proposed incomes and expenditures

The Tarime proposed WMA is in Tarime district as the name suggests. The district sources of income statement (see Table A1(a)) shows that natural resources in general contributed minimally to the total district income generation until the year 2001 when the contribution of natural resources to total income exceeded 1% and was estimated to grow to 3.5% in 2002. The main contributor in the natural resource sector is fisheries which has come into prominence due to the growth of Nile Perch export trade. The table does not show any income generated by wildlife or wildlife related activities.

3 The district allocated the natural resource sector 11.7% of its own income generation in the district income (see Table A1(b)). At the WMA level, the main source of income is shown to be tax retention of 25% of all collected taxes for the district. There is no any other major source of income for the village4. (See Table B2). The main economic activities are livestock keeping and farming. The majority of the people are agro- pastoralists.

2.2.2 Production trends and productivity

Table B3 shows the main crops grown are sorghum and cassava. These are crops which can grown in water scarce areas. In Gibaso, the average harvested output is put at 8 bags an acre for maize and 3 bags cassava per acre. Obviously the worst productivity one can get for cassava. The only motivation for continuing farming is subsistence. The productivity estimations from the household responses indicate differences between short rain and long-rain seasons where long-rain productivity is slightly higher than short-rain productivity for both crops.

2.2.3 Economic Agents Infrastructure and Markets

Providers of economic services and infrastructure are the most important facilitators of producers of goods and services. Providers of capital for investment in farm production or business ventures are non existent in Gibaso, apart from credit to meet unexpected short falls in consumption and emergencies which are provided by kith and kin and normally small amounts. Transport facilities and infrastructure which are important for access to markets are also not well developed for at least 15 kilometres to the main road from Mugumu to Tarime. This poses a problem to the villagers to transport their goods to market places or even hinders buyers from getting to the villages. Local traders owning shops assist with some inputs to agriculture and livestock needs but not significant. In most cases, those who need a significant amount of any input have to arrange to fetch them from Tarime.

2.2.4 Natural Resource Use

Thatching grass, grazing grass and firewood are utilized by almost all the people, while medicinal plants, game meat and building poles are used by about a half of the population. Pottery soil is used by only 6.9% of the representative sample. These are use values enjoyed by village inhabitants. The use of these resources for generating income is not very well developed. For instance wildlife is at present not exploited for income generation of any kind (tourism or otherwise) although hunting used to take place some years back.

2.2.5 Poverty levels

In Gibaso, poverty levels are surprisingly not as high as those from other WMAs in the Northern zone. Table C19 shows that 55.6% of the people earn less than a dollar a day from their main occupational activity, while the rest earn above one dollar a day. This can

4 This analysis is based on one village only. The proposed WMA has two (2) village only but important as a buffer to the Serengeti National Park. 4 be explained by the way the Kurya use their cattle wealth for both storing value and accumulation but also converting some of the cattle into cash for developmental needs. Another indicator which is also income based, is the remittance or transfer of money from relatives and friends into the village economy. This is again an addition to the earnings from both main occupational activities and other IGAs. Table C22(a) shows that 47.4% of respondents receive money transfers annually to the tune of Tshs 99,000/= a year which translates into US $0.27 a day. Wealth accumulation as a measure of poverty is different from the previous three measures since some of these investments are not readily convertible to purchasing power. However, the majority of respondents from the representative sample do own a house (96.5%), bicycle (72.4%), ox-plough (72.4%) and a radio (75.8)5.

Finally, the villagers’ perception index of poverty/wealth (Table B5) uses livestock as an indicator of wealth for Gibaso. This indicator shows that 50% of the people are poor (i.e. having less than 10 herd of cattle) while 20% are rich (owning more than 200 herd of cattle) and the rest are in the middle.

2.2.6 Possible Economic Activities

Table C21 lists all the potential and therefore possible economic activities that can be initiated or expanded in the event of the establishment of WMA. Small business, wage employment and vegetable farming are some of the main activities villagers perceive as possible. Tourism business of hunting and photography is deemed not to be possible initially because villagers argue that there has to be some time allowed for the conducive environment to establish itself for animals to come back. Further, they also need some time to relocate before the WMA can become operational.

2.3 Ecological Status

2.3.1 Wildlife resources

Tarime WMA buffers SNP to the west and Mara River provides a boundary for the two areas. During migration, wildlife spills out into Gibaso village but it was reported by Gibaso residents that these animals never go beyond their village. This implies that there is no substantial wildlife resource at Mrito that may qualify the village to cooperate with Gibaso in forming and utilizing resources in the WMA. The wildlife species that occupy and utilize Tarime WMA and in particular between June and October are shown in Table D1. While hippopotamus and crocodile are resident to the area others migrate seasonally.

Currently, there is no licensed hunting that is taking place in the WMA but poaching is common for wildebeest, hippopotamus, zebra, waterbuck, and impala. Elephant hunting in Gibaso is not done may be because residents have no market for the products thereof. In this view, on one hand, elephant numbers seem to increase so as baboon and monkey populations. On the other, giraffe, hippopotamus and buffalo are showing a declining trend probably due to hunting pressure. Although Gibaso has 16 untrained VGS, they are currently not empowered to work effectively and therefore poaching continues to be a threat.

5 See Table C23 for the values of these assets. 5

Bird species that were recorded in the field are shown in Table D2.

2.3.2 Vegetation

Open grassland, acacia woodland and dense forests at higher altitudes characterize the WMA. Tree species that dominate in these vegetation types is Acacia spp. and Themeda triandra being the main grass species.

2.3.3 Water resources

Water source for wildlife, livestock and human beings both for Gibaso and Mrito is Mara River, which is permanent. Gibaso has an additional source which is Gongo’la River.

