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Expert report

TRANSCANADA ENERGY EAST PIPELINE

Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa region

GEO-16-004-16- 32

September 2016

Expert report

TRANSCANADA ENERGY EAST PIPELINE Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa region

GEO-16-004-16-32

September 2016

Report prepared by:

Abdelkader Aiachi, Ph.D. Project manager, Geosciences

Report approved by:

Chantal Savaria, ing., EESA, VEA

Table of contents

1. Introduction ...... 1

2. Features of transported products ...... 2 2.1 Products nature ...... 2 2.2 Oil products behaviour in water ...... 2 2.3 Oil products behaviour in ice ...... 3 2.4 Quantity of transported products...... 4 2.5 Spill of crude oil (examples) ...... 5 2.5.1 Example of crude oil spill in the North Saskatchewan River ...... 5 2.5.2 Example of crude oil spill in the Kalamazoo River, Michigan (United States) ...... 6

3. Spill impacts in two watercourses of the Ottawa Region: Rideau River and Mississippi River ...... 7 3.1 Estimation of the quantity spilled ...... 9 3.1.1 Scenario 1 • Reaction time of 13 min according to TransCanada ...... 12 3.1.2 Scenario 2 • Reaction time of 120 min ...... 12 3.2 Rideau river ...... 13 3.2.1 Current state of the river ...... 13 3.2.2 Hydrological and hydrographic data ...... 13 3.2.3 Maximal downstream propagation distance of the contamination plume ...... 14 3.2.4 Environmental impacts ...... 14 3.3 Mississippi River ...... 16 3.3.1 Current state of the river ...... 16 3.3.2 Hydrological and hydrographic data ...... 16 3.3.3 Maximal downstream propagation distance of the contamination plume ...... 16 3.3.4 Environmental impacts ...... 18

4. Mitigation measures in the case of a spill in both watercourses ...... 19 4.1 Mitigation measures ...... 19 4.1.1 Product containment and recuperation ...... 19 4.1.2 Banks and shores cleaning ...... 19 4.1.3 Rehabilitation cost ...... 19

5. Spill impacts in wetlands and underground watersin the Ottawa Region ...... 20 5.1 Spill impact in wetlands ...... 20 5.2 Spill impact on groundwater...... 22

6. Assessments ...... 23 6.1 Rideau River ...... 23 6.2 Mississippi River ...... 23 6.3 Wetlands and underground waters ...... 24 6.3.1 Wetlands ...... 24 6.3.2 Underground waters ...... 24

7. Conclusion...... 25

8. Bibliography ...... 26

List of tables

Table 1. Spill by pipeline in North America between 2006 and 2016 ...... 10 Table 2. Volumes spilled – Scenario 1 ...... 12 Table 3. Volumes spilled – Scenario 2 ...... 12 Table 4. Total annual discharge and peak flow ...... 13 Table 5. Plume propagation distance for a given travel time ...... 14 Table 6. Plume propagation distance for a given travel time ...... 16

List of figures

Figure 1. Map of surface waters and wetlands ...... 8 Figure 2. Map of the estimated plume propagation of the spill in the Rideau River and Rideau Canal . 15 Figure 3. Map of the estimated plume propagation of the spill in the Mississippi River ...... 17 Figure 4. Location of drinking water intakes from private wells in the Ottawa and Grenville area ...... 21

ii TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa region

1. Introduction

TransCanada’s Energy East pipeline project (hereinafter Energy East project) is a pipeline project of 4500 kilometers, which will transport approximately 1,1 million barrels of oil a day (174 million liters) from Alberta and Saskatchewan to refineries located in the east of Canada and to a shipping terminal in New Brunswick.

The project includes the construction of approximately 1520 kilometers of new pipes and linked installations, namely laterals, pipeline connections, tank terminal and a shipping terminal in New Brunswick. The starting point is planned to be a new tank terminal, at Hardisty in Alberta. Two other terminals will be built along the pipeline route, the first one in Saskatchewan and the second one, in the Saint-John area, in New Brunswick. The project also includes the conversion of approximately 3000 kilometers of existing natural gas pipeline owned by TransCanada to an oil transportation pipeline which will be yielded to Energy East.

In order to support the Council of Canadians and Ecology Ottawa works and reflections regarding the new TransCanada pipeline proposal, a mandate has been given to Savaria Experts-Conseils inc, to evaluate the impacts of petroleum hydrocarbons spill in the main watercourses in the Ottawa Region.

Results from this evaluation are presented in this technical report. The report includes impact descriptions of a spill in the two main watercourses of the territory of Ottawa Region, namely the Rideau River and the Mississippi River. In order to evaluate the impacts, the quantity of spilled products, as well as features of watercourses (hydrographic data, sediment features, flood plain, etc.) have been taken into consideration.

GEO-16-004-16-32 Rapport d’expertise 1 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

2. Features of transported products

2.1 Products nature

Three types of crude oils will be transported through the Energy East project: conventional light crude oil, synthetic crude oil and diluted bitumen.

Conventional light crude oil (Bakken crude oil) can be distinguished by its high proportion of light hydrocarbons and its weak content in heavy components. It is the lightest crude oil that can be transported by the Energy East project (its 42.1° API gravity is very high, which demonstrates that it floats on water).

Synthetic crude oil can be compared to conventional light crude oil of an average weight. Typical synthetic crude oil (Husky synthetic blend) has an API gravity of 32.2° (floats on water).

Diluted bitumen has an API gravity of 20.7° (floats on water).

2.2 Oil products behaviour in water

Fate of crude oil and its persistency in the environment depends on several factors which may vary with the existing conditions of each site. Its evolution and propagation in the environment mostly rely on the speed and efficiency of containment and cleaning emergency interventions.

