DOCSLIB.ORG

Fluid and Electrolytes Body Fluids Body Fluids Fluid Compartments

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fluid and Electrolytes Body Fluids Body Fluids Fluid Compartments 5/2/2016 Body Fluids • Body water and dissolved substances – Cells need a stable environment to function Fluid and Electrolytes Body Fluids Fluid Compartments • Body water content • Total body water ≈ 40 L – Infants • Where is it all?? • 73% or more water – 1. Intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment Adult males • 2/3 (25 L) • ~60% water 2. Extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment – Adult females • 1/3 (15 L) • ~50% water a. Plasma: 3 L – Higher fat content & less skeletal muscle mass b. Interstitial fluid (IF): 12 L – Water content declines with old age c. Other ECF • ~45% • Lymph, CSF, humors of the eye, synovial fluid, serous fluid, gastrointestinal secretions Fluid Compartments Total body water Volume = 40 L 60% body weight Extracellular fluid (ECF) • Intracellular fluid Volume = 15 L 20% body weight – Metabolic reactions – Homeostasis essential to health Intracellular fluid (ICF) Interstitial fluid (IF) Volume = 25 L Volume = 12 L 40% body weight 80% of ECF Figure 26.1 1 5/2/2016 Lungs Gastrointestinal Kidneys Fluid Compartments tract • Extracellular fluid Examples? H O, Functions Blood O2 CO 2 Nutrients 2 H2O, Nitrogenous plasma Ions Ions wastes • Route in and out of cell Osmosis is the primary force for movement O CO H O Nitrogenous Interstitial 2 2 Nutrients 2 Ions • Lubricant wastes fluid • Solvent • Acid-base balance Intracellular fluid in tissue cells Figure 26.3 Composition of Body Fluids Blood plasma Interstitial fluid • Intracellular fluid ECF and ICF composition varies Na + Sodium ECF K+ Potassium • All similar, except higher protein content in plasma Ca 2+ Calcium Major cation: Na + Mg 2+ Magnesium Major anion: Cl – – HCO 3 Bicarbonate ICF: Cl – Chloride • Low Na + and Cl – 2– + HPO 4 Hydrogen • Major cation: K phosphate – 2– • Major anions: proteins and HPO SO 4 Sulfate 4 Figure 26.2 Composition of Body Fluids Water Balance • Electrolytes • Water intake = water output = 2500 ml/day – Dissociate into ions in water – Water intake • Measure the number of electrical charges in a liter • Gastrointestinal tract = 1,500 ml/day – Milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) • Absorbed from food = 750 ml/day • Metabolism = 250 ml/day – Water output • Evaporation = 200 ml/day • Exhaled breath = 700 ml/day • Gastrointestinal tract = 100 ml/day • Urine = 1,500 ml/day 2 5/2/2016 Regulation of Water Intake and Loss 100 ml Feces 4% • Metabolism 10% 250 ml Sweat 8% Carefully regulated 200 ml – Insensible losses Influences blood pressure and cytoplasmic volume Foods 30% 750 ml 700 ml via skin and lungs 28% 2500 ml Urine 60% Beverages 60% 1500 ml 1500 ml Average intake Average output per day per day Figure 26.4 Regulation of Water Intake and Loss Regulation of Water Intake and Loss • Obligatory water loss • Thirst mechanism – Expired air, perspiration, fecal moisture, urine output (minimum – Driving force for water intake 400ml/day) • Response may be modified by behavior • Independent of hydration status! – Hypothalamic thirst center osmoreceptors stimulated by • Increased plasma osmolality of 2–3% • Substantial decrease in blood volume or pressure – Results in reduced salivary gland function • Dry mouth • Sensation of thirst Regulation of Water Intake and Loss Plasma osmolality Plasma volume* Blood pressure Saliva Osmoreceptors Granular cells • Drinking water → inhibition of the thirst center in hypothalamus in kidney Renin-angiotensin • Inhibitory feedback signals include Dry mouth mechanism Angiotensin II – Relief of dry mouth Hypothalamic – Activation of stomach and intestinal stretch thirst center receptors Sensation of thirst; person takes a drink Water moistens mouth, throat; stretches stomach, Initial stimulus intestine Physiological response Result Water absorbed Increases, stimulates from