DOCSLIB.ORG

THE Private SECTOR and THE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE Private SECTOR and THE II THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND THE GOVERNANCE OF BUSINESS IN MYANMAR THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND THE GOVERNANCE OF BUSINESS IN MYANMAR III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper was prepared by Dr. Jared Bissinger. The author is grateful for comments and suggestions on earlier drafts from Lynn Salinger, Bruce Bolnick, and other participants in the Economic Reform and Growth Dynamics THE PRIVATE SECTOR Study workshop held at the PSDA office in Yangon, Myanmar on January 13-14, 2016. AND THE GOVERNANCE OF BUSINESS IN MYANMAR DISCLAIMER PHOTO CREDITS This document is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for The team would like to thank the following for the photos provided. International Development (USAID). Its contents are the sole responsibility of the author or authors and do not - Jeffrey Barth, Paula Bronstein, Tom Cheatham, Markus Kostner, Simone D. Mc Courtie, Nyi Zaw Moe necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government. - Asian Development Bank - World Bank II THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND THE GOVERNANCE OF BUSINESS IN MYANMAR THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND THE GOVERNANCE OF BUSINESS IN MYANMAR III ECONOMIC REFORM AND GROWTH DYNAMICS DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES LIST OF ACRONYMS In 2015, as Myanmar prepared for new elections, the United States Agency DAO Development Affairs Organization for International Development (USAID) commissioned a set of discussion DICA Directorate of Investment and Company Administration papers to review Myanmar’s economic status, benchmark its performance FY Fiscal year relative to other countries, and identify priority policy reforms, investments, GAD General Administration Department and institutional innovations to re-establish the country on a new, GDP Gross domestic product inclusive growth path. This effort has been led by Nathan Associates under ICA Investment Climate Assessment the Private Sector Development Activity (PSDA) and the Association IMF International Monetary Fund of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Connectivity through Trade and IRD Internal Revenue Department Investment project Economic Reform through ASEAN Integration program. JV Joint venture MCDC Mandalay City Development Committee Nathan Associates has a long history of providing economic analysis of MEB Myanmar Economic Bank the Myanmar economy. Originally headed by the economist Robert R. MEC Myanmar Economic Corporation Nathan, who helped develop the United States’ first national accounts in MGE Myanmar Gems Enterprise the U.S. Department of Commerce, Nathan Associates was founded in MoHT Ministry of Hotels and Tourism 1946 to provide applied economic analysis services to clients in the United MNPED Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development States and around the globe and started working in Burma in 1951 at the MOGE Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise request of the U Nu government. The latter sought “advice with respect MSIC Myanmar Standard Industrial Classification to various important aspects of the country’s economy and engineering MSME Micro, small, and medium enterprise problems and assistance in solving practical operating difficulties.” Nathan NLD National League for Democracy Associates worked in Burma until 1959 with two U.S. engineering firms to OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development deliver this advice, initially with funding from the U.S. Technical Cooperation PSDA Private Sector Development Activity Administration (a predecessor to USAID) and later with direct support RC Revolutionary Council from the Burmese government. SEE State-owned economic enterprise In 1953, Nathan Associates, along with the firms of Knappen Tippetts SLORC State Law and Order Restoration Council Abbett McCarthy Engineers and Pierce Management, delivered to the U SME Small and medium enterprise Nu government an 8-year economic and social development program. The SPDC State Peace and Development Council comprehensive plan, “Economic and Engineering Development of Burma,” S/R State/Region laid out a strategy of economic and administrative policies to stimulate TDAC Township Development Affairs Committee growth in agriculture and irrigation, transportation, telecommunications, UMEHL Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited power, and industry, along with an analysis of the country’s macroeconomic UMFCCI Republic of the Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of conditions. Unfortunately, what the report called a “golden opportunity” Commerce and Industry for rapid growth was lost, as many of the recommendations were set aside UNDP United Nations Development Program due to political developments in the late 1950s and early 