If they are spilled in water, crude oils will float on the water surface because their gravity is more than 10° API. If crude oils stay on the water surface during a long period, some of their components will evaporate, dissolve, photo degrade, biodegrade and, after a while, some of these substances will sink before being adsorbed by the sediments. However, behaviour of oil products in water and the environment is generally complex and hard to predict according to current knowledge.

A panel of experts has been constituted at the request of the Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA) and the Canadian Association Petroleum Producers (CAPP) and have produced a report regarding spill behaviour in different environments (Royal Society of Canada, November 2015).

In this report, the expert panel highlighted the importance of addressing the current identified knowledge and proposes research activities to better understand the environmental impact of oil spills on the various elements of the environment, including rivers and wetlands.

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 2 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

Among the various recommendations produced the fourth one is mentioned to illustrate the importance to further research on spilled oil behaviour and its consequences in the environment. High- priority research needs identified by the Expert Panel are reproduced below (Royal Society of Canada, November 2015):

« 1. Research is needed to better understand the environmental impact of spilled crude oil in high-risk and poorly understood areas, such as Arctic waters, the Deep Ocean and shores or inland rivers and wetlands.

2. Research is needed to increase the understanding of effects of oil spills on aquatic life and wildlife at the population, community and ecosystem levels.

3. A national, priority-directed program of baseline research and monitoring is needed to develop an understanding of the environmental and ecological characteristics of areas that may be affected by oil spills in the future and to identify any unique sensitivity to oil effects.

4. A program of controlled field research is needed to better understand spill behaviour and effects across a spectrum of crude oil types in different ecosystems and conditions.

5. Research is needed to investigate the efficacy of spill responses and to take full advantage of « spills of opportunity ».

6. Research is needed to improve spill prevention and develop/apply response decision support systems to ensure sound response decisions and effectiveness.

7. Research is needed to update and refine risk assessment protocols for oil spills in Canada. »

2.3 Oil products behaviour in ice

Lee & al. (2011) provided a thorough examination of hydrocarbons behaviour in waters filled by ice in Arctic. The conclusions of this report are summarised below.

A clear effect of ice on oil is the decrease of temperature causing an increase in oil viscosity. However, the weathering process could still occur. In particular, for the oil that accumulates between the ice blocks, evaporation becomes the dominant mechanism of alteration. In addition, the high viscosity prevents the oil from spreading on the water, becoming less sensitive to physical or chemical dispersion (Fingas and Hollebone, 2003). Hydrocarbons spilled directly on ice would have a tendency to spread less than on water, because of the ice roughness which reduces their propagation compared to water (ITG 1983).

During winter, when the new ice is formed, oil spilled on it may be encapsulated in the ice structure. In some instances, this process may happen rapidly (in 18 to 72 hours). In salt water, ice formation comes with salt liberation, which brings “brine canals” and “brine lakes”, which contain solutions with a high concentration of sea salt, forming little tank accumulation of oil between ice block (Bobra and Fingas, 1986).

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 3 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

In terms of transportation, studies have shown that as long as the ice layer is less than 30% of the surface of water, oil behaves more or less independently of ice. However, when the ice layer is above 30%, oil has a tendency to drift with the ice (Ross and Dickins, 1987; Venkatesh & al., 1990). In this case, it will be necessary to use ice models to follow the movement of the oil. Recently, considerable efforts have been made on remote sensing, namely the use of satellites to detect the presence and thickness of oil under water (Dickins & al., 2008 and 2011).

2.4 Quantity of transported products

The Energy East project aims to deliver and transport crude oil products by an underground pipeline between a supply center located near Hardisty in Alberta and refineries and terminals located in Quebec, as well as in New Brunswick, with the addition of petroleum products in Saskatchewan. Its maximal transportation capacity will be of 175 000 cubic meters (1.1 million barrels) of crude oil per day. This will be the greatest project of oil products transportation in Canada.

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 4 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

2.5 Spill of crude oil (examples)

2.5.1 Example of crude oil spill in the North Saskatchewan River

The equivalent of 1573 oil barrels blended to a lighter hydrocarbon spilled into the North Saskatchewan River, near Maidstone City, following the pipeline break down of the company Husky Energy. This event occurred on July 21st 2016 and forced downstream municipalities to cease sourcing their drinking water supply in the river. Fourteen hours passed before the oil company informed the authorities about the anomalies that were identified.

The delayed Husky Energy reaction allowed the spilled oil to travel more than 500 kilometers on the surface of North Saskatchewan River. According to E-Tech International (September 2016), Husky Energy reacted 14 hours after the knowledge of the spill. The oil spilled in larger quantities and at greater distances due also to the strategy adopted to contain this oil. It is possible to note, for example, that oil booms could have been installed earlier upstream of the water intakes. In fact, oil booms were used 3 days after the beginning of the spill.

The oil that was spilled from the Husky pipeline is a diluted crude oil called HLU Blended LLB, which is a heavy crude oil from oil fields in Lloydminster in Alberta. It is a heavy crude reserved for refining to obtain products such as diesel, fuel oil and other oil products. During its transportation in the pipeline, this oil is blended with diluent (condensate) to reduce its viscosity.

Crude oil spill in the North Saskatchewan River Source : E-tech International, September 2016

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 5 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

2.5.2 Example of crude oil spill in the Kalamazoo River, Michigan (United States)

Following the rupture of the pipeline 6B of Enbridge between July 25th and 26th 2010, the equivalent of 20 000 barrels of crude oil spilled into Kalamazoo River, Michigan (United States), as pipeline controllers were unable to agree that a leak occurred and, in fact, ignored the alarms that would have stopped it in 10 minutes.

According to a National Transportation Safety Board (United States) report, pipeline valve closure was made by the supervisors after a field worker in Michigan alerted them, that is 17 hours after the first alarm. Oil spilled had spread 60 kilometers on the Kalamazoo River. The Kalamazoo River cleaning work cost Enbridge more than 1.2 billion dollars (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2016).