GI tract Reduces, inhibits Plasma osmolality (*Minor stimulus) Figure 26.5 3 5/2/2016 Regulation of Water Intake and Loss Regulation of Water Intake and Loss • Endocrine function • Endocrine function – ADH – Aldosterone • Increases water reabsorption = reduces blood osmotic • Increases reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water pressure – Increases blood volume = increases blood pressure • Hypothalamic osmoreceptors trigger or inhibit release – No change in blood osmotic pressure because water and sodium move together • Released in response to: • Released in response to decreases in blood pressure – Increases in blood osmolarity (primary trigger) – Large changes in blood volume or pressure » e.g. fever, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, blood loss, burns Fluid Shifts Regulation of ECF Movement • Extracellular fluid distribution is dynamic • Movement from capillaries mediated by • Interstitial fluid formation is continuous hydrostatic and osmotic pressures • Fluid distribution is a balance of forces – Capillary hydrostatic – Interstitial osmotic – Interstitial hydrostatic – Capillary osmotic Edema HP = hydrostatic pressure • Due to fluid pressing against a wall • “Pushes” • Atypical accumulation of interstitial fluid • Arteriole Venule In capillary (HP c) • Pushes fluid out of capillary Causes Interstitial fluid • 35 mm Hg at arterial end and 17 mm Hg at venous end of capillary in this example Increased flow of fluid out of the blood or impaired Capillary • In interstitial fluid (HP if ) lymphatic drainage Net HP—Net OP Net HP—Net OP • Pushes fluid into capillary (35—0) —(26—1) (17—0) —(26—1) • 0 mm Hg in this example ↑ Blood pressure ↑ Proteins in interstitial fluid Net Net OP = osmotic pressure • Due to presence of nondiffusible ↓Plasma proteins HP OP Net Net 35 25 solutes (e.g., plasma proteins) HP OP • “Sucks” Lymphatic obstruction mm mm 17 25 • In capillary (OP c) mm mm • Pulls fluid into capillary • 26 mm Hg in this example • In interstitial fluid (OP if ) • Pulls fluid out of capillary NFP (net filtration pressure) NFP is -8 mm Hg; • 1 mm Hg in this example is 10 mm Hg; fluid moves out fluid moves in Remember this? Figure 19.17 4 5/2/2016 Edema Edema • ↑ Blood pressure • ↓ Plasma proteins More tissue fluid at arteriolar end of capillary Decreases osmotic return of water into venous end of capillary Hypertension Liver disease • ↑ Proteins in interstitial fluid Kidney disease Malnutrition Decreases osmotic return of water into venous end of capillary Inflammation • Lymphatic obstruction Allergic reaction Parasites Elephantiasis Tumor Dehydration Dehydration • Fluid loss exceeds fluid intake • Fluid loss exceeds fluid intake – Extracellular osmolarity exceeds intracellular – Causes osmolarity • Hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or • Fluid moves into ECF compartment diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, diuretic abuse – Cell volume reduction = compromised function – Symptoms • Thirst, dry flushed skin, oliguria – Consequences • May lead to weight loss, mental confusion, hypovolemic shock, and electrolyte imbalances Hypotonic Hydration • A.K.A. Water intoxication 1 Excessive 2 ECF osmotic 3 Cells lose – Causes loss of H 2O pressure rises H O to ECF 2 • Renal failure or rapid excessive water intake from ECF by osmosis; cells shrink (a) Mechanism of dehydration Figure 26.7a 5 5/2/2016 Hypotonic Hydration ECF is diluted 1 Excessive 2 ECF osmotic 3 H2O moves Hyponatremia H2O enters pressure falls into cells by the ECF osmosis; cells swell Net osmosis into tissue cells Swelling, perhaps bursting of cells Severe metabolic disturbances (nausea, vomiting, muscular cramping, cerebral edema) (b) Mechanism of hypotonic hydration Possible death Figure 26.7b Electrolytes • Salts, acids and bases • Balance must be maintained between… – Ingestion to add materials – Excretion to remove materials • Kidneys play a key role Electrolytes Electrolytes • Importance of electrolytes • Pica – Controlling fluid movements – Eating non-food substances, often due to mineral – Excitability of cells deficiency • – Membrane permeability Examples: Consumption of chalk, clay, match tips In addition to these general considerations, each electrolyte has its own specific physiological effects 6 5/2/2016 Membrane Potential Membrane Potential • Polarized across resting membrane – Inside negative relative to outside – Nerst equation allows us to calculate the potential across the membrane for any single ion Membrane Potential Membrane Potential • Depolarization • Calcium and magnesium are normally non- – Reduced membrane potential diffusing • Smaller stimulus needed to reach threshold – Changes in distribution do not directly affect • Hyperpolarization membrane potential – Increased membrane potential • Changes in concentration influence sodium • Larger stimulus required to reach threshold channel permeability Membrane Potential Sodium • Major extracellular cation Hyperpolarized Depolarized – Normal: 135-145 mEq/L Hyponatremia Hypernatremia – Na + leaks into cells and is pumped out against its Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia electrochemical gradient • Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia Primary roles – Necessary for impulse transmission Hypermagnesemia Hypomagnesemia • Nervous and muscle tissue Hyperchloremia Hypochloremia – Primary regulator of ECF volume 7 5/2/2016 Sodium Sodium • Variations in Na + can alter ECF volume • Hyponatremia – – Imbalances summary Hypervolemic • Replacing water (not electrolytes) after perspiration • Hypervolemic hyponatremia • Freshwater near-drowning – Gain of water only (dilutes sodium) • Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH) • Hypovolemic hyponatremia • Renal failure – Loss sodium first then water follows (more sodium lost) – Hypovolemic • Hypervolemic hypernatremia • GI disease (decreased intake, loss through vomiting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BIPN100 F15 Human Physiology 1 (Kristan) Lecture 15. Body Fluids, Tonicity P
    BIPN100 F15 Human Physiology 1 (Kristan) Lecture 15. Body fluids, tonicity p. 1 Terms you should understand: intracellular compartment, plasma compartment, interstitial compartment, extracellular compartment, dilution technique, concentration, quantity, volume, Evans blue, plasma volume, interstitial fluid, inulin, total body water, intracellular volume, diffusion, osmosis, colligative property, osmotic pressure, iso-osmotic, hypo-osmotic, hyperosmotic, tonicity, isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic, active transport, symporter, antiporter, facilitated diffusion. I. Body fluids are distributed in a variety of compartments. A. The three major compartments are: 1. Intracellular compartment = total volume inside all body cells. 2. Plasma compartment = fluid volume inside the circulatory system. 3. Interstitial compartment = volume between the plasma and intracellular compartments. 4. Extracellular compartment = plasma + interstitial fluid B. Slowly-exchanging compartments include bones and dense connective tissues, fluids within the eyes and in the joint capsules; in total, they comprise a small volume. C. Cells exchange materials with the environment almost entirely through the plasma. Fig. 15.1. The major fluid compartments of the body and how water, ions, and metabolites pass among them. D. Under normal conditions, the three compartments are in osmotic equilibrium with one another, but they contain different distributions of solutes. 1. There is a lot of organic anion (mostly proteins) inside cells, essentially none in interstitial fluid, and small quantities in the plasma. 2. Na+ and K+ have inverse concentration profiles across the cell membranes. 3. The total millimolar concentration of solutes is equal in each of the three compartments. 4. Materials that exchange between compartments must cross barriers: a. Cell membranes separate the intracellular and interstitial compartments. b.