2.3.4 Other natural resources

Bee-keeping: Organized groups that were started in 2002 are practicing bee keeping at Gibaso. Currently these groups have 15 modern and 33 traditional beehives. Three beehives in this village are owned by an individual. The problem that is currently faced by the beekeepers is lack of market and most of the honey harvested is given to children.

Mining: One investor and small miners do mining on the 20 ha piece of land and the type of mineral available is gold.

Charcoal making: Because forest products are increasingly becoming scarce, charcoal making, unless done illegally is prohibited.

Fishing: Few people in Gibaso do fishing mainly for food. Medicinal resources: No use of medicinal plants at Gibaso.

2.3.5 Human-wildlife interactions

Elephant is the most problematic wildlife species that destroy crops. The critical period of the year when crops in particular cassava is destroyed is during dry seasons. Although scaring by making noise has been the usual strategy, elephants have learned that shouting has no harm and therefore the presence of Game Officers who can scare them with ammunition is crucial. Extent of crop raiding ranges between 50 and 100% of the expected yields with people residing in the vicinity of SWP suffering much.

The main predator at Gibaso is lion that prey on cattle. Hyena and leopard prey on small stock. While predation on cattle was reported not to be severe at Gibaso, 100 small stock and calves are estimated killed by leopard and hyena per year.

There were 4 and 6 deaths and injuries respectively in 2002 at Gibaso caused by different wildlife species. This situation implies that wildlife cause a tremendous loss of life if incidences that occurred in 2002 are consistent.

The most threatening diseases that are transmitted by wildlife to livestock are F&MD, anthrax, rift valley fever and rabies to domestic cats. The period of the year when the 6 problem of disease transmission is critical is when wildlife is at the village that is, between June and October.

2.4 Sociological Analysis and Baseline Data

2.4.1 Population characteristics

Population characteristics described here refer only to Gibaso. No data was collected from Mrito due to political conflicts and insecurity amounting to the closure of the village government offices.

2.4.1.1 Ethnic composition and migration patterns

The data on ethnic composition is provided for Gibaso, which is one of the two villages forming Tarime WMA, the other being Mrito. The majority (99%) of the village residents are Wakurya. Other ethnic groups reported to be living in Gibaso include wagogo, wahehe, waha, wasukuma, wajaluo, and wajita. This tiny minority (1%) moved into the village mainly due to employment business, and sometimes even drought in other areas. It was reported for example that some individuals have moved into the village due to prospects of better farming and a reliable water supply for domestic use. Table 1shows the distribution of respondents according to where they were born.

Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to where born

Where born Frequency Percent Same village 12 41.4 Same ward 13 44.8 Same district 4 13.2 Different ward Total 29 100

From the data it appears that over 85% of the population are born and raised in the ward. About 13% of the population were born from a different ward but the same district. Those who have moved in from other villages have been attracted by farming and livestock keeping. Table 2 shows the factors influencing movement into Gibaso.

Table 2: Factors Influencing Movement into Gibaso

Factor Frequency Percent Farming 3 50.0 Livestock 2 33.3 Livestock theft 1 16.7 Total 6 100

2.4.2 Institutions and Natural Resources in Tarime WMA

Tarime WMA has both the traditional and modern institutions. Both categories do in one way or another influence the way natural resources are used.

2.4.3 Ritual Sites

Unlike other WMAs where there are well-recognized ritual sites, in Tarime WMA such sites are not well defined. This does not mean the absence of rituals in the area. Initiation rites (“jando”) for example are very elaborate but are not necessarily practiced in special sites such as mountains or rivers. But tree species such as Ficus are used for rituals and also for secular activities such as public meetings. On the other hand, taboos do differ significantly from these from the Maasai or other Bantu groups. Taboos such as women not being allowed to eat eggs or meat from a cow that has died due to pregnancy complications are common in Gibaso. As far as Gibaso is concerned, there are no taboos or examples of ritual sites, which have, direct relationship to natural resources conservation.

2.4.4 Modern Institutions

Gibaso village has well established village government. However, at the time of our visit there were serious conflicts connected to the WMA program. One faction accuses the present leadership as selling the proposed WMA to unidentified buyers for Tshs. 3,000,000.00. The faction strongly believed that the village chairman went to Dar es Salaam (during the launching of the WMA) to collect the money.

There was an attitude change after the consultants invested considerable time to explain what WMA is all about. Those who were present in the meeting changed their opinions towards the village government and WMA. The village chairman and secretary both expressed a sense of relief. The change of attitude is also manifested in the responses to questions asked during the questionnaire interview. Asked whether the leadership acted responsibly and in justice, 66.7% said yes. On whether the leadership present the annual income and expenditure report, 55.2% said yes while 44.8% said no.

The village government itself is constituted of 25 members out of whom are four women. As it is the case with other WMA villages, the village has the relevant committees including the one on natural resources. The village government has a two-room and poorly built village government office and there are no plans to expand it or build a new one.

In terms of institutional development towards meeting the requirements for forming a Wildlife Management Area, the village has by-laws which are currently enforced the village government while the same have been transferred to the district authorities, a practice that has become common amongst WMAs.

2.4.5 Capacity Building

It appears that capacity building towards better understanding of WMAs is rather limited. At village level, training has been facilitated by the Serengeti Regional support programme and the Frankfurt Zoological Society. Much of this training has been associated with promoting the idea of WMA.

8 As a reflection of efforts of both the Serengeti Regional Conservation program and the Frankfurt Zoological Society, most 73.9% report that WMA is about benefit sharing, participation and resource conservation. After clarifications on what WMAs are all about, 96.2% said they like the idea of WMA. There were some respondent who said that they do not like the idea, they were afraid that they will be evicted from the area. Training has also not gone far enough to include the 16 village game scouts. According to the village residents, the game scouts have not been trained outside village. The little training that has gone into Gibaso is also reflected in the response to the question, “what are your opinions for improvement?” where 50% report needing more education, followed by 21.4% reporting that they need more village participation. Table 3 shows the opinions for improvement in the WMA concept.