Crude oil spill in Kalamazoo River

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 6 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

3. Spill impacts in two watercourses of the Ottawa Region: Rideau River and Mississippi River

Assessing the Impact of an oil spill for both watercourses (Rideau and Mississippi rivers) includes:

 Current state of the river

 Hydrological and hydrographic data

 Municipalities drinking water intake localisation

 Maximal downstream propagation distance of the plume contamination

 Environmental impacts

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 7 Québec )"Þ ORLEANS

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O Expertise_pipeline- The wetland data are from Duck Unlimited server S Énergie-Est (Ottawa) 3 :http://maps.ducks.ca/cwi/

MXD: Figure1_surface_water_wetlands_SL_20160922 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

3.1 Estimation of the quantity spilled

In this section, we estimated the amount of oil that could be spilled at the location where the Energy East project crosses one of the two rivers (Rideau and Mississippi), according to two separate scenarios, namely:

Scenario 1 • Reaction time1 of 13 min according to TransCanada

Scenario 2 • Reaction time of 120 min

These scenarios are considered very optimistic, the one of 13 minutes being unrealistic. Optimistic since among 25 of the most important spills between 2006 and 2016, reaction time haven’t been mentioned by the company for the majority (21), while leak detection systems have proved not functional for 6 of them. Leak detections have taken between 8 hours and 2 weeks after the leak begun. Always among these 25 cases of spill, three of them were noticed by an external person (farmers, airline pilot). The only spill that was immediately detected was the one where an explosion occurred (see table 1).

1 Reaction time: Time spread between the accident and the valve closure.

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 9 Pipeline spill between 2006 and 2016

Location Oil company Date Spill Decontamination cost Environment contaminated Current state Incident cause Leak detection and communication Reaction time

25 millions US in fine + corrective measures to The leak detection system didn't Prudhoe Bay (North Slope) implement (estimated to 60 The spill has reach a lake and cover almost recognize or identify the leak. (Alaska) BP/TransAlaska Pipeline Mar-06 1 million liters of crude oil millions) 2 acres of tundra Probably corrosion Discovered by an employee. Several hours

Rainbow Pipe Line (semble 190 000 liters of light sweet The spill has flowed in the river and On May 9th 2007, cleaning The leak spot has been identified 8 Slave lake (Alberta) appartenir à Plains Midstream) Oct-06 crude oil neighbouring pond wasn't done. Stress corrosion cracking hours after detection of a potential leak 8 hours

3 company involved must pay a total of 550 000$. Cleaning Approximately 70 000 liters in Burrard Inlet Worker drilled the pipeline with his cost of the watercourse watercourse. 11 houses have been affected, excavator. Pipeline badly drawn on plans Burnaby (British Columbia) TransMountain pipeline Jan-07 250 000 liters of crude oil estimated at 15M$ 250 residents were evacuated dating from 1957. Not establish

"a weld that split open along the horizontal seam of the pipe due to fatigue" . Pipeline Denver City (Texas) ConocoPhillips Jan-08 4,9 millions liters of crude oil Damages estimated at 7M$ US build in 1948. The leak was not detected into 24 hours 24 hours Spill spread over 33 kilometers in Red Deer River, which feeds Gleniffer lake. Oil Unknown, 49 years old pipeline inspected Red Deer River - Sundre (Alberta) Pembina Pipeline Jun-08 20 000 liters of sweet crude oil accumulation on the lake. the previous year Not establish Explosion. Report disclosed in 2014 Explosion and oil spill of a after CBC request in virtue of Access to pipeline carrying oil from information Act. According to NEB, it is Peace River (Alberta) TransCanada Jul-09 bituminous sand Two hectares of decimated forest an administratice mistake. Not establish Electrical problem with a pomp. 33 years Fort Greely (Alaska) TransAlaska May-10 378 000 liters of oil old pipeline. Worker on the field has noticed the leak Not establish Contaminants spread over 60 kilometer in Bitumen still submerged at 17 hours after the fisrt alert. Warning Kalamazoo (Michigan) Enbridge Jul-10 3,2 millions liters of bitumen 1,2 billion US Kalamazoo river the bottom of the river Corrosion ignored. 17 horus

A farmer downstream of the river sound Bad inspection the previous year and after the alarm. "An employee at the this excavation, soils have not been well company's control centre in Olds Little Buffalo (Rainbow pipeline) Three hectares of bogs and beaver dams. On June 9th 2012, cleaning compacted around the pipeline, causing restarted the pipeline several times (Alberta) Plains Midstream Apr-11 4,5 millons liters of crude oil 70 millions Crees community at 30 kilometers wasn't done additional pressure. 46 years old pipeline. after the initial break". more than 13 minutes

Brampton (North Dakota) TransCanada May-11 75 000 liters of oil shale Anomaly in one pump station valve Not establish 4,3 hectares affected. 20 kilometers southeast of Rainbow Lake. No house or 3,5 millions liters of waste water watercourse near the spill, but presence of Discovered by a routine flight of another Rainbow lake (Alberta) Pace oil and gas May-12 (70%) and oil (30%) bogs. oil company Several hours Shores, Gleniffer lake and Gleniffer 475 000 liters of light sour crude reservoir contaminated (supply of drinking Red Deer River - Sundre (Alberta) Plains Midstream Jun-12 oil water for several communities) Not establish Elk Point (Alberta) Enbridge Jun-12 230 000 liters of crude oil Spill in natural environment Defective seal Not establish Wisconsin Enbridge Jul-12 190 000 liters of oil In a field near Grand Marsh municipality Unknown Not establish 42 hectares affected, destroying all trees and fauna. Within an ancestral hunting Spill begining date is unknown. Spill 9,5 millions liters of waste water territory of the members of Dene Tha first noticed on June 1st, but disclosed one Zama City (Alberta) Apache Canada Jun-13 (oil, salt, minerals) nation week later. Several hours Unknown and unpublished The spill would have been contained into Alberta Clipper - Rowatt (Alberta) Enbridge Jan-14 despite NEB intervention the company land. Not establish Benton Harbor (Michigan) TransCanada Sept-14 Unpublished, natural gas 500 residents evacuated their houses Unknown Several hours 100 meters by 20 meters at 350 kilometers Red Earth Creek (Alberta) Canadian Natural Resources Nov-14 60 000 liters of crude oil Northwest Edmonton Mecanical problem Several hours