1960s. UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific The present set of discussion papers is designed to revive the initiative UNFPA United Nations Population Fund begun more than 60 years ago, providing a careful analysis of conditions USAID United States Agency for International Development in Myanmar and recommendations on how the country can accelerate its USDP Union Solidarity and Development Party integration into the global economy and deliver growth and prosperity to YCDC Yangon City Development Committee all of the people of the country. Lynn Salinger, Principal Associate at Nathan Associates, has led the design and implementation of the discussion paper series in collaboration with Steve Parker, Chief of Party of the Private Sector Development Activity, and Tim Buehrer, Chief of Party of the ASEAN Connectivity through Trade and Investment Project. Daniel Swift has supervised the effort from the U.S. Agency for International Development Mission to Burma. IV THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND THE GOVERNANCE OF BUSINESS IN MYANMAR THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND THE GOVERNANCE OF BUSINESS IN MYANMAR V CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS Acknowledgment ..................................................................................................... II Figures List of Acronyms .......................................................................................................V Figure 1: UMFCCI Membership, by Sector, 2015.............................................23 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Myanmar Government Structure ......................................................31 2. History of Economic Governance and the Private Sector in Burma .....7 Figure 3: Governance of the Private Sector .....................................................36 3. Profile of the Private Sector and Other Key Economic Actors.............13 Definitions and Context of Data ..................................................................14 Tables The Private Sector ...........................................................................................15 Table 1: Proposed Definition of Small and Medium Enterprises (Draft, 2015) ...15 Private Sector Associations ............................................................................22 Table 2: Current Classifications of Small, Medium, and Large Enterprises ... 15 State-Owned and State-Linked Enterprises ...............................................24 Table 3: Distribution of Businesses by Size and Registration (2013) ..........16 4. The Structure of Myanmar’s Government .................................................29 Table 4: Businesses Registered with DICA by Ownership Type (2013) .....16 Definitions of Administrative Decentralization .........................................30 Table 5: Distribution of Manufacturing Enterprises, by Sector and Size, 2013 .....17 Overview of Government Structure in Myanmar ....................................31 Table 6: Distribution of Manufacturing Businesses, by Location and Size, 2015 ........18 Distribution of Public Revenue .....................................................................40 Table 7: Geographical Distribution of Firms, 2014 .........................................19 5. Economic Governance and the Business Enabling Environment ...........43 Table 8: Number of Recorded Operating Firms and Employees of Operating Economic Governance at the Local Level ..................................................44 Firms per 1,000 people, by State/Region, 2014 ................................20 6. Potential Areas for Further Work ................................................................51 Table 9: Types of DAO-Registered Enterprises, 2015 .....................................21 Researching Government Budgets at the S/R and Local Levels ............51 Table 10: Tourism Sector Enterprises, 2014 .....................................................22 Aggregating and Analyzing Local- and Union-Level Business Operating License Data ...52 Table 11: Sources of Myanmar Government Revenue ...................................25 Survey Research ...............................................................................................53 Table 12: List of State-Owned Economic Enterprises and Parent Ministries, 2015 .....26 Understanding Non-Tax and SEE Revenue Sources .................................53 Table 13: Government Ministries in Myanmar, 2015 ......................................32 Documenting Administrative Barriers in Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries ....54 Table 14: State/Region Sources of Revenue .....................................................34 Documenting Additional Sources of Data ..................................................55 Table 15: General Administration Department Township Administrator Functions.....37 Investigating
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Asian Regional Powers: Junta's Lifelines but Not Change Agents?