    [Show full text]
  • Body Fluid Compartments Dr Sunita Mittal
    Body fluid compartments Dr Sunita Mittal Learning Objectives To learn: ▪ Composition of body fluid compartments. ▪ Differences of various body fluid compartments. ▪Molarity, Equivalence,Osmolarity-Osmolality, Osmotic pressure and Tonicity of substances ▪ Effect of dehydration and overhydration on body fluids Why is this knowledge important? ▪To understand various changes in body fluid compartments, we should understand normal configuration of body fluids. Total Body Water (TBW) Water is 60% by body weight (42 L in an adult of 70 kg - a major part of body). Water content varies in different body organs & tissues, Distribution of TBW in various fluid compartments Total Body Water (TBW) Volume (60% bw) ________________________________________________________________ Intracellular Fluid Compartment Extracellular Fluid Compartment (40%) (20%) _______________________________________ Extra Vascular Comp Intra Vascular Comp (15%) (Plasma ) (05%) Electrolytes distribution in body fluid compartments Intracellular fluid comp.mEq/L Extracellular fluid comp.mEq/L Major Anions Major Cation Major Anions + HPO4- - Major Cation K Cl- Proteins - Na+ HCO3- A set ‘Terminology’ is required to understand change of volume &/or ionic conc of various body fluid compartments. Molarity Definition Example Equivalence Osmolarity Osmolarity is total no. of osmotically active solute particles (the particles which attract water to it) per 1 L of solvent - Osm/L. Example- Osmolarity and Osmolality? Osmolarity is total no. of osmotically active solute particles per 1 L of solvent - Osm/L Osmolality is total no. of osmotically active solute particles per 1 Kg of solvent - Osm/Kg Osmosis Tendency of water to move passively, across a semi-permeable membrane, separating two fluids of different osmolarity is referred to as ‘Osmosis’. Osmotic Pressure Osmotic pressure is the pressure, applied to stop the flow of solvent molecules from low osmolarity to a compartment of high osmolarity, separated through a semi-permeable membrane.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, and Recommended Intakes
    Rolling Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality Draft for review and comments (Not for citation) Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, and Recommended Intakes By A. Grandjean World Health Organization August 2004 2 Introduction Water is an essential nutrient for all known forms of life and the mechanisms by which fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is maintained in humans are well understood. Until recently, our exploration of water requirements has been guided by the need to avoid adverse events such as dehydration. Our increasing appreciation for the impinging factors that must be considered when attempting to establish recommendations of water intake presents us with new and challenging questions. This paper, for the most part, will concentrate on water requirements, adverse consequences of inadequate intakes, and factors that affect fluid requirements. Other pertinent issues will also be mentioned. For example, what are the common sources of dietary water and how do they vary by culture, geography, personal preference, and availability, and is there an optimal fluid intake beyond that needed for water balance? Adverse consequences of inadequate water intake, requirements for water, and factors that affect requirements Adverse Consequences Dehydration is the adverse consequence of inadequate water intake. The symptoms of acute dehydration vary with the degree of water deficit (1). For example, fluid loss at 1% of body weight impairs thermoregulation and, thirst occurs at this level of dehydration. Thirst increases at 2%, with dry mouth appearing at approximately 3%. Vague discomfort and loss of appetite appear at 2%. The threshold for impaired exercise thermoregulation is 1% dehydration, and at 4% decrements of 20-30% is seen in work capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Everything You Need to Know About Whole House Water Filtration
    EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT WHOLE HOUSE WATER FILTRATION Whole house water filter, this in short is the way to ensure that you entire WHOLE HOUSE WATER FILTER home, and everyone within it, is getting pure safe water you desire. From every faucet. YOU NEED TO PROTECT YOUR FAMILY AND YOUR HEALTH BY Water is essential to life. ENSURING YOU ONLY HAVE You know this, so well. You also know that clean, pure water is important for your health. You have checked this, and you know some of the issues, SAFE PURE WATER COMING especially health issues, that come from water that has contaminants. FROM EVERY FAUCET IN YOUR With skin conditions, like eczema, being greatly affected by water quality. ENTIRE HOME. THINGS LIKE THAT ROTTEN EGG SMELL, CHLORINE There are of course other reasons for getting a whole house water filter installed. Around the US, many people are living in areas where lead, AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS mercury and other contaminants are a problem. Different contaminants AFFECT YOUR HEALTH. A GOOD affect your health in various ways, they also affect your piping and WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM plumbing, in a big way. THROUGHOUT YOUR HOME So, getting a water filtration system fitted, throughout your entire home, is HELPS YOU GET TRULY HEALTHY. a great thing to do. Especially when, you wish for your whole family to live long, happy lives. Whole House Water Filter Facts To Help You Best Protect Your Family ¦ What’s A Water Filter? ¦ Water Filtration System And Pure Water What You Need To Know! ¦ Contaminants Filtered Out By Your AquaOx Water Filtration System.