Oil has migrated through the ice up to 60 Yellowstone river (Canada to miles from Glendive. Contamination of water Montana) Bridger Pipeline Jan-15 475 000 liters of oil reserves of 6000 residents of Glendive Several hours

2,7 millions liters of condensate (to dilute oil in order to allow it to Peace River (Alberta) Murphy Oil Mar-15 pass through the pipeline) Presence of bogs Several hours Pipeline spill between 2006 and 2016

Location Oil company Date Spill Decontamination cost Environment contaminated Current state Incident cause Leak detection and communication Reaction time

16 000 m2 restricted to pipeline surrounding. Area made of bogs, 36 km southeast Fort McMurray. According to Alberta Enery The leak may have begin between June Long Lake - Fort McMurray 5 millions liters of bitumen, sand Regulator, no watercourse or wildlife have On October 2nd 2015, 82% of 29 and July 14, detection system hasn't (Alberta) Nexen Energy Jul-15 and waste water been affected and the public is safe. the area was cleaned Leak in the pipeline triggered. Several hours

Fine of 14 440$ that will be invest in the federal fund Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (to Three Ohio Valley Waterways (including help cleaning spill). Even if the Little Grave Creek, a tributary to the Ohio 500 liters of condensate natural company paid the fine, it didn't River). The substance appear as a sparkle Ohio Williams Ohio Valley Midstream gas admit or deny the spill. on the surface of the water. Not establish Company took 14 hours following On July 30th 2016, 6 irregularities noticed by employees to kilometers of shore have inform the autorities about the spill, been cleaned. On August 5th because they were considered normal 2016, 133 000 liters have since the pipeline was still working. been collected in the river. Later, the company changed its story, North Saskatchewan river contaminated. The Ministry of Environment saying it only took 30 minutes before 200 000 to 250 000 liters of oil Unknown. The prime minister Drinking water intakes of the city of North admis that it was unlikely that they inform the autorities. The exact blended whith light hydrocarbon hope that the company will take Battleford and Prince Albert can't be used. the whole spill can be Leak in a part of the pipeline, located 2 to location was discovered on July 29th, Maidstone (Saskatchewan) Husky Energy Juil-16 (diluent) in charge the fees. Several dead birds. cleaned. 3 meters under the river shore which is 8 days later. 14 hours TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

For the available reaction times, the average is 16 hours. Therefore, scenarios 1 and 2 are not realistic. In fact, it is an evidence that reaction time will be several hours. This attests that both scenarios are very optimistic, almost unrealistic in the case of 13 minutes as reported by TransCanada.

For each scenario, we estimated the spilled volume in the case where the pipeline would completely break (tables 1 and 2). For scenario 1 the quantity of oil spilled, for 13 minutes before closing the valves, is estimated at 1.15 million liters (9930 barrels). For scenario 2, the quantity of oil spilled, for 120 minutes before closing the valves, is estimated at 14.5 million liters (91 000 barrels).

3.1.1 Scenario 1 • Reaction time of 13 min according to TransCanada

In the estimation of spilled volumes, we considered the spill according to valve localization. Table 2 shows spill volumes for scenario 1.

Table 2. Volumes spilled – Scenario 1

Length between two block valve (km) 1 2 5 10

Volume spilled before valve closing 1.15 million [during 13 min] (liters)

Volume spilled after valve closing (liters) 892 000 1.78 million 4.5 millions 8.9 millions

Total estimated volume (liters) 2 millions 3 millions 6 millions 10 millions

* According to TransCanada data, pipe has a diameter of 42 inches (1.07 m).

3.1.2 Scenario 2 • Reaction time of 120 min

Once again valve location was the factor considered in estimating spilled volumes for a reaction time of 120 minutes. Table 3 shows spilled volumes for scenario 2.

Table 3. Volumes spilled – Scenario 2

Length between two block valve (km) 1 2 5 10

Volume spilled before valve closing 14.5 millions [during 120 min] (liters)

Volume spilled after valve closing (liters) 892 000 1.78 million 4.5 millions 8.9 millions

Total estimated volume (liters) 15 millions 16 millions 19 millions 23 millions

* According to TransCanada data, pipe has a diameter of 42 inches (1.07 m).

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 12 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

3.2 Rideau river

3.2.1 Current state of the river

The Rideau River, located east in the province of Ontario, is approximately 100 km long. It begins near Smiths Falls and passes through different landscapes, agricultural and forest first then increasingly urbanized, before flowing into the Ottawa River in Ottawa.

The Energy East project goes through 32 watercourses in the Rideau River watershed. It crosses the Rideau River in the sector of Baxter ecological conservation area. Ottawa and Gatineau surface water intakes, located nearest to where the pipeline crosses the river, are at approximately 52 kilometers downstream.

The Rideau River merges with the canal of the same name on almost its entire length. It follows a different route only in the northern section, in the City of Ottawa.

The Rideau Canal has a complex system of 47 locks that maintain the water level to a depth of at least 1.5 meters, to allow boat navigation. These locks also allow boats to cross the 83 meters vertical drop between Upper Rideau Lake and Ottawa, and the one of 50 meters between the same lake and Kingston.

The undeniable historical value of the Rideau Canal, as well as the ecological value of the lakes and rivers that compose it, were recognized in 2000 when it was designated as a « Canadian heritage river ».