    Asian Regional Powers: Junta’s Lifelines but Not Change Agents? Tin Maung Maung Than Introduction: Myanmar and Its Foreign Policy The State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), was formed after a military coup on the 18th of September 1988, in response to a widespread breakdown of government authority. SLORC was reconstituted as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) in November 1997 and the latter currently rules Myanmar by decree. Myanmar is the second largest country (after Indonesia) among the ten states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to which it was admitted in July 1997. Myanmar is situated at the junction of China, South Asia and Southeast Asia, and it shares land borders with five neighbouring states, as depicted in Table 1: Table 1 Myanmar’s Borders China (north & north-east) 1,384 miles India (north-west) 903 miles Bangladesh (west) 169 miles Thailand (east & south-east) 1,304 miles Laos (east) 146 miles Source: www.myanmar.com/Union/history.html With a population of around 56 million and a small economy, Myanmar is wedged between the two most populous and fastest growing economies in the world – China and India. Myanmar has always been conscious of the geopolitical and demographic realties of bordering these two major Asian powers when formulating its foreign policy. The fact that the country is inhabited by some 135 (officially recognised) indigenous ethnic groups, with many of those groups straddling the porous borders also complicates the policy calculus of Myanmar’s foreign relations having to consider the dynamics of the international and regional systems as well as domestic imperatives of economic, political and security issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Additional Agenda Item, Report of the Officers of the Governing Bodypdf
    International Labour Conference Provisional Record 2-2 101st Session, Geneva, May–June 2012 Additional agenda item Report of the Officers of the Governing Body 1. At its 313th Session (March 2012), the Governing Body requested its Officers to undertake a mission (the “Mission”) to Myanmar and to report to the International Labour Conference at its 101st Session (2012) on all relevant issues, with a view to assisting the Conference’s consideration of a review of the measures previously adopted by the Conference 1 to secure compliance by Myanmar with the recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry that had been established to examine the observance by Myanmar of its obligation in respect of the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29). 2. The Mission, composed of Mr Greg Vines, Chairperson of the Governing Body, Mr Luc Cortebeeck, Worker Vice-Chairperson of the Governing Body, and Mr Brent Wilton, Secretary of the Employers’ group of the Governing Body, as the personal representative of Mr Daniel Funes de Rioja, the Employer Vice-Chairperson of the Governing Body, visited Myanmar from 1 to 5 May 2012. The Mission met with authorities at the highest level, including: the President of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; the Speaker of the Parliament’s lower house; the Minister of Labour; the Minister of Foreign Affairs; the Attorney-General; other representatives of the Government; and the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Services. It was also able to meet and discuss with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, President of the National League for Democracy (NLD); representatives of other opposition political parties; the National Human Rights Commission; labour activists; the leaders of newly registered workers’ organizations; and employers’ representatives from the Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry (UMFCCI) and recently registered employers’ organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Chapter
    lex rieffel 1 The Moment Change is in the air, although it may reflect hope more than reality. The political landscape of Myanmar has been all but frozen since 1990, when the nationwide election was won by the National League for Democ- racy (NLD) led by Aung San Suu Kyi. The country’s military regime, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), lost no time in repudi- ating the election results and brutally repressing all forms of political dissent. Internally, the next twenty years were marked by a carefully managed par- tial liberalization of the economy, a windfall of foreign exchange from natu- ral gas exports to Thailand, ceasefire agreements with more than a dozen armed ethnic minorities scattered along the country’s borders with Thailand, China, and India, and one of the world’s longest constitutional conventions. Externally, these twenty years saw Myanmar’s membership in the Associa- tion of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), several forms of engagement by its ASEAN partners and other Asian neighbors designed to bring about an end to the internal conflict and put the economy on a high-growth path, escalating sanctions by the United States and Europe to protest the military regime’s well-documented human rights abuses and repressive governance, and the rise of China as a global power. At the beginning of 2008, the landscape began to thaw when Myanmar’s ruling generals, now calling themselves the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), announced a referendum to be held in May on a new con- stitution, with elections to follow in 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Burma Road to Poverty: a Socio-Political Analysis