Table 3: Distribution of respondents according to the opinions for improvement WMA

Item Frequency Percentage Village participation 3 21.4 Poachers disturbances 1 7.0 Educating villagers 7 50.0 Others 3 21.4

Total 14 100.0

2.4.6 Conflict and Conflict Management 2.4.6.1 Conflict in Tarime WMA

Conflicts here refer only to Gibaso where data was collected. While there may be a number of conflicts related to farm boundaries between households, one major conflict reported was in relation to a large scale farmer from Mrito village who claims 600 acres into Gibaso village. According to the Gibaso villagers, a wealthy goldminer and tourist agent bought 600 acres with the intention of starting a dairy farm but todate this land has remained idle. Again the villagers suspect that the village chairman received money from the businessman. According to the respondents, they suggest that the 600 acres was enough to resettle those who are going to be “evicted” from the proposed WMA. Otherwise they don’t see the possibility of getting alternative land for the victims since a large portion of Gibaso is flooded during the rain season.

There is also a deep mistrust of their neighbouring village of Mrito. Gibaso residents claim that Mrito is a name of a hill which is within Gibaso land. The name Mrito was deliberately adopted by the neighbouring village to legitimize their claim to the area. This action has created deep resentment on the pat of Gibaso.

2.4.6.2 Conflict Resolution Mechanisms

Amongst the Wakurya of Gibaso, the use of both traditional modern institutions is fairly common. It was reported for example that “Retongo” or Council of the Elders is still used to resolve many conflicts. However due to pressures of modernisation the influence of these traditional institutions is falling.

9 Village governments are also useful in resolving conflicts. But because of the present leadership crisis, it is difficult for village leaders to resolve conflicts as they may have a hard time maintaining impartiality.

2.4.7 Social Facilities

Social facilities that were investigated included educational and medical facilities as well as water supply situation. The availability of these social services is a good indicator of development.

2.4.7.1 Educational facilities

Gibaso village has two primary schools, namely, Karakatonga and Gibaso Primary schools. Table 4 shows the summary of the number of pupils and teachers by gender from the two schools in Gibaso.

Table 4: Number of Pupils and Teachers by Gender

Name of School Pupils Teachers Boys Girls Total Male Female Total Karakatonga 198 181 379 4 - 4 Gibaso 465 333 798 4 - 4

Data from the two primary schools reveal that there is an acute shortage of the teaching staff. For instance, while Karakatonga has a total of 379 pupils with four teachers, Gibaso with twice as many pupils has the same number of teachers (4) against the required 14 teachers. There are also problems of not having sufficient classrooms, desks and teachers houses in both schools.

2.4.7.2 Medical Facilities

Medical facilities in Gibaso are not adequate. However, through the assistance of TANAPA a new dispensary is being built. The present building houses one delivery bed, examination bed, and at least two beds for temporary admission for serious cases. The dispensary has some of the basic facilities such as vaccine carrier, sterilizer, forceps, scissors, a refrigerator, tables and chairs/bench. The top five diseases for those above five years are: 1. Malaria. 2 Pneumonia, 3. Intestinal Worms, 4. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and 5. Wounds. For those under five include: Malaria, Acute Respiratory Infections, Pneumonia, Anaemia, and Diarrhoea. As observed elsewhere in this report these diseases are a reflection of poor sanitary conditions and poverty.

2.4.7.3 Water Supplies

Water supply in Gibaso is from two main sources, namely, River Mara and a borehole. The later is used mainly by residents of the village center while River Mara is source for the sub-village closest to the river. The borehole is said to dry up during the dry season forcing some villagers to walk to river Mara to fetch water.

3.0 BASELINE DATA FOR TARIME PILOT WMA

3.1 Economic Baseline Data

S e c t i o n A

Table A1(a): Tarime District Sources of Income and Their Proportion from Natural Resources

S/N Sources of Income 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 (Estimates) 1.0 TAXES [Development Levy, 182,364,225.00 182,458,600.00 152,448,631.00 156,538,132.00 260,620,000.00 Penalties, etc] 2.0 LEVIES [Business & 26,468,764.00 29,584,375.00 28,176,169.00 20,798,310.00 28,320,100.00 Agricultural] 3.0 Business Licences Fees 28,120,035.00 30,516,150.00 22,172,150.00 28,490,036.00 31,924,850.00 4.0 Liquor Licence Fees 1,625,400.00 1,565,200.00 1,155,600.00 947,900.00 1,980,000.00 5.0 Fees and Charges 46,393,880.00 35,482,398.00 31,747,087.00 32,389,374.00 76,690,000.00 5.1 Forestry Products Fees 3.3% 4.7% 6.0% 7.3% 3.5% 5.2 Fisheries Levy 0.9% 1.2% 1.8% 5.2% 22.1% 5.3 Building Minerals Fees - - - 0% 0% 5.4 Fishing Vessels Fees 0.01% - - - - 6.0 Income from Districts Council 100,667,019.00 99,120,065.00 97,241,672.00 88,658,807.00 145,514,000.00 Assets 7.0 Other Income 6,119,768.00 5,355,643.00 159,575,452.00 34,550,230.00 5,620,200.00 9.0 Grand Total 393,199,091.00 384,082,431.00 492,516,761.00 362,372,789.00 550,669,250.00 10.0 Proportion of Natural 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 1.1% 3.5% Resources to total income sources.