3.2.2 Hydrological and hydrographic data

Flow rate data has been collected from a WSC (Water Survey of Canada) station located downstream of Merrickville. The annual discharge and the daily peak flow at the WSC station are shown in the following table.

Table 4. Total annual discharge and peak flow

Gross drainage Peak on 10 years Daily peak flow on Average annual superficies Daily flow rate 100 years discharge (km2) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)

Rideau River downstream 1920 140 160 25 of Merrickville

The wet width where the Energy East project crosses the river is approximately 300 meters and the length of the river is 100 kilometers.

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 13 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

3.2.3 Maximal downstream propagation distance of the contamination plume

Downstream propagation distance of the contamination plume was estimated in function of the daily 10 years peak flow. Maximal water flow speed was calculated considering the wet width where the pipeline crosses the Rideau River. The following table shows propagation distance for a given time.

Table 5. Plume propagation distance for a given travel time

Travel time

1 h 2 h 4 h 6 h 8 h 12 h 16 h 20 h 24 h 28 h 32 h 48 h

Plume propagation 1.,1 2.,2 4.4 6.5 8.6 13 17.5 22 26.5 31 35 53 distance (km)

3.2.4 Environmental impacts

The nearest location of a surface water intake is 52 kilometers downstream of the pipeline route. Results of plume maximal propagation distance, for 48 hours, is estimated 53 kilometers. Therefore, if intervention time is more than 48 hours, Gatineau’s first drinking water intake, located downstream of the spill, will be affected (see figure 2).

The spill could damage water quality in the upstream part of the Rideau River and canal. Furthermore, the spill would have consequences on aquatic ecosystems, as well as on recreational activities. The extent of the impacted area along Rideau River would include the shorelines and the sediments. A significant spill (for scenarios 1 and 2) will bring an interruption of recreational activities and loss of income from activities related to tourism. This incident, which will be widely publicized, could have a negative impact on the public perception regarding the area affected, diminishing activities during several years.

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 14 ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ RIDEAU-VANIE!HR ?@ INNES ?@ Þ ?@ Ottawa ?@?@ " BEACON HILL-CYRVILLE )SOMERSET ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ KITCHISSIPPI CAPITAL ALTA VIS?@TA ORLEANS ?@ FIGURE 2 Þ ?@?@ CUMBERLAND )" ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ $ ?@ Map of the estimated plume BEACON H?@ILL-CYRVILLE ?@ Þ ?@ ?@ ?@ )"BAY propagation of the spill in the RIDEAU-ROC?@KCLIFFE ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ H Rideau River and Rideau Canal IN?@NES ?@ 2 RIDEAU-VANIER ?@?@?@ 3 GLOUCESTER-SOUTHGATE SOMERSET ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ WEST CARLETON-MARCH !H COLLEG?@E?@ RIVER ?@ Þ ?@ CUMBERLAND ?@ ?@ ?@ )" ?@ ?@ ?@?@ LEGEND Þ ?@ H ?@ Þ KITCHISSIPPI ALTA V?@IST?@A 8 )" ?@ 2 ?@ ?@ CAPITAL ?@ ?@ 1 hour Þ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ VT Hypothetical oil leak 2 hours )" ?@ ?@ ?@ KNOXDALE-MERIVALE ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ 4 hours ?@ ?@?@ RIVER ?@ B?@AY ?@?@?@ ?@ ?@?@ Underground water well 6 hours ?@ ?@?@ ?@?@ GL?@OUC?@ESTER-SOUTHGATE ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ " Pumping station 8 hours ?@ ?@ ?@ 24 H ?@ KANATA NORTH ?@ ?@ 12 hours GLOUCESTER-SOUTH NEPEAN ?@ Þ Drinking water treatment plan COLLEGE ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ )" 16 hours ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@KNOXDALE-MERIVALE ?@ ?@ ?@ Þ Ottawa drinking water 20 hours ?@ ?@ )" treatment plan ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ 24 hours KANATA SOUTH ?@ ?@ Þ Gatineau drinking water ?@ ?@ 20 H 28 hours ?@GLOUCESTER?@-SOUTH NEPEAN BARRHAV?@EN ?@ )" treatment plan ?@ ?@ ?@ 32 hours ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ Transcanada Energy East ?@ ?@ BARRHAVE?@N ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ pipeline 48 hours ?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ OSGOODE ?@ ?@ H Transcanada Energy East ?@ ?@ 6 ?@ ?@?@ ?@ 1 proposed pipeline ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ Hydrography ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ OSGOODE ?@?@ ?@ ?@ Wards ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ H ?@ ?@?@ 12 ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@?@ ?@ SCALE ?@ r ?@ ?@?@ 8 e RIDEAU-GOULBOURN ?@ ?@ H v NAD 83 UTM 18

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MXD: Figure2_estimated_propagation_of_hypotethical_oil_leak_rideau_river_20160922 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

3.3 Mississippi River

3.3.1 Current state of the river

The Mississippi River is a tributary on the right bank of the Ottawa River in the province of Ontario. It flows into the Ottawa River downstream of Arnprior, at approximately 70 kilometers west of Ottawa. It has a length of 200 kilometers, from its source in Mazinaw Lake. Mississippi watershed covers an area of the order of 4450 km2. The river has an average flow rate of 40 m3/s.

The Energy East project crosses 36 watercourses in the Mississippi watershed. It crosses Mississippi River 10 kilometers upstream of the village of Galetta. The surface water intake of the city of Ottawa nearest to the place where the pipeline crosses the river is located 60 kilometers downstream. Downstream of the pipeline crossing, Mississippi River enters the Ottawa River, in a zone with a high density of houses and country houses and where the river is used for recreational activities, such as swimming, canoeing, fishing and snowmobiling. Residents also use the water in this river for their supply of drinking water.