    THE BURMA ROAD TO POVERTY: A SOCIO-POLITICAL ANALYSIS' MYA MAUNG The recent political upheavals and emergence of what I term the "killing field" in the Socialist Republic of Burma under the military dictatorship of Ne Win and his successors received feverish international attention for the brief period of July through September 1988. Most accounts of these events tended to be journalistic and failed to explain their fundamental roots. This article analyzes and explains these phenomena in terms of two basic perspec- tives: a historical analysis of how the states of political and economic devel- opment are closely interrelated, and a socio-political analysis of the impact of the Burmese Way to Socialism 2, adopted and enforced by the military regime, on the structure and functions of Burmese society. Two main hypotheses of this study are: (1) a simple transfer of ownership of resources from the private to the public sector in the name of equity and justice for all by the military autarchy does not and cannot create efficiency or elevate technology to achieve the utopian dream of economic autarky and (2) the Burmese Way to Socialism, as a policy of social change, has not produced significant and fundamental changes in the social structure, culture, and personality of traditional Burmese society to bring about modernization. In fact, the first hypothesis can be confirmed in light of the vicious circle of direct controls-evasions-controls whereby military mismanagement transformed Burma from "the Rice Bowl of Asia," into the present "Rice Hole of Asia." 3 The second hypothesis is more complex and difficult to verify, yet enough evidence suggests that the tradi- tional authoritarian personalities of the military elite and their actions have reinforced traditional barriers to economic growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Burma Coup Watch
    This publication is produced in cooperation with Burma Human Rights Network (BHRN), Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK (BROUK), the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), Progressive Voice (PV), US Campaign for Burma (USCB), and Women Peace Network (WPN). BN 2021/2031: 1 Mar 2021 BURMA COUP WATCH: URGENT ACTION REQUIRED TO PREVENT DESTABILIZING VIOLENCE A month after its 1 February 2021 coup, the military junta’s escalation of disproportionate violence and terror tactics, backed by deployment of notorious military units to repress peaceful demonstrations, underlines the urgent need for substantive international action to prevent massive, destabilizing violence. The junta’s refusal to receive UN diplomatic and CONTENTS human rights missions indicates a refusal to consider a peaceful resolution to the crisis and 2 Movement calls for action confrontation sparked by the coup. 2 Coup timeline 3 Illegal even under the 2008 In order to avert worse violence and create the Constitution space for dialogue and negotiations, the 4 Information warfare movement in Burma and their allies urge that: 5 Min Aung Hlaing’s promises o International Financial Institutions (IFIs) 6 Nationwide opposition immediately freeze existing loans, recall prior 6 CDM loans and reassess the post-coup situation; 7 CRPH o Foreign states and bodies enact targeted 7 Junta’s violent crackdown sanctions on the military (Tatmadaw), 8 Brutal LIDs deployed Tatmadaw-affiliated companies and partners, 9 Ongoing armed conflict including a global arms embargo; and 10 New laws, amendments threaten human rights o The UN Security Council immediately send a 11 International condemnation delegation to prevent further violence and 12 Economy destabilized ensure the situation is peacefully resolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Burmese Students Seek Arms
    ERG- 20 NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT WRITER'S CONSENT INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS Bangkok October, 1988 "An Idea Plus a Bayonet'" Burmese Students Seek Arms My second attempt to enter Burma, this time through the back door on the southern Thai border, was halted by a sudden high fever.. Thus, this report on the Burmese student movement comes to you after a quinine-induced haze. In the aftermath of the bloody September 18 coup by Gen. Saw Maung, well over 3,000 students have fled Rangoon and other cities for the Thai border, seeking arms and refuge. Student leaders on the Thai-Burmese border say that peaceful protests alone, especially the type advocated by the elderly opposition leaders in Rangoon, are doomed to fail.. One soft-spoken student said of the opposition leaders in Rangoon, "They have ideas but no guns. Revolution equals an idea plus a bayonet." Maung Maung Thein, a stocky Rangoon University student, led 74 other students out of Rangoon on September 7, eleven days before the coup. Convinced that armed struggle was the only way to overthrow the regime, they traveled over 700 miles down the Burmese coast by passenger bus, boat, and on foot. Sometimes they moved at night to avoid Army checkpoints. But this was during the heady days before the coup when one opposi- tion leader, Aung Gyi, predicted that the government would fall in a matter of weeks. Crowds of people welcomed the students, presenting them with rice and curry. As one student described it, "They were clapping. Some of the women called us their sons.