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Metabolism During Dehydration and Rehydration in Camels Ali Abdullah Al-Qarawi Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1997 Regulation of water and electrolyte metabolism during dehydration and rehydration in camels Ali Abdullah Al-Qarawi Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Physiology Commons, and the Veterinary Physiology Commons Recommended Citation Al-Qarawi, Ali Abdullah, "Regulation of water and electrolyte metabolism during dehydration and rehydration in camels " (1997). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 11766. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/11766 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi'om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be fi'om any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper aligxmient can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • Kidney: Body Fluids & Renal Function
    Kidney: Body Fluids & Renal Function Adapted From: Textbook Of Medical Physiology, 11th Ed. Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall Chapters 25, 26, & 27 John P. Fisher © Copyright 2012, John P. Fisher, All Rights Reserved Overview of The Kidney and Body Fluids Introduction • The maintenance of volume and a stable composition of body fluids is essential for homeostasis • The kidneys are key players that control many functions • Overall regulation of body fluid volume • Regulation of the constituents of extracellular fluid • Regulation of acid-base balance • Control of fluid exchange between extracellular and intracellular compartments © Copyright 2012, John P. Fisher, All Rights Reserved 1 Balance of Fluid Intake and Fluid Output Introduction • Water intake comes from two sources • Ingested in the form of liquids or within food Normal Exercise • Synthesized as a result of the Intake oxidation of carbohydrates Ingested 2100 ? Metabolism 200 200 • Water loss occurs in many forms Total Intake 2300 ? • Insensible water loss • Evaporation through skin Output • Humidification of inspired air Insensible - Skin 350 350 • Sweat Insensible - Lungs 350 650 • Feces Sweat 100 5000 • Urine Feces 100 100 • The kidneys are a critical Urine 1400 500 mechanism of controlling water Total Output 2300 6600 loss © Copyright 2012, John P. Fisher, All Rights Reserved Balance of Fluid Intake and Fluid Output Body Fluid Compartments • Total body fluid is divided between extracellular fluid, transcellular fluid, and intracellular fluid • Extracellular fluid is again divided between blood plasma and interstitial fluid • Transcellular fluid includes fluid in the synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, and intraocular space • A 70 kg person contains approximately 42 liters of water (60%) and varies with significant physical parameters • Age • Sex • Obesity Guyton & Hall.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 25: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid / Base Balance
    Chapter 25: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid / Base Balance Chapters 25: Fluid / Electrolyte / Acid-Base Balance Body Fluids: 1) Water: (universal solvent) Body water varies based on of age, sex, mass, and body composition H2O ~ 73% body weight Low body fat Low bone mass H2O (♂) ~ 60% body weight H2O (♀) ~ 50% body weight ♀ = body fat / muscle mass H2O ~ 45% body weight Chapters 25: Fluid / Electrolyte / Acid-Base Balance Body Fluids: 1) Water: (universal solvent) Total Body Water Volume = 40 L (60% body weight) Plasma Intracellular Fluid (ICF) Interstitial Volume = 3 = Volume Volume = 25 L Fluid (40% body weight) Volume = 12 L L Extracellular Fluid (ECF) Volume = 15 L (20% body weight) 1 Chapters 25: Fluid / Electrolyte / Acid-Base Balance Body Fluids: 2) Solutes: A) Non-electrolytes (do not dissociate in solution – neutral) • Mostly organic molecules (e.g., glucose, lipids, urea) B) Electrolytes (dissociate into ions in solution – charged) • Inorganic salts • Inorganic / organic acids • Proteins Although individual [solute] are different between compartments, the osmotic concentrations of the ICF and ECF are usually identical… Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 25.2 Chapters 25: Fluid / Electrolyte / Acid-Base Balance Body Fluids: 2) Solutes: What happens to ICF volume if we increase osmolarity of ECF? IV bags of varying osmolarities allow for manipulation of ECF / ICF levels… Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 25.2 Chapters 25: Fluid / Electrolyte / Acid-Base Balance Water Balance: ICF functions as a reservoir For proper hydration: Waterintake = Wateroutput Water Output Water Intake Feces (2%) < 0 Metabolism (10%) Sweat (8%) Osmolarity rises: • Thirst Solid Skin / (30%) (30%) foods lungs • ADH release > 0 Ingested Urine liquids Osmolarity lowers: (60%) (60%) • Thirst • ADH release 2500 ml/day 2500 ml/day = 0 2 Chapters 25: Fluid / Electrolyte / Acid-Base Balance Water Balance: Thirst Mechanism: osmolarity / volume (-) of extra.