3.3.2 Hydrological and hydrographic data

Wet width where the Energy East pipeline crosses the river Approximately 70 m

River length 200 km

Drainage superficies 4450 km2

Average flow rate (m3/s) 40 m3/s

3.3.3 Maximal downstream propagation distance of the contamination plume

Downstream propagation distance has been estimated in function of the average flow rate (see figure 3). Maximal water flow speed was calculated considering the wet width where the pipeline crosses the river.

The following table shows propagation distance for a given travel time.

Table 6. Plume propagation distance for a given travel time

Travel time

1 h 2 h 4 h 6 h 8 h 12 h 16 h 20 h 24 h 28 h 32 h 48 h 52 h 56 h 60 h Plume propagation 1 2 4 6 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 48 52 56 60 distance (km)

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 16 H ?@ 2 1

FIGURE 3 !H $ 8 H Map of the estimated plume Québec propagation of the spill in the Mississippi River WEST CARLETON-MARCH 6 H LEGEND 32 H

28 H 1 hour VT Hypothetical oil leak 2 hours ?@ 4 ?@ H ?@ Underground water 4 hours well ?@ 6 hours H 4 24 ?@ 8 Drinking water ?@ H Þ H 2 8 hours 20 )" treatment plan H 5 2 Þ ?@ ?@ H )" 12 hours ?@ 1 H Þ Ottawa drinking water )" treatment plan 16 hours 1 6 H ?@ ?@ Þ Gatineau drinking 20 hours RIDEAU-ROCKCLIFFE )" ?@ VT water treatment plan H ?@ ?@ 24 hours 2 ?@ Transcanada Energy 1 5

Þ East pipeline 28 hours ?@ ?@ H )" ?@ Ottawa

r Ontario Province borders 32 hours 8 H e ?@ ?@!H v ?@ O Þ i ?@ SOMERSET Hydrography 48 hours WEST CARLETON-MARCH ?@ tt )" R a 6 w H i a Wards 52 hours p ?@ i ?@ 60 R Þ s H iv )" KITCHISSIPPI CAPITAL 56 hours 4 s e H i r s 60 hours is ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ M ?@ Þ ?@ 2 H ?@ )" H 1 ?@ ?@ SCALE ?@ ?@ ?@?@ RIVER VT ?@ B?@AY ?@?@?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@?@ ?@ NAD 83 UTM 18 ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ 0 1.252.5 5 7.5 10 ?@ ?@ Kilometers KANATA NORTH COLLEGE KNOXDALE-MERIVALE ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ KANATA SOUTH ?@ ?@ ?@RIDEAU-GOULBOURN ?@ RIDEAU-GOULBOURN ?@ STITTSVILLE-KANATA WEST BARRHAVEN ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ OSGOODE ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@?@ ?@

E ?@ 1 ?@ DATE REFERENCE C The hydrographic data and wards boundaries are from the Ottawa's Open Data Catalogue E T

R http://ottawa.ca/en/mobile-apps-and-open-data/open-data-ottawa O

U File: GEO-16-32- 2 Data for pipeline track, pumping stations position and drinking water treatment plants position 2016-09-30 N O were recovered on the online portal of Ottawa River Keeper Expertise_pipeline-

S Énergie-Est (Ottawa)

MXD: Figure3_estimated_propagation_of_hypotethical_oil_leak_mississippi_river_20160930 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

3.3.4 Environmental impacts

According to the propagation distances estimated above (section 3.3.3) and water intakes located downstream of the pipeline route (the nearest being at a distance of 60 kilometers), 60 hours would be necessary to reach Gatineau’s first drinking water intake.

If the intervention time exceeds 60 hours, additional drinking water intakes located downstream of the spill will be affected (Ottawa and Gatineau drinking water intake). The spill would also have an impact on aquatic ecosystems and on drinking water intakes located inland, since this sector may have underground water intakes.

The impact area will affect the Mississippi and Ottawa rivers, their shorelines and their sediments. Furthermore, a spill will have effects on the aquatic ecosystem and on recreational activities.

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 18 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

4. Mitigation measures in the case of a spill in both watercourses

4.1 Mitigation measures

4.1.1 Product containment and recuperation

- Shutdown water pipes from downstream treatment station as well as the stormwater network and all other pipes. - Deploy containment floating dams at appropriated interception and recuperation spots. - Do pumping and recuperation activities. - Deploy oil separators during recuperation operations. - Apply a transfer plan and a temporary storage for recovered materials.

4.1.2 Banks and shores cleaning

- Develop plans and cleaning priorities including municipal network affected. - Clean shores, fauna and flora highly affected. - Evaluate if sediment quality has been affected and produce intervention plan. - Evaluate if fauna and aquatic flora have been affected and produce intervention plan, if necessary.

4.1.3 Rehabilitation cost

Based on the case of crude oil spill in Kalamazoo River, Michigan, United States (2010), cleaning costs for a spill in one of the watercourses studied (Ottawa, Mississippi and Rideau rivers, including Rideau Canal) could exceed one billion dollars.

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 19 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

5. Spill impacts in wetlands and underground watersin the Ottawa Region

The Energy East project goes through several wetlands and aquifers in the Ottawa Region (figure 1), namely the Baxter wetland known as Baxter ecological conservation area, as well as Nepean and Oxford aquifers. Waters of these two aquifers are used by the majority of rural residents of the region, for their supply in drinking water, by means of individual water catchments (private wells, sources, etc.).

5.1 Spill impact in wetlands

In the case of an accidental spill in a wetland, the oil will enter in contact with plants, sediments and underlying soil. Such a spill in that kind of environment may cause potentially irreversible damage to the ecosystem. The loss of these habitats is very high and the replacement of wetlands is complex as well as expensive (estimation being between 10 000 $ and 250 000 $ per hectare)2.