    [Show full text]
  • Military Competition Between Allied Forces and Japan: a Case Study on Mandalay Campaign in Myanmar (1942-1945)
    1,886 International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 9, Issue 2, February-2018 ISSN 2229-5518 Military Competition between Allied Forces and Japan: A Case Study on Mandalay Campaign in Myanmar (1942-1945) Thin Thin Aye* Abstract: This paper discusses the military competition between Allied Forces and Japan in Mandalay, and the situation of Mandalay during the Second World War. Mandalay is located in upper Myanmar and the center of the communications between lower and upper Myanmar. The British occupied Mandalay in the end of 1885. Since that time the princes and his followers attacked the British. In 1930s, Myanmar nationalists joined with the Japanese fought for British. In 1942, due to Myanmar fell under Japan, Allied forces left for Myanmar. In 1945, Allied Forces tried to reoccupy Myanmar. On 17 May 1945, after the fall of Mandalay, the Japanese retreated from Myanmar. The campaign between the Allied Forces and Japan in Myanmar was ended. In this paper examines military competition of Allied Forces and Japan in Mandalay, and the situation of Mandalay during the Second World War. Keywords: Japanese Forces, Allied Forces, Myanmar Nationalist Movement, Mandalay —————————— —————————— Introduction To study the Myanmar history, the British occupied his paper discusses the military competition between Myanmar in 1885, the Japanese occupied in 1942, the British Allied Forces and Japan in Mandalay, and the situation reoccupied in 1945. In these wars were brought about military Tof Mandalay during the Second World War. Mandalay, competitions between Allied forces and Japanese forces. It can ancient royal city was founded in upper Myanmar by King be found that these military competitions were usually ended Mindon in 1853.
    [Show full text]
  • From Kunming to Mandalay: the New “Burma Road”
    AsieAsie VVisionsisions 2525 From Kunming to Mandalay: The New “Burma Road” Developments along the Sino-Myanmar border since 1988 Hélène Le Bail Abel Tournier March 2010 Centre Asie Ifri The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental and a non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With offices in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of European debate. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the authors alone. ISBN : 978-2-86592-675-6 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2010 IFRI IFRI-BRUXELLES 27 RUE DE LA PROCESSION RUE MARIE-THÉRÈSE, 21 75740 PARIS CEDEX 15 - FRANCE 1000 - BRUXELLES, BELGIQUE PH. : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 PH. : +32 (2) 238 51 10 FAX: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 FAX: +32 (2) 238 51 15 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] WEBSITE: Ifri.org China Program, Centre Asie/Ifri The Ifri China Program’s objectives are: . To organize regular exchanges with Chinese elites and enhance mutual trust through the organization of 4 annual seminars in Paris or Brussels around Chinese participants.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Restrictions on Relations with Burma
    U.S. Restrictions on Relations with Burma Updated March 18, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44570 U.S. Restrictions on Relations with Burma Summary Major changes in Burma’s political situation since 2016 have raised questions among some Members of Congress concerning the appropriateness of U.S. policy toward Burma (Myanmar) in general, and the current restrictions on relations with Burma in particular. During the time Burma was under military rule (1962–2011), restrictions were placed on bilateral relations in an attempt to encourage the Burmese military, or Tatmadaw, to permit the restoration of democracy. In November 2015, Burma held nationwide parliamentary elections from which Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy (NLD) emerged as the party with an absolute majority in both chambers of Burma’s parliament. The new government subsequently appointed Aung San Suu Kyi to the newly created position of State Counselor, as well as Foreign Minister. While the NLD controls the parliament and the executive branch, the Tatmadaw continues to exercise significant power under provisions of Burma’s 2008 constitution, impeding potential progress towards the re-establishment of a democratically-elected civilian government in Burma. On October 7, 2016, after consultation with Aung San Suu Kyi, former President Obama revoked several executive orders pertaining to sanctions on Burma, and waived restrictions required by Section 5(b) of the Tom Lantos Block Burmese JADE (Junta Anti-Democratic Efforts) Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-286), removing most of the economic restrictions on relations with Burma. On December 2, 2016, he issued Presidential Determination 2017-04, ending some restrictions on U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 28 of 35 Are on EU Sanction List)