    [Show full text]
  • WATER REQUIREMENTS, IMPINGING FACTORS, and RECOMMENDED INTAKES Ann C
    3. WATER REQUIREMENTS, IMPINGING FACTORS, AND RECOMMENDED INTAKES Ann C. Grandjean The Center for Human Nutrition University of Nebraska Omaha, Nebraska USA ______________________________________________________________________________ I. INTRODUCTION Water is an essential nutrient for all known forms of life and the mechanisms by which fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is maintained in humans are well understood. Until recently, our exploration of water requirements has been guided by the need to avoid adverse events such as dehydration. Increasing appreciation for the impinging factors that must be considered when attempting to establish recommendations of water intake presents us with new and challenging questions. This paper, for the most part, will concentrate on water requirements, adverse consequences of inadequate intakes, and factors that affect fluid requirements. Other pertinent issues will also be mentioned. For example, what are the common sources of dietary water and how do they vary by culture, geography, personal preference, and availability, and is there an optimal fluid intake beyond that needed for water balance? II. ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF INADEQUATE WATER INTAKE, REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER, AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT REQUIREMENTS 1. Adverse Consequences Dehydration is the adverse consequence of inadequate water intake. The symptoms of acute dehydration vary with the degree of water deficit (1). For example, fluid loss at 1% of body weight impairs thermoregulation and, thirst occurs at this level of dehydration. Thirst increases at 2%, with dry mouth appearing at approximately 3%. Vague discomfort and loss of appetite appear at 2%. The threshold for impaired exercise thermoregulation is 1% dehydration, and at 4% decrements of 20-30% is seen in work capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluids, Electrolytes and Acid-Base Balance
    Fluids,Fluids, ElectrolytesElectrolytes andand AcidAcid--BaseBase BalanceBalance Todd A. Nickloes, DO, FACOS Assistant Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery Division of Trauma/CriticalTrauma/Critical Care University of Tennessee Medical Center - Knoxville ObjectivesObjectives DefineDefine normalnormal rangesranges ofof electrolyteselectrolytes Compare/contrastCompare/contrast intracellular,intracellular, extracellularextracellular,, andand intravascularintravascular volumesvolumes OutlineOutline methodsmethods ofof determiningdetermining fluidfluid andand acid/baseacid/base balancebalance DescribeDescribe thethe clinicalclinical manifestationsmanifestations ofof variousvarious electrolyteelectrolyte imbalances.imbalances. NormalNormal PlasmaPlasma RangesRanges ofof ElectrolytesElectrolytes Cations Concentration Sodium 135-145 mEq/L Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Calcium 8.0-10.5 mEq/L Magnesium 1.5-2.5 mEq/L Anions Chloride 95-105 mEq/L Bicarbonate 24-30 mEq/L Phosphate 2.5-4.5 mEq/L Sulfate 1.0 mEq/L Organic Acids (Lactate) 2.0 mEq/L Total Protein 6.0-8.4 mEq/L NormalNormal RangesRanges ofof ElectrolytesElectrolytes SodiumSodium (Na(Na+)) RangeRange 135135 -- 145145 mEqmEq/L/L inin serumserum TotalTotal bodybody volumevolume estimatedestimated atat 4040 mEqmEq/kg/kg 1/31/3 fixedfixed toto bone,bone, 2/32/3 extracellularextracellular andand availableavailable forfor transtrans--membranemembrane exchangeexchange NormalNormal dailydaily requirementrequirement 11--22 mEqmEq/kg/day/kg/day ChiefChief extracellularextracellular
    [Show full text]
  • Consumption of Low Tds Water