11 Table A1(b): Tarime District Council Annual Expenditure for 1998-2002

S/N Sources of Expenses [Department] 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1. Accounts/Treasury 67,660,860.70 67,222,444.00 46,161,145.00 19,273,057.00 29,066,505.00 2. Planning 988,500.00 1,432,330.00 1,601,419.00 1,903,515.00 1,338,288.00 3. Agriculture & Livestock - - - - - 4. Personnel & Admin. 251,733,339.70 233,188,093.00 184,344,445.00 224,954,170.00 235,871,529.00 5. Trade 1,095,000.00 2,399,050.00 4,842,300.00 4,978,400.00 2,408,625.00 6. Land: Survey & Mapping 482,300.00 383,150.00 470,000.00 1,780,800.00 439,000.00 7. Land: Development 68,000.00 4,000.00 - 184,240.00 - 8. Natural Resources: Wildlife 3,768,647.15 1,680,852.00 385,000.00 1,476,740.00 1,489,000.00 9. Natural Resources: Forestry 608,583.65 1,289,172.00 250,836.00 371,935.00 312,000.00 10. Culture 24,000.00 74,000.00 22,000.00 - - 11. Construction: Building 2,347,280.30 631,400.00 534,900.00 1,278,012.00 739,830.00 12. Construction: Estates 657,881.55 - - - 280,000.00 13. Natural Resources: Fisheries 2,492,829.95 1,691,008.00 410,000.00 573,760.00 481,800.00 14. Cooperatives 415,500.00 419,000.00 158,000.00 275,000.00 100,000.00 15. Community Development 222,340.00 869,944.00 165,038.00 140,847.00 675,002.00 16. Sub-Total Departments 263,915,702.3 2,979,952 733,038 989,607 2,276,632 17. Other Expenditures 496,753,153.80 1,124,120,904.00 3,341,969,240.00 387,383,182.00 316,523,191.00 18. Grand-Total 760,668,856.10 1,127,100,856.00 3,342,702,278.00 388,372,789.00 318,799,823.00 19. Proportion of Expenditures to Natural 0.9% 0.4% 0.03% 0.6% 0.7% Resources Sector

S e c t i o n B

Table B1: TARIME PILOT WMA: Village Level Population Main Occupations and Other Economic Activities February 2003

Population Size Main Occupations Type Of Business VILLAGE No. of Total Able bodied Agric. Livestock Business Civil Shops Kiosks Butchers Tailors Black- Photo Hunting Households Popul. persons Servants Smith (labour supply) 1. MRITO 641 4123 3412     NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

2. GIBASO 1,690 8,458 6,400     (3) (10) (1) (3) (3)

N.A. Data not collected due to lack of security arising from opposition by some villagers on the WMA idea.

Table B2: TARIME PILOT WMA: Sources of Income and their Expenditure (2001)

Major Sources of Income Annual Village Expenditures Activities VILLAGE Tax Agriculture Tourism Villagers Others Total Construction School Other Retention Hunting Photo contribution Schools Water Road Fees 1. MRITO NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

2. GIBASO 300,000.00 - - - - 250,000 550,000  - - 

1 Hamlet chairmen allowances.

N.A. = Data not collected due to insecurity.

14 Table B3: TARIME PILOT WMA: Productivity of Economic Activities February 2003

MAIZE CASSAVA (Bags/acre) (Bags/acre)

1. MRITO NA NA NA NA NA

2. GIBASO 8 3 - - -

NA = Data not collected due to insecurity.

Table B4: TARIME PILOT WMA: Costs Associated with Accessing Basic Services February 2003

HEALTH WATER ENERGY SCHOOL OTHER

1. MRITO NA NA NA NA NA

2. NYICHOKA FREE 1 FREE FREE FREE -

1 Medical kit finishes very fast!

Table B5: TARIME PILOT WMA: Village Perceptions on Wealth Status February 2003

COMPOSITION PROPORTION OF PEOPLE IN WEALTH BETWEEN CATEGORIES VILLAGE FARMERS & LIVESTOCK Farmers Livestock Keepers KEEPERS Farmers Livestock Rich Middle Poor Rich Middle Poor (%) Keepers (%) Income (%) (%) Income (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. MRITO 2. GIBASO - 100 - - - 20 30 50

Note: Some people do farm but main activity is livestock keeping.

Criteria for categorisation Livestock Keepers:...... Poor < 10 Middle 10-200 Rich >200.

Table B6: TARIME PILOT WMA: Land Tenure Regimes February 2003

TENURE REGIME & COST VILLAGE Customary Cost/Acre Village Cost/Acre Private Cost/Acre Rent Cost/Acre Borrow Govt Property Mkt Allocation transaction

1. MRITO NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

2. GIBASO - -  - - - - - ✓

NA = Data not collected due to insecurity.

Table B7: TARIME PILOT WMA: Progress in Preparation for WMA February 2003

VILLAGE Land Use Plans By-law Training of Establishment enactment Village Game of AA Scouts (number) 1. MRITO NA NA NA NA

2. GIBASO  - - 2 -

NA = data not collected due to insecurity.

1 in progress. 2 Have 16 VGS not yet trained.

Table B8: TARIME PILOT WMA: Existing land Use, February 2003

VILLAGE AGRIC. LIVESTOCK SETTLEMENT WILDLIFE FISHING 1. MRITO NA NA NA NA NA

2. GIBASO    - -

Note: determination of proportions allocated for each use was not possible by villagers, this data was not available.

Table B9: TARIME PILOT WMA: Indicative Potential Economic Opportunities, February 2003

VILLAGE FARMING TOURISM Food Crops Cash Photography Hunting Cultural Handcrafts Others Crops Bomas 1. MRITO NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

2. GIBASO * * *** - ** ** -

Note: *** High potential ** Medium potential * Low potential.

