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Action and Perception Are Temporally Coupled by a Common Mechanism That Leads to a Timing Misperception
The Journal of Neuroscience, January 28, 2015 • 35(4):1493–1504 • 1493 Behavioral/Cognitive Action and Perception Are Temporally Coupled by a Common Mechanism That Leads to a Timing Misperception Elena Pretegiani,1,2 Corina Astefanoaei,3 XPierre M. Daye,1,4 Edmond J. FitzGibbon,1 Dorina-Emilia Creanga,3 Alessandra Rufa,2 and XLance M. Optican1 1Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, NEI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4435, 2EVA-Laboratory, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy, 3Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Physics Faculty, 700506 Iasi, Romania, and 4Institut du cerveau et de la moelle´pinie e `re (ICM), INSERM UMRS 975, 75013 Paris, France We move our eyes to explore the world, but visual areas determining where to look next (action) are different from those determining what we are seeing (perception). Whether, or how, action and perception are temporally coordinated is not known. The preparation time course of an action (e.g., a saccade) has been widely studied with the gap/overlap paradigm with temporal asynchronies (TA) between peripheral target onset and fixation point offset (gap, synchronous, or overlap). However, whether the subjects perceive the gap or overlap, and when they perceive it, has not been studied. We adapted the gap/overlap paradigm to study the temporal coupling of action and perception. Human subjects made saccades to targets with different TAs with respect to fixation point offset and reported whether they perceived the stimuli as separated by a gap or overlapped in time. Both saccadic and perceptual report reaction times changed in the same way as a function of TA. The TA dependencies of the time change for action and perception were very similar, suggesting a common neural substrate. -
Internet Research Sites
Human Body Project Helpful Sites General Sites www.exploratorium.edu http://www.ehc.com/vbody.asp A virtual body tour (brain, skeleton, heart, and digestive tract). http://www.kidsbiology.com/human_biology/index.php A kid-friendly site that allows you to explore your body under one of the human body systems. Ophthalmologists- Muscular System http://www.exploratorium.edu/learning_studio/cow_eye/coweye.pdf Step by step directions on cow eye dissection. http://www.exploratorium.edu/learning_studio/cow_eye/ -Cow eye dissection video. Cardiologists- Circulatory System Cardiovascular System Circulatory System Circulatory System 1 Circulatory System: The Life Pump How Your Heart Works Kids Health: Your Heart & Circulatory System Preview the Heart The Circulatory System The Human Heart Wikipedia: The Circulatory System Orthopedic Specialist-Skeletal System http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/bones.html Multi-media Flash videos and information on bones. eSkeletons Project Human Skeleton Printout-Enchanted Learning.com Kids Health: Your Bones Skeletal System Skeletal System: The Bone Zone Skeletal System (Front View) Skeletal System (Back View) The Skeletal System The Skeleton Wikipedia: Skeleton Pulmonary Specialist- Respiratory System http://kidshealth.org/kid/closet/movies/asthma_movie.html Flash video showing Asthma’s effect on our lungs. Air Bags: The Respiratory System How the Body Works: The Respiratory System Kids Health: Your Lungs & Respiratory System Oxygen Delivery System Respiratory System The Respiratory System Your Respiratory System -
The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: a Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye
Running Head: THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 1 The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: A Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye Evan Sebastian A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Spring 2010 THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ David A. Titcomb, PT, DPT Thesis Chair ______________________________ David DeWitt, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Garth McGibbon, M.S. Committee Member ______________________________ Marilyn Gadomski, Ph.D. Assistant Honors Director ______________________________ Date THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 3 Abstract The human eye has been the cause of much controversy in regards to its complexity and how the human eye came to be. Through following and discussing the anatomical and physiological functions of the eye, a better understanding of the argument of origins can be seen. The anatomy of the human eye and its many functions are clearly seen, through its complexity. When observing the intricacy of vision and all of the different aspects and connections, it does seem that the human eye is a miracle, no matter its origins. Major biological functions and processes occurring in the retina show the intensity of the eye’s intricacy. After viewing the eye and reviewing its anatomical and physiological domain, arguments regarding its origins are more clearly seen and understood. Evolutionary theory, in terms of Darwin’s thoughts, theorized fossilization of animals, computer simulations of eye evolution, and new research on supposed prior genes occurring in lower life forms leading to human life. -
