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Native Woodland.Indd Scottish Borders NATIVE WOODLAND HABITAT ACTION PLAN NATIVE WOODLAND in the Scottish Borders The status and ecology of native Native woodlands have, for the woodland in the Borders purposes of classification and assessment by government agencies The principle aim of the Scottish Borders such as SNH, been divided into a HAP for native woodlands is to maintain, number of different categories: enhance and expand in area the native woodlands of the Scottish Borders. 1. Ancient woodland - woodland present on maps pre 1750 Native woodlands are defined as 2. Long established woodland - ‘woodlands composed wholly or largely woodland present on maps pre 1850 of the tree species which occur naturally 3. Semi-natural woodland - woodland in the Scottish Borders; including both that has developed through self woodlands with a continuous history seeding of natural regeneration and those where either the current or a previous Semi-natural woodland in the Borders generation of trees has been planted is sparse and totals approximately within their natural range’. 6,790ha. The distribution of ancient and semi-natural woodland within Throughout Great Britain there has been the Borders is interesting: Berwickshire a gradual decline in the remaining contains the largest hectarage of native woodland, with a reduction of ancient and semi-natural woodland approximately 30 - 40% over the last 60 with 298ha (0.4% of land area), Ettrick years. This decline has mostly been due and Lauderdale contain 225ha (0.2% of to: land area), Roxburgh has 180ha (0.1%of land area) and Tweeddale has only 1. The conversion of native woodland to 35ha (<0.1% of land area) (Walker & agricultural land Badenoch 1988, 1989 and 1991). The 2. Neglect, overgrazing and burning Planted Ancient Woodland Site (PAWS) 3. Reforestation with coniferous component consists of 0.3% (1,355ha) plantations of the land area. The broader definition of the native woodland framework Although the Borders possesses one which includes ancient, long established of the lowest percentages of native and semi-natural and high native woodland compared to total land component of the Scottish Semi-Natural area of any Scottish region, there exists Woodland Inventory (SSNWI) covers 1.4% within the Borders many opportunities for of the land area (6,790ha) (Ray et al. improved management of the existing 2003). native woodlands, and for native woodland expansion. The Borders has many small remnant woodlands, many of which have been Native woodlands in the Borders are visited by woodland surveyors and a few often unprotected from livestock and of which are safeguarded by Scottish as a result of excessive grazing have lost Natural Heritage as Sites of Special much of their ground flora and fauna as Scientific Interest (SSSI) and registered as well as their ability to regenerate young Scottish Wildlife Trust Wildlife Sites. trees. Box 1. Examples of important sites for native woodland in the Scottish Borders Abbey St Bathans SSSI Blythe and Birckie Woods Cragbank SSSI Glenkinnon Burn SSSI Henderland Bank SSSI c SNH Hermanlaw and Muchra Cleuchs SSSI categories: W7 Alnus glutinosa- Fraxinus Jedwater Woodlands SSSI excelsior-Lysimachia nemorum, W9 Newtown St Boswells Woods SSSI Fraxinus excelsior -Sorbus aucuparia- Pease Bridge Glen SSSI Oxalis acetosella woodland and W11 Plora Wood SSSI Quercus petraea -Betula pubescens- Ramsaycleuch Bridge Oxalis acetosella woodland are the Riskinhope SSSI predominant native woodland types in The Nest the Borders. Whitlaw Rig SSSI Upland oakwoods are characterised Native woodland types in the by a predominance of oak (most Scottish Borders commonly sessile, but locally pedunculate) and birch in the canopy, The UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP) with varying amounts of holly, rowan details six different native woodland and hazel as the main understorey types as priority habitats, five of which species. The range of plants found in are represented in the Borders: the ground layer varies according to the underlying soil type and degree 1. Upland oakwoods of grazing, from bluebell-bramble-fern 2. Upland ashwoods communities through grass and bracken 3. Wet woodlands dominated ones to heathy moss- 4. Upland birchwoods dominated areas. 