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Skeletal Biology of Belle Glade Mound (8Pb41)

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Skeletal Biology of Belle Glade Mound (8Pb41) DEFINING POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BELLE GLADE CULTURE: SKELETAL BIOLOGY OF BELLE GLADE MOUND (8PB41) by Catherine Smith A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL August 2015 Copyright 2015 by Catherine Smith ii DEFINING POPULATION CHARACTERISTICSiii OF THE BELLE GLA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am still amazed at the overwhelming amount of support and guidance bestowed on me as a newcomer to the field. First and foremost, this project would not made it to fruition without an advisor, Dr. Clifford T. Brown, who cared enough to invite me into the program, talk me into this project as a career builder, support every ambitious effort to present the findings in both academic and public arenas, and painstakingly provide comprehensive edits to keep the work honest. Dr. Brown is intimidatingly brilliant, yet humble enough to invest in me in a very patient manner. I appreciate how Dr. Douglas Broadfield invested hours in providing individualized osteological training—and answering hundreds of random and panicky questions with a smile and chuckle. There are no words to properly express my gratitude and appreciation for my mentor and third committee member, Christian Davenport, Palm Beach County Archaeologist, for constantly believing in me more than I ever believed in myself. His habit of “throwing me under the bus” with opportunities I hardly felt ready for resulted in building a network, reputation, and CV beyond my imagination. Warner Hutchinson, and his gilded touch on writing, spent more hours than he should have had to making my words sound like I wanted them to instead of their reality. Dr. Michelle Williams, Southeast Director of Florida Public Archaeology Network, enabled my internship to be research focused at the LEW Museum and so improving the broader understandings presented in the text. Traveling to the Smithsonian Institution as a visiting researcher was one of the biggest honors I’ve ever been blessed with. The support in time, equipment, and iv unspeakable amounts of knowledge so graciously shared by the staff of the Physical Anthropology and Repatriation Departments was unexpected. I am particularly thankful for Dr. David Hunt for granting access to the collection and other resources, really going above and beyond in enabling my research even after my designated time came to an end. Dr. Erika Jones graciously shared her own documentation and efforts made in inventorying and analyzing the collection—and for the detour with cabinet keys that was an unexpected boon. Dr. Christopher Dudar always provided immediate responses and support regarding Osteoware and the accompanying manual while in progress and even made introductions to others encountering the issues with fragmentary remains. In addition to academic experts, the support of the Lawrence E. Will Museum, particularly Steve Weeks, Warner Hutchinson, and the other board members, allowed me to spend hours with both archaeological and archival material from Belle Glade Mound, giving me a platform to present from, linking me with local experts in the community, and finding resources and financial support for the research. The Stein family, especially Stewart Stein, have been very supportive property owners and have endured countless questions and enthusiastic reports as well as granting access to the site. Other community support came from many organizations and individuals including the Southeast Florida Archaeological Society, the Kissimmee River Valley Historical Society, and the Glades Historical Society. Special thanks is given to the Belle Glade Rotary Club and Curtis Thompson who funded a substantial portion of the travel expenses to the Smithsonian. And last but far from least, I could never have achieved this without my archaeological Fairy Godmother, Joanne Talley. Joanne voluntarily supported in a number of ways, v including finding a larger library of references than I could get through to include here—I will never catch up to her nose for research. vi ABSTRACT Author: Catherine Smith Title: Defining Population Characteristics of the Belle Glade Culture: Skeletal Biology of Belle Glade Mound (8PB41) Institution: Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Clifford T. Brown Degree: Master of Arts Year: 2015 The prehistoric Belle Glade Culture, dwelling around Lake Okeechobee in interior Florida, is one of the most understudied cultures in North America. The purpose of this study is to define population characteristics about this culture through skeletal analysis of the collected remains from the type site for the culture, Belle Glade Mound (8PB41). To address the confounding factors of fragmentation and commingling, recently developed methods, statistical analyses, and specially designed software for such analyses of confounded collections were used in undertaking this study. A biological profile was developed that includes age-at-death estimations, sex estimations, stature estimations, and ancestral estimations in order to create a paleodemographic summary that more adequately describes this unknown population. vii DEFINING POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BELLE GLADE CULTURE: SKELETAL BIOLOGY OF BELLE GLADE MOUND (80PB41) LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 Purpose of Study ............................................................................................................. 2 Interpretive Value of Skeletal Analysis .......................................................................... 2 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................ 5 Belle Glade Chronology ................................................................................................. 5 Regional Context .......................................................................................................... 14 Previous Site Investigations .......................................................................................... 16 1933–1934 Excavation by the Civil Works Administration ................................. 16 1975 Excavation by Florida Atlantic University .................................................. 17 1977 Excavation by Palm Beach County and Broward County Archaeological Societies. ............................................................................................................... 18 Previous Skeletal Studies .............................................................................................. 19 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ............................................................................... 21 Osteometric Analysis .................................................................................................... 22 viii Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 23 BIOLOGICAL PROFILE ................................................................................................. 26 Age Estimation.............................................................................................................. 26 Methods................................................................................................................. 27 Findings................................................................................................................. 29 Summary and Discussion of Age Estimation ....................................................... 35 Sex Estimation .............................................................................................................. 37 Methods................................................................................................................. 38 Findings................................................................................................................. 38 Summary and Discussion of Sex Estimation ........................................................ 41 Stature Estimation ......................................................................................................... 42 Methods................................................................................................................. 42 Findings................................................................................................................. 43 Summary and Discussion of Stature Estimation ................................................... 45 Ancestral Estimation ..................................................................................................... 46 Analysis of Macromorphoscopic Traits ........................................................................ 46 Methods................................................................................................................. 46 Findings................................................................................................................. 47 Assessment of Other Nonmetric Traits ......................................................................... 48 Supernumerary teeth ............................................................................................
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