Effects of a spill in the Baxter ecological conservation area, which is one of the greatest wetlands in the Rideau Canal sector and covers an approximate area of 80 hectares, will be very important. In fact, wetlands of the Baxter ecological conservation area contained a large variety and numerous aquatic plants. Fish, frogs, turtles, birds and indigenous freshwater mussels can also be found in that area3. This area is also an ideal place for navigation, for sailing and for paddling. It has a sand beach with picnic tables, firebox for barbecues, bathrooms and locker rooms. It also has an interpretation center, with an exhibition on solar energy, campgrounds and more than 5 kilometers of walking trails. Baxter ecological conservation area is located along Rideau River and is a part of the nine conservation areas managed by the Rideau Valley Conservation Authority.

The spill of any oil product in the Baxter ecological conservation area will damage water quality of wetlands and of the water table. Furthermore, it will have an impact on floristic and wildlife species. More than ten private wells might be affected given their proximity to the conservation area (see figure 4).

2 Foote, 2012 3 https://www.nature.ca/rideau/e/e1c-f.html

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 20 ?@ ?@?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ Québec ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ORLEANS ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ O ?@ ?@ FIGURE 4 t ?@ t RIDEAU-ROCKCLIFFE

?@ a ?@ ?@ r ?@

?@ w Localisation of drinking water intakes $ e

?@ ?@ ?@ INNES

v a ?@ i from private wells in the

?@ ?@ R RIDEAU-VANIER Ottawa R ?@ ?@ i ?@ BEACON HILL-CYRVILL?@E ?@ Ottawa and Grenville area

i ?@ v ?@ CUMBERLAND ?@ ?@ ?@ e SOMERSET ?@ p r ?@ ?@ i ?@ s ?@ ?@ ?@ s KITCHISSIPPI CAPITAL ALTA V?@ISTA i ?@ s ?@ LEGEND s ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ i W?@EST CARLETON-MARCH ?@?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ M ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ B?@AY ?@?@?@ ?@RIVER ?@ Ottawa ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@?@?@?@ ?@GLO?@UCESTER-SOUTHGATE ?@ !H ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ Þ Drinking water treatment plan KANATA NORTH ?@ ?@ )" KNOXDALE-MERI?@VALE ?@ ?@ COLLEGE ?@ ?@ ?@ Groundwater intake ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ " Pumping station ?@?@ KANATA SOUTH ?@ ?@ GLOUCESTE?@R-SOUTH NE?@PEAN Transcanada Energy East pipeline ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ STITTSVILLE-KANATA WES?@T ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ BARRHAVEN?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ Transcanada Energy East ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ proposed pipeline ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@?@ ?@ Wards ?@ ?@ OSGOODE ?@?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ Province borders ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ Hydrography ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@?@ ?@?@ ?@ Ottawa Carleton sector Ottawa-Carleton ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ Secteur Grenville sector ?@ ?@ ?@?@ Ontario ?@?@ ?@ ?@?@ ?@ RIDEAU-GOU?@LBOURN ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ r ?@

?@ e ?@ SCALE

?@ ?@ ?@ v ?@ ?@?@ ?@ ?@ i ?@ ?@ ?@ R NAD 83 UTM 18 u ?@ 0 1.753.5 7 10.5 14 ?@ ?@ a ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ Grenville e Kilometers ?@ ?@ d ?@ ?@ i R ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@ ?@

O Expertise_pipeline- Groundwater intake data were recovered from Ontario Ground Water website: S Énergie-Est (Ottawa) 3 http://ontariogroundwater.com/

MXD: Figure4_localisation_water_intake_20160923 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

5.2 Spill impact on groundwater

Because of the lack of hydrogeological studies on the Rideau and Mississippi drainage basins, the Ontario Groundwater database was consulted to obtain some hydrogeological information.

According to Ontario Groundwater data, more than 1000 private wells are located along the Energy East pipeline route in the Ottawa Region. The wells, get their water from the deep limestone aquifer located within 1000 meters on each side of the pipeline, has a static level of underground water oscillating between 0.6 and 9 meters deep.

Analysis of underground water wells data of Ontario (Ontario Groundwater) allowed to determine 4 types of hydrogeological units: 1) Permeable layer considered as an aquifer (sand) : Oxford aquifer 2) Impermeable layer (clay) 3) Limestone layer considered as an aquifer : Nepean aquifer 4) Rock layer other than limestone

For example, in Ottawa and Grenville, drinking water comes from underground water captured by municipal wells located in North Gower, as well as private wells in Kemptville.

According to Ontario Groundwater data, we have determined 2 kinds of aquifers: one deep aquifer made of limestone called Nepean and a second, shallower (phreatic water) made of sand, called the Oxford aquifer.

Figure 4 shows the location of private intake wells in the Ottawa and Grenville sector.

No pollution vulnerability study of these aquifer is actually available. Therefore, underground stratigraphic data of Ontario Groundwater have been used to evaluate contamination risk of underground waters in Ottawa and Grenville areas.

According to Ontario Groundwater data in Grenville area, the average thickness of the sandy formation is 10 meters. This sector is one of the refill areas of the Oxford aquifer. Firstly, in the case of an accidental spill in Grenville area, underground water will be vulnerable to contamination. Secondly, in the case of a spill in the Ottawa area, deep underground water will be less vulnerable to contamination, since in that sector, clay structure is very thick and the underlying structure is constituted of a contained aquifer, therefore protected. Consequently, municipal and private drinking water intakes of the Grenville area seem to be more at risk of contamination than the ones in the Ottawa area.

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 22 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

6. Assessments

6.1 Rideau River

The Rideau River located in eastern Ontario stretches some hundred kilometers. It begins near Smith Falls and goes through different landscapes, firstly agricultural and forest and more, urbanized, before flowing into the Ottawa River in Ottawa.

The Rideau River is an important river of the Ottawa area, which supplies water to industrial sectors, agricultural activities and municipalities directly from its watershed, additionally allowing many recreational and commercial activities. The river is also the habitat of a variety of fish and wildlife species.