Cut-And-Assemble Paper Eye Model
CUT-AND-ASSEMBLE PAPER EYE MODEL Background information: This activity assumes that you have study materials available for your students. However, if you need a quick review of how the eye works, try one of these videos on YouTube. (Just use YouTube’s search feature with these key words.) “Anatomy and Function of the Eye: posted by Raphael Fernandez (2 minutes) “Human Eye” posted by Smart Learning for All (cartoon, 10 minutes) “A Journey Through the Human Eye” posted by Bausch and Lomb (2.5 minutes) “How the Eye Works” posted by AniMed (2.5 minutes) You will need: • copies of the pattern pages printed onto lightweight card stock (vellum bristol is fine, or 65 or 90 pound card stock) • scissors • white glue or good quality glue stick (I always advise against “school glue.”) • clear tape (I use the shiny kind, not the “invisible” kind, as I find the shiny kind more sticky.) • a piece of thin, clear plastic (a transparency [used in copiers] is fine, or a piece of recycled clear packaging as long as it is not too thick-- it should be fairly flimsy and bend very easily) • colored pencils: red for blood vessels and muscle, and brown/blue/green for coloring iris (your choice) (Also, you can use a few other colors for lacrimal gland, optic nerve, if you want to.) • thin permanent marker for a number labels on plastic parts (such as a very thin point Sharpie) Assembly: 1) After copying pattern pages onto card stock, cut out all parts. On the background page that says THE HUMAN EYE, cut away the black rectangles and trim the triangles at the bottom, as shown in picture above. -
The Evolution of Human Intelligence and the Coefficient of Additive Genetic Variance in Human Brain Size ⁎ Geoffrey F
Intelligence 35 (2007) 97–114 The evolution of human intelligence and the coefficient of additive genetic variance in human brain size ⁎ Geoffrey F. Miller a, , Lars Penke b a University of New Mexico, USA b Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany Received 3 November 2005; received in revised form 17 August 2006; accepted 18 August 2006 Available online 12 October 2006 Abstract Most theories of human mental evolution assume that selection favored higher intelligence and larger brains, which should have reduced genetic variance in both. However, adult human intelligence remains highly heritable, and is genetically correlated with brain size. This conflict might be resolved by estimating the coefficient of additive genetic variance (CVA) in human brain size, since CVAs are widely used in evolutionary genetics as indexes of recent selection. Here we calculate for the first time that this CVA is about 7.8, based on data from 19 recent MRI studies of adult human brain size in vivo: 11 studies on brain size means and standard deviations, and 8 studies on brain size heritabilities. This CVA appears lower than that for any other human organ volume or life-history trait, suggesting that the brain has been under strong stabilizing (average-is-better) selection. This result is hard to reconcile with most current theories of human mental evolution, which emphasize directional (more-is-better) selection for higher intelligence and larger brains. Either these theories are all wrong, or CVAs are not as evolutionarily informative as most evolutionary geneticists believe, or, as we suggest, brain size is not a very good index for understanding the evolutionary genetics of human intelligence. -
Arteriovenous Dissection in a Living Human