17 Table B10: TARIME PILOT WMA: Livestock Size, February 2003

VILLAGE CATTLE GOATS SHEEP DONKEYS CHICKEN OTHER 1. MRITO NA NA NA NA NA NA

2. GIBASO 4,600 2,100 3,500 40 1 -

1 Number not known.

S e c t i o n C

Table C1: Survey Sample Villages

S/N Village Number of Proportion Remarks Respondents to Total (%) 1. - - Due to misinformation by few individuals 1. MRITO 1 with vested interests in politics, the team 2. 29 100 met with a hostile environment which 2. GIBASO endangered security and had to leave in a hurry against their will. TOTAL

1 Visited but data not collected due to hostile reception.

Table C2: Sample Profile and Characteristics

S/N Mode Mean Minimu Maximum Std Remarks m Deviation 1. Age (years) 60 49.0 28 68 11.36 Household size in this are 2. House hold size 13 16.75 2 90 16.81 is quite large at 13 3. Value of house 30,000 246,229 5,000 2,142,857 509270.5 persons per household 4. Value of land 20,000 27,777.8 20,000 70,000.0 15,737.0 (mode). This mainly due (Tshs.) to the polygamy factor. 5. Value of cattle 130,000 91,217.9 50,000 150,000.0 32637.9 The value of land is still 6. Value of Goat 15,000 17,125.0 7,000 100,000.0 18183.4 at low mode of 20,000/= 7. Maize acreage 1.00 2.81 0.5 10.0 2.88 Tshs per acre which is 8. Involvement in 96.0 56.7 0.0 104 42.19 lower than that of the village BURUNGE WMA and collective ENDUIMET WMA. activities (times This is mainly due to lack last year) of a good cash crop and 9. Number of 6.0 7.16 2 26 5.94 existence of ravaging village meetings animals (vermin). called (last year) Community participation is shown to be high on average.

19 Table C3: Level of Education of Household Head

S/N Level % Age of Remarks Respondents 1. None 34.5 The rate of illiteracy is regrettably high with 2. Primary incomplete 13.8 the majority who got formal education 3. Primary complete 44.8 (44.8%) having primary level education. 4. Secondary incomplete 6.9 About 7% of the respondents did not finish 5. Secondary complete - secondary school due to lack of school fees. 6. Diploma - n = 29 100

Table C4: Occupation of head of Household

S/N Occupation % age of Remarks Respondents 1. Farmer 6.9 Most of the people are agro-pastoralists. The 2. Agro-pastoralists 93.1 same people also engaged themselves in other IGAs. Civil servants also exist (schools, health) but are also farming and keep livestock. n = 29 100

Table C5: Place of Birth of head of Household

S/N Place %age of Remarks Respondents 1. Within village 41.4 Most of the people originate from the 2. Same ward different village 44.8 same district and belong to the main 3. Same district different ward 13.8 ethnic groups found in these locality i.e. 4. Same region different district - Kuria. 5. Different region - N = 29 100

Table C6: Period of Immigration 1

S/N Period %age of Immigrants Remarks 1. 1949-1961 5.9 The period of high intensity of immigration was 2. 1962-1973 47.0 between the post-independence period and 1982. 3. 1973-1983 23.6 This period was characterized by the villagisation 4. 1984-1994 17.6 process of the 1970s where people were moved to 5. 1995-2000 5.9 collective co-existence in Ujamaa Villages. n = 17 100

1 58.6% of all the respondents came from a different village within the same district.

Table C7: Reasons for Immigration

S/N Reason %age of Immigrants Remarks 1. Villagization 3.4 Apart from the main reasons of 2. Farming land 34.5 seeking farming land and pasture 3. Grazing land 37.9 for livestock, an element of 4. Employment 3.4 conflict shows in the data. 5. Peace and harmony 10.2 People who have moved due to 6. Business 3.4 conflict situations account for 7. Marriage 6.9 about 10.2% of the 58.6% who have moved into their present homes. n = 29 100

Table C8: Reason for Out-migration

S/N Reason % of Outmigrants Remarks 1. Land scarcity 30.43 While 58.6% of people came into the 2. Grazing land scarcity 30.43 localities they are now in over the years, 3. Drought 26.10 about a ⅓ of the respondents had a 4. Others 13.04 relative who moved away from their village to other villages. The main reasons being land scarcity and shortage of grazing land but also drought. n = 100

Table C9: Sources of Water

S/N Source Wet season Dry Season Remarks (%age of (%age of Respondents) Respondents) 1. Village Kiosk 25.0 22.2 Rivers Mara and streams, village 2. Own source 10.7 7.4 well and village kiosk remain to 3. Village well 25.0 24.1 be the important sources during 4. Rivers and streams 32.1 46.3 dry season. Ponds and springs 5. Ponds and dams 1.8 - seem to dry up and are not relied 6. Spring 5.4 - upon by villagers in this area. 100 100 n =56 n = 54

21 Table C10: Amount paid for Water

S/N Amount paid Village Kiosk Village Well Remarks n = 29 (%age) N = 29 (%age) 1. No payment 100 100 Water is obtained free of 2. Between Tshs 5 – 500 - - charge, no payment is done per bucket since even the sources of 3. Between Tshs 100,000 - - water are not reliable. per year 100 100

Table C11: Time Spend Collecting Water1

S/N Amount of Time Village Kiosk Village Well Remarks Use n = 29 (%) n = 29 (%) 1. 0-15 minutes 7.1 7.1 The water situation in the village is 2. 30 minutes 21.4 64.3 not good. During the time we visited, 3. 60 minutes 14.3 - most wells were dry and villagers had 4. More than 60 57.1 28.6 to trek a long way to river Mara, an minutes hour walking distance. 100 100