    BURMA: COMPARISON OF NEW GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS WITH THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION LIST OF SANCTIONED REGIME MEMBERS1 1. New Cabinet Members2 (28 of 35 are on EU Sanction List) Position in Code on Name on Position & Department on EU No Name New Department EU List EU list Sanction List Government 1 U Thein Sein President Republic of the Union of A4a Lt-Gen Thein Sein “Prime Minister” of SPDC Myanmar 2 Thiha Thura U Tin Vice President Republic of the Union of A5a Gen (Thiha Thura) “Secretary 1” of SPDC, Chairman, Myanmar Aung Myint Oo Myanmar Tin Aung Myint Oo Economic Corporation, President of Union Solidarity and Development Association K23a Chairman, Lt-Gen Tin Aung Myint Oo, Myanmar Economic Corporation 3 Dr. Sai Mao Kham Vice President Republic of the Union of @ Maung Ohn Myanmar 4 Major General Hla Minister Ministry of Defense B10a Major General Hla Chief of Bureau of Special Operation (3) Min Min 5 Lieutenant General Minister Ministry of Home Affairs A10a Maj-Gen Ko Ko Chief of Bureau of Special Operations 3 (Pegu, Ko Ko Irrawaddy, Arakan). 6 Major General Minister Ministry of Border Affairs and E28a Maj-Gen Thein Htay Deputy Minister for Defence Thein Htay Ministry of Myanmar Industrial Development 7 U Wunna Maung Minister Ministry of Foreign Affairs Lwin 8 U Kyaw Hsan Minister Ministry of Information and D17a Brig-Gen Kyaw Hsan Ministry of Information Ministry of Culture 9 U Myint Hlaing Minister Ministry of Agriculture and 115a Lt-Gen Myint Hlaing Ministry of Defence and USDA Member Irrigation 10 U Win Tun Minister Ministry
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal of Burma Studies
    The Journal of Burma Studies Volume 8 2003 Featuring Articles by: Susanne Prager Megan Clymer Emma Larkin The Journal of Burma Studies President, Burma Studies Group F.K. Lehman General Editor Catherine Raymond Center for Burma Studies, Northern Illinois University Production Editor Peter Ross Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University Publications Assistants Beth Bjorneby Mishel Filisha The Journal of Burma Studies is an annual scholarly journal jointly sponsored by the Burma Studies Group (Association for Asian Studies), The Center for Burma Studies (Northern Illinois University), and Northern Illinois University’s Center for Southeast Asian Studies. Articles are refereed by professional peers. Send one copy of your original scholarly manuscript with an electronic file. Mail: The Editor, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115. Email: [email protected]. Subscriptions are $16 per volume delivered book rate (Airmail add $10 per volume). Members of the Burma Studies Group receive the journal as part of their $25 annual membership. Send check or money order in U.S. dollars drawn on a U.S. bank made out to "Northern Illinois University" to Center of Burma Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115. Visa and Mastercard orders also accepted. Subscriptions Tel: (815) 753-0512 Fax: (815) 753-1651 E-Mail: [email protected] Back Issues: seap@niu Tel: (815) 756-1981 Fax: (815) 753-1776 E-Mail: [email protected] For abstracts of forthcoming articles, visit The Journal of Burma
    [Show full text]
  • 1 LEGAL EDUCATION in BURMA SINCE the 1960S: Myint Zan* I INTRODUCTION in the January 1962 Issue of International and Comp
    1 LEGAL EDUCATION IN BURMA SINCE THE 1960s: Myint Zan* This longer version of the articles that appeared in The Journal of Burma Studies was submitted by the author and is presented unedited in this electronic form. I INTRODUCTION In the January 1962 issue of International and Comparative Law Quarterly the late Dr Maung Maung (31 January 1925- 2 July1994)1 wrote a short note and comment in the Comments Section of the Journal entitled ‘Lawyers and Legal Education in Burma’.2 Since then much water has passed under the bridge in the field of legal education in Burma and to the best of this author’s knowledge there has never been an update in academic legal journals or in books about the subject. This article is intended to fill this lacuna in considerable detail and also to comment on variegated aspects of legal education in Burma since the 1960s. Dr Maung Maung’s Note of 1962 is a brief survey of Burma’s legal education from the time of independence in 1948 to about March 19623: the month and the year the * BA, LLB (Rangoon), LLM (Michigan), M.Int.Law (Australian National University), Ph.D. (Girffith) SeniorLecturer, School of Law, Multimedia Univesity, Malacca, Malaysia. 1 BA (1946) (Rangoon University), BL (Rangoon) (1949), LLD (Utrecht) (1956), JSD (Yale) (1962), of Lincoln’s Inn Barrister-at-law. 2 Maung Maung, ‘Lawyers and Legal Education in Burma’ (1962) 11 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 285-290, This ‘Note’ published while Maung Maung was a visiting scholar at Yale University in the United States is reproduced with slight modifications in Maung Maung, Law and Custom in Burma and the Burmese Family (Martinus Nijhoff, 1963) 137-141.
    [Show full text]