    International Headquarters & Laboratory Phone 630 505 0160 WWW.WQA.ORG A not-for-profit organization CONSUMPTION OF LOW TDS WATER Since the beginning of time, water has been both praised and blamed for good health and human ills. We now know the real functions of water in the human body are to serve as a solvent and medium for the transport of nutrients and wastes to and from cells throughout the body, a regulator of temperature, a lubricator of joints and other tissues, and a participant in our body's biochemical reactions. It is the H2O in water and not the dissolved and suspended minerals and other constituents that carry out these functions. Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of the combined content of all inorganic and organic matter which is found in solution in water. Water low in TDS is defined in this paper as that containing between 1-100 milligrams per liter (mg/l) of TDS. This is typical of the water quality obtained from distillation, reverse osmosis, and deionization point-of-use water treatment of public or private water supplies that are generally available to consumers in the world. Worldwide, there are no agencies having scientific data to support that drinking water with low TDS will have adverse health effects. There is a recommendation regarding high TDS, which is to drink water with less than 500mg/L. Some people speculate that drinking highly purified water, treated by distillation, reverse osmosis, or deionization, "leaches" minerals from the body and thus causes mineral deficiencies with subsequent ill health effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Renal Physiology Question
    Med Phys 2011 4/18/2011 Lisa M Harrison-Bernard, PhD Associate Professor Department of Physiology Renal Physiologist MEB Room 7213; 568-6175 [email protected] Please Use the Subject Line – Renal Physiology Question Posted on Medical Physiology Schedule of Classes: Learning Objectives, Reading AiAssignmen tHdtPblStts, Handouts, Problems Sets, Tutorials, Review Article Renal Lecture 1 – Harrison-Bernard 1 Med Phys 2011 4/18/2011 Renal Physiology - Lectures 1. Physiology of Body Fluids – Problem Set Posted – 4/19/11 2. Structure & Function of the Kidneys 3. Renal Clearance & Glomerular Filtration – Problem Set Posted 4. Regulation of Renal Blood Flow – Review Article Posted 5. Transport of Sodium & Chloride – Posting of Tutorials A & B Renal Physiology - Lectures 6. Transport of Urea, Glucose, Phosphate, Calcium & Organic Solutes 7. Regulation of Potassium Balance 8. Regulation of Water Balance 9. Transport of Acids & Bases 10. Integration of Salt & Water Balance Renal Lecture 1 – Harrison-Bernard 2 Med Phys 2011 4/18/2011 Renal Physiology - Lectures 11. Clinical Correlation - 5/4/11 12. Problem Set Rev iew – 5/9/11 13. Exam Review – 5/9/11 14. Exam IV – 5/12/11 15. Final Exam – 5/18/11 THE END OF PHYSIOLOGY!! Renal Physiology Lecture 1 Physiology of Body Fluids Chapter 1 - Koeppen & Stanton Renal Physiology 1. Terminology 2. Body Fluid Compartments 3. IditDiltiPiilIndicator Dilution Principle 4. Clinical Examples Renal Lecture 1 – Harrison-Bernard 3 Med Phys 2011 4/18/2011 Three Emergency Room Patients • 80 yo - over medicated - no drinking
    [Show full text]
  • Dehydration: a Hidden Risk to the Elderly Adapted From
    Dehydration: A Hidden Risk to the Elderly Adapted from https://www.parentgiving.com/elder-care/dehydration-a-hidden-risk-to-the-elderly/ It's important for caregivers to be more aware of ways to prevent dehydration, recognize signs of dehydration in the elderly, and to treat it promptly. Sudden shifts in the body’s water balance can frequently result in dehydration, and the physical changes associated with aging expose the elderly in particular to the risks of dehydration. One serious danger to the elderly is that they may not know about their dehydrated condition, which could lead to it not being treated and result in more serious consequences. In one study of residents in a long-term care facility, author Janet Mentes reported that 31 percent of patients were dehydrated. In a related study, researchers found that 48 percent of older adults admitted into hospitals after treatment at emergency departments actually had signs of dehydration in their laboratory results. Dehydration: The Causes, The Health Risks Dehydration in seniors is often due partly to inadequate water intake, but can happen for many other reasons as well including diarrhea, excessive sweating, loss of blood, diseases such as diabetes, as well as a side effect of prescribed medication like diuretics. Aging itself makes people less aware of thirst and gradually lowers the body’s ability to regulate its fluid balance. Elders may not feel thirst as keenly Scientists warn that the ability to be aware of and respond to thirst is slowly blunted as we age. As a result, older people do not feel thirst as readily as younger people do.
    [Show full text]