1 Note that this includes walking, queuing time.

Table C12(a): Time Spend Queuing for Water

S/N Amount of Village Kiosk Village Well Remarks Time Use Wet Dry Wet Dry season season Season Season 1. 0-15 minutes 68.8 33.3 91.7 10 More than one hour is 2. 16-30 minutes 31.3 - 8.3 10 needed to queue for water 3. 31-60 minutes - - - - during dry season. All 4. More than 60 - 66.7 - 80 cattle have to be taken to minutes Mara river for drinking. 100 100 100 100

Table C12(b): method used to treat water

S/N Method Proportion of Remarks Respondents (%) 1. None 10.3 Most people boil water for drinking 2. Boiling 65.5 particularly when they obtain it direct from 3. Filtering 3.4 the rivers, ponds and streams. Still, there 4. Boiling/Filtering – 20.7 are some who do not boil claiming combined immunity. n=29 100

22 Table C13: Sanitation Situation: Toilet Use

S/N Type of Facility Proportion of Remarks Respondents (%) 1. No facility 6.9 Sheltered pit latrines were seen although the 2. Pit latrine 93.1 quality of the shelters need improvement. 3. VIP latrine - 100 n = 29

Table C14: Domestic Waste Disposal

S/N Method Proportion of Remarks Respondents (%) 1. Dumping in neighbourhood 17.2 The use of fire to dispose of dry waste is 2. Burning in compound 65.5 most popular with some combination of 3. Burying within compound 10.3 burying within compound. Despite the 4. Indiscriminate disposal 6.9 good practice by the majority, there is still indiscriminate disposal and dumping in neighbourhoods, something which needs curbing especially for plastic bags. n = 29 100

Table C15: Source of Energy for Cooking

S/N Source Type Proportion of Respondents (%) Remarks 1. Firewood 85.3 Kerosene is used mostly for 2. Charcoal 14.7 lighting while firewood is the 3. Kerosene - main energy source obtained freely from surrounding bushes. n = 138 100

Table C16: Natural Resources Used

S/N Type of Natural Proportion of Remarks Resource Respondents (%) 1. Building poles 58.6 More and more houses are being 2. Thatching grass 100.0 built using mud bricks and burnt 3. Game meat 58.6 bricks, hence reducing the demand 4. Medicinal Plants 48.2 on building poles, thatching grass. 5. Pottery soil 6.9 6. Grazing Grass 89.6 7. Firewood 96.5 n = 29

Table C17: Frequency of Use of Natural Resources Used

S/N Frequency Building Thatching Game Medicinal Pottery Grazing Firewood Remarks Poles Grass Meat Plants soil grass n=28(%) n=10 (%) n=20(%) n=12(%) n=10 (%) n=2% n=26(%) 1. Daily - - - - - 96.2 96.4 Firewood and pasture are daily 2. Weekly - - - - - 3.8 3.6 needs and do not have ready 3. Monthly 20 15 83.3 60 100 - - substitutes for the villagers and 4. Annually 80 85 16.7 20 - - - therefore very important for their daily economic and social activities. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table C18: Current Availability of the Natural Resources Used

S/N Availability status Building Thatching Game Medicinal Pottery Grazing Firewood Remarks Poles Grass meat Plants Soil Grass n=118 (%) n=17 (%) n=20 (%) n=17 (%) n=14 (%) n=3 (%) n=125 (%) 1. Low 23.5 13.8 52.9 28.6 33.3 14.8 39.3 Game meat is reported to be dwindling due to 2. Medium 47.1 51.7 47.1 28.6 33.3 55.6 39.3 poaching and indiscriminate hunting 3. Plenty 29.4 34.5 - 42.9 66.7 29.6 21.4 permits issued by the wildlife division (WD).

100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 Table C19: Earnings Last Season from Economic Activities (Main Occupations)

S/N Proportion of Remarks Respondents(%)

1. Less than Tshs 55.6 55.6% of all the respondents earn less 30,000/month than a dollar a day from their main economic activities. 2. More than Tshs 44.4 30,000/mongh

n = 27 100

Table C20: Engagement in Productive Activities

S/N Activity Wet/Rainy Dry Season Remarks Season n=39(%) n=63(%)

1. Cash crop farming 1.6 - During the wet season, the two main activities are 2. Food crop production 42.9 12.8 done with equal attention while other activities do 3. Small business 7.9 20.5 not get enough time. During the off-season time 4. Wage employment - - for farming livestock keeping gets most of the 5. Vegetable farming 1.6 - attention and so are small businesses with a 6. Livestock keeping 42.9 64.1 considerable food production attention in 7. Handcraft business 3.2 2.6 valleys.

8. Dairy business - -

9. Driver - -

100 100

Table C21: Potential Productive Activities Anticipated due to WMA Establishment

S/N Activity Proportion of Remarks Respondents (%)

1. Cash crop farming - Respondents did not seem to have given a thought to the 2. Food crop production 6.3 potential benefits of establishment of WMAs since 3. Small business 37.5 they in the first place were misinformed about the 4. Wage employment 18.8 intention of WMAs hence more sensitization is required. 5. Vegetable farming 18,.8

6. Handcrafts for sale 12.5

7. Game meat business 6.3

8. Tourist business -

n=16 100

Table C22(a): Transfers into the Households (Remittance)

S/N Status Proportion of Remarks Respondents % 1. Yes, do receive financial assistance 47.4 The proportion of from relatives and friends living out respondents who receive of the village transfers do obtain an average of Tshs 99,000/= per 2. No, we do not 52.6 year from relatives and friends living outside their mainly locality.

n = 19 100

Table C22(b): Earnings from Off-season Income Generating Activities

S/N Activity Amount (Tshs) Remarks 1. Off-season activity other than the 55,400.00 17.2% of the households in main occupational activity includes Gibaso village, earn an casual labour, small-business among additional US $0.15 per others. day from other IGAs.