In the case of a spill, crude oil may reach sediments and shorelines. If the intervention time is 48 hours, the maximal distance that the plume can travel is 53 kilometers. Consequently, Gatineau’s first drinking water intake located downstream of the spill will be affected.

6.2 Mississippi River

The Mississippi River is a tributary on the right bank of Ottawa River in the province of Ontario. It flows into Ottawa River downstream of Arnprior, at approximately 70 kilometers west of Ottawa. It has a length of 200 kilometers, from its source in Mazinaw Lake. Mississippi watershed extends over an area of the order of 4450 km2. The river supplies municipalities and industrial sectors in drinking water. It also forms a habitat for a large variety of fish and wildlife species.

In the case of a spill, crude oil may reach sediments and shorelines. If the intervention time is 60 hours, the maximal distance that the plume can travel is 60 kilometers. Consequently, Gatineau’s first drinking water intake located downstream of the spill will be affected. A spill would also have an impact on the aquatic ecosystem as well as on the recreational activities.

Finally, based on the crude oil spill case in Kalamazoo River, Michigan, United States (2010), cleaning and rehabilitation costs for a spill in one of these two watercourses (Rideau and Mississippi rivers), may be more than a billion dollars.

As an example, the late reaction of Husky Energy allowed spilled oil to travel more than 500 kilometers at the surface of North Saskatchewan River (E-tech International, September 2016).

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 23 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

6.3 Wetlands and underground waters

6.3.1 Wetlands

The impact of a crude oil spill in a wetland has an irreversible character for the aquatic fauna and flora. As a result, rehabilitation techniques that must be used are complex and the environment must be replaced. Rehabilitation costs of these environments are significant and depend on the spill volume, the reaction time, the intervention time and the efficiency of intervention activities. In the case of the Baxter ecological conservation area (section 5.1) an accidental spill of oil products would result in very important cleaning costs.

6.3.2 Underground waters

In the case of a crude oil spill in the Greenville and Ottawa areas, underground waters will be vulnerable to contamination. As a result, municipal and private drinking water wells of these sectors will be at risk of contamination. The length of time for the cleanup and the rehabilitation of underground water could extend over a long period, from several months to several years.

A spill will impact drinking water intake located downstream. It will, firstly, force citizens to use bottled water in large quantity and secondly, force the affected municipalities to respond to this need.

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 24 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

7. Conclusion

In light of findings, the impact of a spill of crude oil on society, on the economy (repercussions on agricultural, recreational and commercial activities) and on the environment depends essentially on the spill volume, the reaction time, the intervention time and intervention activities efficiency.

Following our evaluation, if a spill happens in one of the two watercourses studied, the quantity of hydrocarbons released will be of the order of 13 to 18 million liters, and this, for a very optimistic scenario. These quantities are greater than the volume spilled in Kalamazoo. Consequently, this causes major negative impacts on river water and underground water quality, on wetlands, on fauna and flora aquatics, besides terrestrial environment. Such a spill in a watercourse in the Ottawa area could deprive its citizens and Gatineau citizens of an access to drinking water and could cause the interruption of recreational activities as well as a loss of income related to tourism. Furthermore, this type of incident, which would be widely publicized, could have a negative impact on the public perception regarding the area affected, diminishing the recreational activities during several years.

Repercussions of a spill from a pipeline are also economic. Costs of rehabilitation for watercourses, wetlands and underground water affected are estimated at more than a billion dollars. Decontamination of the affected environment will last several years.

In conclusion, the scale of the Energy East project is such that a spill will cause unprecedented environmental and economic impacts.

GEO-16-004-16-32 Expert report 25 TransCanada Energy East pipeline Spill impacts on the territory of Ottawa Region

8. Bibliography

CANADIAN WETLAND INVENTORY PROGRESS. Online.

DIVISION DES RELEVES HYDROLOGIQUES DU CANADA (DRHC). Online.

E-TECH INTERNATIONAL (septembre 2016). Resurgence Environmental. Independent Primary Assessment of Husky Energy Oil Spill into the North Saskatchewan River: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/idlenomore/pages/3003/attachments/original/1472837923/Resurgence-E- Tech-Report-on-Husky-Spill-with-appendices-Sept2nd-2016.pdf?1472837923.

FOOTE, L. 2012. Threshold considerations and wetland reclamation in Alberta’s mineable oil sands. Ecology and Society 17(1): 35. [Online].

MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (DEQ). Water. Oil Spill News and Updates. Talmadge Creek and Kalamazoo River Oil Spill. Online.

MISSISSIPI VALLEY CONCERVATION AUTHORITY. Online.

ONTARIO GROUNDWATER. Online.

OTTAWA RIVER KEEPER. Online.

RIDEAU VALLEY CONCERVATION AUTHORITY. Online.

RIDEAU VALLEY CONCERVATION AUTHORITY and MISSISSIPI VALLEY CONCERVATION AUTHORITY. April 2015. Comments for the Assistance of the Ontario Energy Board in their provision of advice to the Government of Ontario – Energy East Pipeline Project.

ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA, November 2015. Lee, Kenneth (chair), Michel Boufadel, Bing Chen, Julia Foght, Peter Hodson, Stella Swanson, Albert Venosa. (2015). Expert Panel Report on the Behaviour and Environmental Impacts of Crude Oil Released into Aqueous Environments. Ottawa, ON. ISBN: 978-1-928140-02-3. https://rsc- src.ca/fr/groupes-dexperts/src-rapports/le-comportement-les-incidences-environnementales-d%E2%80%99un- d%C3%A9versement-de

TRANSCANADA. 2015. Analyse environnementale.

UNITED STATES ENVIRONNEMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA). 2010. Enbridge Kalamazoo River Spill. Online.

VILLE D’OTTAWA. Online

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