5. Lowland mixed deciduous woodland The term upland mixed ashwoods is Further information on the UKBAP used for woods on base-rich soils in Habitat Action Plans for native most of which ash is a major species, woodland priority habitats and their although locally oak, birch, elm, small- associated species can be found at leaved lime and even hazel may be the www.ukbap.org.uk/habitats.aspx most abundant species. Few remnants of Borders native Wet woodland occurs on poorly drained woodland can be ‘fitted’ in to a or seasonally wet soils, usually with alder, particular native woodland type; either birch and willows as the predominant because the woodlands have been tree species, but sometimes including heavily grazed and only the tree species ash, oak, pine and beech on the drier remain, or because remnant ground riparian areas. It is found on floodplains, flora remains beneath an overstorey as successional habitat on fens, mires of trees containing non-native species, and bogs, along streams and hillside such as beech and sycamore National flushes, and in peaty hollows. Vegetation Classification (NVC) The biodiversity of Borders native woodland Much of the native woodland of the Borders woodland is characterised by its small size and fragmented nature, with few significant ancient semi-natural woodlands and with large distances c SNH between the woodland fragments. The majority of these woodlands are long Many alder woods are ancient and thin, and as a result of exposure to and have a long history of coppice the influence of ‘drying’ winds, are not management that has determined as humid and shady as less linear native their structure, and in some situations woodlands. This lack of woodland it appears that this practice has conditions e.g. humidity and shade, maintained alder as the dominant means that the range of woodland species and impeded succession to plant and animal diversity in many drier woodland communities. Borders native woods is low. Upland birchwoods in Scotland are Although scattered, small and often dominated by stands of downy birch poor in numbers of plants and animals, (Betula pubescens) and/or silver birch native woodlands in the Borders are (Betula pendula) with constituents such significant in nature conservation as rowan, willow, juniper and aspen. On value. The most apparent features of more acidic soils, rowan is a prominent this conservation value can often be component. Except on the most acid seen in the ground flora. Examples of soils, birch influences the soil to allow LBAP species associated with native development of a grass-herb flora on woodland include species listed in Box 2. sites previously dominated by dwarf shrub heath. As birchwoods senesce, the ground flora eventually returns to heath as tree cover is lost. Where grazing pressure is high the ground flora tends to be grass and moss dominated. Lowland mixed deciduous woodland includes woodland growing on soils from very acidic to base-rich and includes most semi-natural woodland in lowland Scotland and complements the ranges of upland oakwoods and upland ashwoods. It occurs largely within enclosed landscapes at relatively low altitude, though altitude is not a defining feature. Often there is evidence of past coppicing on moderately acid to base-rich soils; on very acid soils the type may be represented by former wood- c SNH pastures of oak and birch. Box 2. Some Species of Conservation Concern associated with native woodlands in the Scottish Borders Group Species Habitat Lichens Cyphelium inquinans Epiphytic on oak and other tree species Bryophytes Fossombronia fimbriata A liverwort which can grow in woodland rides Higher Plants Chickweed wintergreen Locally abundant in native Trientalis europeaus woodlands, often on acid soils Green figwort Scrophularia Damp woodland, often by umbrosa burn sides. Thought to be increasing in the UK Herb Paris Paris quadrifolia Strong ancient woodland indicator species Juniper Juniperus communis Can be an understorey species in open woodland Aspen Populus tremula Component of oak and birch woodland Tussock sedges Carex spp Associated with wet woodland Twinflower Associated with coniferous Linnaea borealis woodland Lepidoptera Dark bordered beauty Larva feeds on low re-growth Epione paralellaria of aspen in Scotland, but associated with Salix repens in the Scottish Borders Hymenoptera A sawfly Information on host plant Nematus monticola not known although related species occur on willow Birds Black grouse Can be associated with open Tetrao tetrix woodland, woodland margins and woodland glades Spotted flycatcher Associated with woodland Muscicapa striata and woodland margins Tree sparrow Associated with woodland Passer montanus margins and hedgerows as well as open fields Bullfinch Associated with woodland Pyrrhula pyrrhula and woodland margins Kingfisher Can be associated with Alcedo atthis riparian woodland Willow Tit Parus montanus Prefers wet woodland A full list of the species associated with Native Woodland Habitats and other woodlands in the Scottish Borders can be found at http://www.scottishborders.gov.uk/life/environment/naturalheritage/2715.html Indicator species The following lists are a first attempt to characterise typical species that are either restricted to or characteristic of UK Priority Habitats within the Scottish Borders. No attempt
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