26 Table C23: Wealth Status of Households (Mean, Mode)

S/N Asset n Mean Mode Min Max Std Remarks Value Value Deviation

1. House (Tshs) 28 246,229 30,000 5,000 2,142,857 509,270.5 The mode values are more closer to 2. Hoes (Ths) 29 1,835.5 2,000 730.7 2,580.0 381.7 reality since there is existence of 3. Bicycle (Tshs) 21 55,428.5 70,000 7,000 90,000 21,903.3 extreme values in the sample which 4. Plough (Tshs) 21 53,142.8 60,000 25,000 80,000 18,466.9 affects the mean values. This can be 5. Land (Tshs) 11 27,777.8 20,000 20,000 70,000 15,737 seen from the minimum and 6. Radio 22 20,000 8,000 4,500 66,500 14,575.75 maximum values and standard 7. Furniture 18 23,768.5 1909 1909 196,666.7 44,925 deviations. The mean value for furniture is therefore used due to the existence of multiple modes and the smallest value is taken.

Table C24: Livestock Prices/Values (mean, Modes)

S/N Type of n Mean value Modal value Remarks Livestock

1. Cattle 26 91,217.9 130,000 The most referred to prices of livestock (mode values) are the 2. Sheep 21 16,333.3 10,000 ones we use in this aspect because all respondents will be 3. Goat 24 17125.00 15,000 faced with same markets for livestock in the general case. 4. Chicken 20 2,225.0 3,000

Table C25: Farm Sizes and Harvests amounts Mean (Productivity)

S/N Crop Short Rains Long Rains

Acres Bags Bags/ Acres Bags Bags/ Remarks Planted Harvested Planted Harvested Acre Acre

1. Maize 1.0 7.5 7.5 2.0 16. 8 Productivity is very low here since the 2. Cassava 3 5 1.7 3.5 10.8 3.1 area is normally swampy and water logged during rainy season and very dry during the dry season.

Table C26: Building Materials Used for Houses: Walls

S/N Type of Material Proportion of Respondents Remarks (%)

1. Cement Blocks 6.9 About 69% of all houses use mud bricks and mud with poles. Burnt 2. Burnt Bricks 24.1 bricks walled houses are mainly found at the center of the village 3. Mud and poles 44.8 where commercial activities take place. 4. Mud bricks 24.1

n = 29 100

Table C27: Building Materials Used for Flooring

S/N Type of Material Proportion of Remarks Respondents (%)

1. Cement and Sand 10.3 Due to the cost of cement and transport cost, most villagers cannot afford cement in 2. Earth/Clay 89.7 building, instead they resort to locally available and cheap clay soil for flooring of their houses.

n=29 100

Table C28: Building Materials used for Roofing

S/N Type of Material Proportion of Remarks Respondents(%)

1. Thatching grass 58.6 Two main types of materials are used. With cement and burnt brick walled 2. Mud, poles and grass - houses, corrugated iron sheets are used with a few mud brick houses also having 3. Mud and straw - corrugated iron roofing.

4. Corrugated iron 41.4

n=97

Table C29: Respondent Credit Use

S/N Status Proportion of Remarks Respondents (%)

1. Borrowed 60 Money borrowed goes to satisfy consumption needs and emergencies 2. Not borrowed 40 like hospital bills, etc.

n = 97 100

Table C30: Source of Credit

S/N Source Proportion of Remarks Respondents (%) 1. Family members 30.8 Friends are shown to be the major source of credit for those who need it. The activity is 2. Friend 69.2 based mainly on trust more than anything 3. Money lender - else. 4. Don’t remember - n = 13 100

Table C31: level of Understanding of WMA Concept

S/N Meaning Proportion of Remarks Respondents (%) 1. Community participation 28.6 Majority of respondents responded poorly to this question due to 2. Benefit sharing 40.8 reasons discussed before. Due to 3. Resource conservation 30.6 misinformation many were suspicious that WMA were 4. Follow WMA guidelines - designed to disposes them of their and regulations village land. n = 23 100

Table C32: Opinions for Improvement of WMA Implementation Success

S/N Opinion Proportion of Remarks Respondents (%) 1. Villagers’ involvement 21.4 Here again the call for educating villagers on the concept of WMA costs and benefit 2. Educating villagers 50.0 was put forward more strongly (50%). 3. Control poachers 7.1 Additionally leadership was also seen to be important for the success of the programme 4. Transparency should be practiced 7.1 through community participation and 5. Supply credit 7.1 transparency in leadership. n=14 100

3.2 Ecological Baseline Data: Section D

Table D1: Wildlife species and their status at Tarime WMA

S/n English name Scientific name Abundance Habitat type Movement VA A F VF M N/M 1 Wildebeest Connochates taurinus X Grassland X 2 Zebra Eguus burchelli X X Grassland/ woodland X 3 T. gazelle Gazella thomsoni X Grassland X 4 Elephant Loxodonta africana X Forest/woodland X 5 Reedbuck Redunca redunca X Riverine X 6 Impala Aepyceros melampus X Woodland X 7 Dikdik Madoqua kirkii X Woodland X 8 Lion Panthera leo X Grassland/woodland X 9 Cape hare Lepus capensis X Grassland/woodland X 10 Buffalo Syncerus caffer X Grassland/woodland X 11 Topi Damaliscus korriguns X Woodland X 12 Hyena Crocuta crocuta X Grassland/woodland X 13 Crocodile Crocodile crocodilus X X 14 Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis X Woodland X X 15 V. Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops X Woodland/Forest X 16 Y. Baboon Papio cynocephalus X Grassland/woodland X 17 Warthog Phacochoerus X Grassland/woodland X aethiopicus 18 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus X X amphibius 23 Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus X Woodland X 19 Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus X Riverine/woodland X 19 Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus X X X 20 Leopard Panthera pardus X Forest/woodland X

Key: VA- Very abundant, A- Abundant, F-Few, VF-Very Few, M-Migrant, NM-Non-migrant.