Vienna, Austria, 1990. Dordrecht, Holland: Klu- Table 2. Ultrasonographic Findings of 25 Well-Documented Patients wer Academic Publishers; 1993:307-311. With Cavitary Melanoma of the Uvea in English Literature 9. Frazier-Byrne S, Green RL. Intraocular tumors. In: Frazier-Byrne S, Green RL, eds. Ultrasound of the Eye and Orbit. 2nd ed. St Louis, Mo: Ultrasonographic Findings Mosby; 2002:115-190. 10. Scott CT, Holland GN, Glasgow BJ. Cavita- Solid % Mass tion in ciliary body melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol. Component Loculation Echoes in Septa in Thickness Occupied 1997;123:269-271. Source Present on USG Cavitation Cavitation by Cavity 11. Cohen PR, Rapini RP. Nevus with cyst: a re- port of 93 cases. Am J Dermatopathol. 1993; Kennedy5 NA NA NA NA NA 15:229-234. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Reese6 NA NA NA NA NA Arteriovenous Dissection Zakka et al7 ϩ Unilocular ϩ −NA in a Living Human Eye: Stone and Shapiro4 ϩ Unilocular ϩ −65 ϩ Unilocular ϩ −75 Clinicopathologic − Unilocular ϩ −60 Correlation ϩ Unilocular − − 30 ϩ Multilocular ϩϩ 40 Fledelius et al8 − Unilocular − − 75 Although the visual results after ar- Scott et al10 − Multilocular ϩϩ NA teriovenous dissection (AVD) seem 1,2 Lois et al2 − Unilocular ϩ −79 encouraging, its effectiveness has ϩ Unilocular − − 59 not been proved in a controlled, pro- ϩ Multilocular − ϩ 31 spective clinical trial. The role of sur- ϩ Multilocular ϩϩ 59 gical decompression itself remains ϩ − Unilocular −64 unclear,3 and little is known about − Multilocular ϩϩ 62 ϩ Unilocular ϩ −55 surgically induced nerve fiber de- ϩ Multilocular ϩϩ 38 fects. -
Root Eye Dictionary a "Layman's Explanation" of the Eye and Common Eye Problems
Welcome! This is the free PDF version of this book. Feel free to share and e-mail it to your friends. If you find this book useful, please support this project by buying the printed version at Amazon.com. Here is the link: http://www.rooteyedictionary.com/printversion Timothy Root, M.D. Root Eye Dictionary A "Layman's Explanation" of the eye and common eye problems Written and Illustrated by Timothy Root, M.D. www.RootEyeDictionary.com 1 Contents: Introduction The Dictionary, A-Z Extra Stuff - Abbreviations - Other Books by Dr. Root 2 Intro 3 INTRODUCTION Greetings and welcome to the Root Eye Dictionary. Inside these pages you will find an alphabetical listing of common eye diseases and visual problems I treat on a day-to-day basis. Ophthalmology is a field riddled with confusing concepts and nomenclature, so I figured a layman's dictionary might help you "decode" the medical jargon. Hopefully, this explanatory approach helps remove some of the mystery behind eye disease. With this book, you should be able to: 1. Look up any eye "diagnosis" you or your family has been given 2. Know why you are getting eye "tests" 3. Look up the ingredients of your eye drops. As you read any particular topic, you will see that some words are underlined. An underlined word means that I've written another entry for that particular topic. You can flip to that section if you'd like further explanation, though I've attempted to make each entry understandable on its own merit. I'm hoping this approach allows you to learn more about the eye without getting bogged down with minutia .. -
A Description of the Omo I Postcranial Skeleton, Including Newly Discovered Fossils
Journal of Human Evolution 55 (2008) 421–437 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol A description of the Omo I postcranial skeleton, including newly discovered fossils Osbjorn M. Pearson a,*, Danielle F. Royer b, Frederick E. Grine c,d, John G. Fleagle c a Department of Anthropology, MSC 01-1040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA b Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA c Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA d Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA article info abstract Article history: Recent fieldwork in the Kibish Formation has expanded our knowledge of the geological, archaeological, Received 24 April 2007 and faunal context of the Omo I skeleton, the earliest known anatomically modern human. In the course Accepted 15 May 2008 of this fieldwork, several additional fragments of the skeleton were recovered: a middle manual phalanx, a distal manual phalanx, a right talus, a large and a small fragment of the left os coxae, a portion of the Keywords: distal diaphysis of the right femur that conjoins with the distal epiphysis recovered in 1967, and a costal Anatomically modern Homo sapiens fragment. Some researchers have described the original postcranial fragments of Omo I as anatomically Omo Kibish modern but have noted that a variety of aspects of the specimen’s morphology depart -
Skeletal System Fact Sheet