Table D2: Bird species recorded at Tarime WMA between 05/03 and 07/03/2003

S/N Common name Scientific name Movement Habitat M R 1. Ostrich Struthio camelus X Grassland 2. Egyptian Goose Alopochea aegyptiacus X Water bodies 3. Red-eyed dove Streptopelia semitorquatus X Woodland 4. Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris X Forest/woodland 5. Lilac-breasted Roller X Woodland 6. Yellow-necked Spurfowl Francolinus leucoscepus X Forest/woodland 7. Kori Bustard Ardeotis kori X Grassland/woodland 8. Superb Starling Lamprotornis superbus X Woodland 9. Augur Buzzard Buteo augur X Grassland/woodland 10. White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitali X Grassland 11. White-backed Vultrue Gyps africanus X Grassland 12. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis X Grassland 13. White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus X Forest/woodland 14. Taita Fiscal Lanius dorsalis X Grassland/woodland 15. African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aquimp X Grassland woodland

32 APPENDICES

Appendix Table 1: Itinerary and People Consulted

DATE ACTIVITY PLACE 24-31/01/2003 Literature search, preparation of data Arusha/Dar-es- collection instruments Salaam/Morogoro 2/02/2003 Traveling Dar to Arusha 3-4/02/2003 Consultations Arusha 5/02/2003 Traveling and District Consultations Arusha to Monduli - Meet District Game Officer - Meet District Executive Officer - Travel to Namanga 6/02/2003 Travel to Sinya Sinya/Sanya Juu Interviews/discussions/field work Travel to Sanya Juu 7/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Kitenden 7/02/2003 Discussion Irkaswa 8/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Lerangwa 9/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Olmolog 10/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Elerai 11/02/2003 Travelling to Kiteto and District Kiteto Consultations - Meet District Game Officer - Meet District Natural Resources Officer 12/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Irkiu-shibor 13/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Makami 14/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Ndedo 16/02/2003 Travelling to Babati Kiteto to Babati 17/02/2003 District Consultations Babati/ Magugu/Magara - Meet District Natural Resources Officer - Meet District Game Officer (Acting) - Meet District Executive Director and District Council Chairman - Meet District Commissioner - Meet LAMP Development Advisor - Meet Divisional Executive Officer Interview/Discussion/field work 18/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Mayoka 19/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Mwada 19 /02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Sangaiwe 20/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Vilima Vitatu 21/02/2003 Interviews/discussion/field work and Minjingu travel to Karatu 22/02/2003 Travel to Ngorongoro Karatu/Ngorongoro/ - Meet the Chief Conservator of Loliondo Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority Travel to Loliondo 33 23/02/2003 District Consultations Loliondo - Meet District Game Officer - Meet Mrs Tina Timan 24/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Arash 25/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Losoito/Maaloni 25/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Olorien/Magaiduru 26/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Soitsambu 27/02/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Ololosokwan/Seronera Travel Seronera 28/02/2003 Discussions at Frankfurt Zoological Ngorongoro-Serengeti Society (Dr Bonner) Discussions with Chief Veterinary Officer of Serengeti National Park Travel to Mugumu, Serengeti District - Meet District Executive Director, District Natural Resources Officer, Game officer, Planning Officer, and Lands Officers - Set up appointments with villages 1/03/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Robanda 2/03/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Nyichoka 3/03/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Nyakitono 4/03/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Natta-Mbiso 5/02/2003 Debriefing Serengeti District officials Mugumu/Tarime Travel to Tarime - Meet District Commissioner, District Planning Officer, and District Game Officer 6/03/2003 Interviews/discussions/field work Gibaso 7/03/2003 Visit Mrito but unable to work due to Mrito/Tarime hostile environment and decide to debrief District authorities in Tarime Travel to Mwanza 8/03/2003 Hold interviews with Pasiansi Principal Mwanza 9/03/2003 Travel to Karatu via Seronera Karatu 10/03/2003 Travel to Arusha Arusha - Meet Manyara National Park Chief Warden - Fix appointment with TANAPA Director General 11/03/2003 - Meet Acting Director General of TANAPA, Director, Resource Conservation and Ecological Monitoring - Meet Director General, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute 12/03/2003 Traveling to Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, and Ngorongoro for data analysis and report writing

Appendix Table 2: List of respondents

Names of respondent WMA Village

1. Athuman Abdallah Tarime Gibaso 2. Paul Mchombe Tarime Gibaso 3. Wankuru Chacha Tarime Gibaso 4. Antony Magalya Tarime Gibaso 5. Nyang'Anyi Samboru Tarime Gibaso 6. Maki Mwita Tarime Gibaso 7. Henry Mtatilo Tarime Gibaso 8. Masambe Mkoti Tarime Gibaso 9. Gichogo Wangesai Tarime Gibaso 10. Chacha Marwa Tarime Gibaso 11. Gesero Chacha Tarime Gibaso 12. Maho Mato Tarime Gibaso 13. Mtito Mwita Tarime Gibaso 14. Simon Mwita Tarime Gibaso 15. Jacob Chacha Tarime Gibaso 16. Simforoza Paul Tarime Gibaso 17. Kati Chacha Tarime Gibaso 18. Rahel Samuel Tarime Gibaso 19. Nyande Marwa Tarime Gibaso 20. Getacha Mwita Tarime Gibaso 21. Mariam Selenya Tarime Gibaso 22. John Wambura Tarime Gibaso 23. Rebecca Wangaba Tarime Gibaso 24. Erasto M Daudi Tarime Gibaso 25. Omae Wambura Tarime Gibaso 26. Mulenda Poki Tarime Gibaso 27. Vincent Magihe Tarime Gibaso 28. Masiani Chacha Tarime Gibaso