Skeletal system fact sheet • At birth the human skeleton is made up of around 300 bones. By adulthood, some bones have fused together to end up with 206 bones. • Human bones grow continually from birth till our mid 20's. Our skeleton's bone mass is at its maximum density around the age of 30. • If broken our bones will re-grow and repair themselves. Often doctors will place a cast on splint to make sure these bones repair straight and true. • The axial skeleton part of the human skeleton has 80 bones. It includes the vertebral column, the rib cage and the skull and helps us maintain our upright posture, by spreading the weight in the head, and upper areas down to the lower areas near the hips. • The appendicular skeletal section of our skeleton has 126 bones. It includes the pectoral (shoulder) girdles, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the lower and upper limbs. Its function is for movement of the body and to protect some organs. • The human skeletal system has six major functions including the production of blood cells, for support, for movement, for protection, for storage of ions and endocrine regulation. • The longest bone in the human body is the thigh bone called the femur. • The smallest bone found in the human body is located in the middle ear. The staples (or stirrup) bone is only 2.8 millimetres (0.11 inches) long. • Like our skin, the human body's bones are also constantly worn down and re-made, to the point where every 7 years we essentially have a new bone. -
Geometry and Control of Human Eye Movements Ashoka D
170 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATIC CONTROL, VOL. 52, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2007 Geometry and Control of Human Eye Movements Ashoka D. Polpitiya, Member, IEEE, Wijesuriya P. Dayawansa, Fellow, IEEE, Clyde F. Martin, Fellow, IEEE, and Bijoy K. Ghosh, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—In this paper, we study the human oculomotor system as a simple mechanical control system. It is a well known physio- logical fact that all eye movements obey Listing’s law, which states that eye orientations form a subset consisting of rotation matrices for which the axes are orthogonal to the normal gaze direction. First, we discuss the geometry of this restricted configuration space (re- ferred to as the Listing space). Then we formulate the system as a simple mechanical control system with a holonomic constraint. We propose a realistic model with musculotendon complexes and ad- dress the question of controlling the gaze. As an example, an optimal energy control problem is formulated and numerically solved. Index Terms—Eye movements, geodesics, Hill model, Listing’s law, simple mechanical control systems. I. INTRODUCTION IOLOGICAL systems are becoming more appealing to ap- Bproaches that are commonly used in systems theory and suggest new design principles that may have important prac- tical applications in manmade systems. The principles of con- Fig. 1. Anatomy of the eye (courtesy of Yale University School of Medicine). trol theory are central to many of the key questions in biological engineering. Eye movements, for an example, reflect how the brain and the musculotendon system work in unison to control ignored but focusing on the information processing and control the gaze directions while ensuring that attitudes are confined to aspects [5], [6]. -
Human Anatomy and Physiology
LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students. -
A Pictorial Anatomy of the Human Eye/Anophthalmic Socket: a Review for Ocularists
A Pictorial Anatomy of the Human Eye/Anophthalmic Socket: A Review for Ocularists ABSTRACT: Knowledge of human eye anatomy is obviously impor- tant to ocularists. This paper describes, with pictorial emphasis, the anatomy of the eye that ocularists generally encounter: the anophthalmic eye/socket. The author continues the discussion from a previous article: Anatomy of the Anterior Eye for Ocularists, published in 2004 in the Journal of Ophthalmic Prosthetics.1 Michael O. Hughes INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE B.C.O. Artificial Eye Clinic of Washington, D.C. Understanding the basic anatomy of the human eye is a requirement for all Vienna, Virginia health care providers, but it is even more significant to eye care practition- ers, including ocularists. The type of eye anatomy that ocularists know, how- ever, is more abstract, as the anatomy has been altered from its natural form. Although the companion eye in monocular patients is usually within the normal range of aesthetics and function, the affected side may be distorted. While ocularists rarely work on actual eyeballs (except to cover microph- thalmic and blind, phthisical eyes using scleral cover shells), this knowledge can assist the ocularist in obtaining a naturally appearing prosthesis, and it will be of greater benefit to the patient. An easier exchange among ocularists, surgeons, and patients will result from this knowledge.1, 2, 3 RELATIONSHIPS IN THE NORMAL EYE AND ORBIT The opening between the eyelids is called the palpebral fissure. In the nor- mal eye, characteristic relationships should be recognized by the ocularist to understand the elements to be evaluated in the fellow eye.