Velar Ejective — Same Format As 2.2.1
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Sonorants, Fricatives and a Tonogenetic Typology
Sonorants, fricatives and a tonogenetic typology Gwendolyn Hyslop University of Oregon 1. Introduction and background While some phonological mechanisms underlying tonogenesis have been understood for some time (e.g. Maspero (1912), Haudricourt (1954), inter alia ) ongoing research in tonogenesis suggests that the full picture is more complex than previous studies have indicated. For example, though it is generally established that voiceless initials yield high pitch register, voiced initials yield low pitch register and coda consonants condition pitch contour, the order in which segments undergo tonogenesis has barely been addressed. Additionally, tone may be conditioned by other factors such as pre-aspiration or vowel quality, amongst others. The classical account of tonogenesis has been the model proposed by Haudricourt (1954) for Vietnamese. Diffloth (1989) reanalyzed the model to take register differences into account and Thurgood (2002) suggested updating our model of (Vietnamese) tonogenesis based on laryngeal features, arguing that intermediate stages existed. For example, voiced obstruents would condition breathy voice on their following vowel, which would in turn condition low tone. It remains to be seen, however, how much predictive power this model has, especially given recent research on tonogenesis in Kurtöp and the other East Bodish languages (Hyslop 2009, 2010), showing that tonogenesis targets sonorants and then fricatives before developing following obstruent consonants, a finding similar to that for Athabaskan (Kingston 2005, 2007). ‘Tone’ refers to the primary use of fundamental frequency to make lexical/grammatical contrasts in a given language (other acoustic cues may be involved, such as voice quality, duration, etc.). This definition includes most languages which have been classified as ‘pitch- accent’, as well as (possibly) languages which are considered to have a ‘register’ distinction (cf. -
Vowel Acoustics Reliably Differentiate Three Coronal Stops of Wubuy Across Prosodic Contexts
Vowel acoustics reliably differentiate three coronal stops of Wubuy across prosodic contexts Rikke L. BundgaaRd-nieLsena, BRett J. BakeRb, ChRistian kRoosa, MaRk haRveyc and CatheRine t. Besta,d aMARCS Auditory Laboratories, University of Western Sydney bSchool of Languages and Linguistics, University of Melbourne cSchool of Humanities and Social Science, University of Newcastle dHaskins Laboratories, New Haven Abstract The present study investigates the acoustic differentiation of three coronal stops in the indigenous Australian language Wubuy. We test independent claims that only VC (vowel-into-consonant) transitions provide robust acoustic cues for retroflex as compared to alveolar and dental coronal stops, with no differentiating cues among these three coronal stops evident in CV (consonant-into-vowel) transitions. The four-way stop distinction /t, t̪ , ʈ, c/ in Wubuy is contrastive word-initially (Heath 1984) and by implication utterance-initially, i.e., in CV-only contexts, which suggests that acoustic differentiation should be expected to occur in the CV transitions of this language, including in initial positions. Therefore, we examined both VC and CV formant transition information in the three target coronal stops across VCV (word-internal), V#CV (word-initial but utterance-medial) and ##CV (word- and utterance-initial), for /a / vowel contexts, which provide the optimal environment for investigating formant transitions. Results confirm that these coro- nal contrasts are maintained in the CVs in this vowel context, and in all three posi- tions. The patterns of acoustic differences across the three syllable contexts also provide some support for a systematic role of prosodic boundaries in influencing the degree of coronal stop differentiation evident in the vowel formant transitions. -
For the Third Case. Fairly Detailed Phonetic and Distributional Data Are Also Utilized
nof:J1611tNT nmsohlw ED 030 098 AL 001 858 By-Moskowitz, Arlene I. The Two-Year -Old Stage in the Acquisition of English Phonology. Spons Agency-American Cuunoi of Learned Societies, New Yofk, N.Y.; Social Science Research Council, Washington, D.C. Pub Date 29 Dec 68 Note-24p.. Slightly expanded verzion of i. paper presented at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, New York City, December 29, 1968. EDRS Price MF-1025 HC-$1.30 Descriptors -*Child Language, Consonants, Distinctive Features, Early Childhood, Enghsh. Language Development, Language Learning Levels, Language Patterns, Language Typology, Phonemes. Phonetic Analysis. ePhonogi,gy, Vowels The phonologies of three English-speaking children at approximately two years of age are examined. Two of the analyses are based on pOblished:studies. the third is based on observations and recordings made by the author. Summary statements on phonemic inventories and on correspondences with the adult model are presented. For the third case. fairly detailed phonetic and distributional data are also utilized. The paper attempts to draw conclusions about typical difficulties of phonological development at this stage and possible strategies used by children in attaining the adult norms. (Author/JD) . r U.S. DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE Of EDUCATION TINS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM DIE PERSON OR 016ANIZATION 0116INATIN6 IT.POINTS Of VIEW OR OPINIONS STAB DO NOT IIKESSAMLY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFRCEOf EDUCATION POSITION OR POUCY. TR TWO*TIAMOLD SUM IN Mg ACQUISITION orMUSHPHOMOLO0Y1 Arlen* I. Noskovitz AL 001858 0. Introduction. It is a widely held view among linguists and paycholinguists that the phonology of a child's speech at any 2 ilage during the acquisition process is structured. -
The Kortlandt Effect
The Kortlandt Effect Research Master Linguistics thesis by Pascale Eskes Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts July 2020 Supervisor: Dr. Alwin Kloekhorst Second reader: Prof. dr. Alexander Lubotsky ii Abstract It has been observed that pre-PIE *d sometimes turns into PIE *h₁, also referred to as the Kortlandt effect, but much is still unclear about the occurrence and nature of this change. In this thesis, I provide an elaborate discussion aimed at establishing the conditions and a phonetic explanation for the development. All words that have thus far been proposed as instances of the *d > *h₁ change will be investigated more closely, leading to the conclusion that the Kortlandt effect is a type of debuccalisation due to dental dissimilation when *d is followed by a consonant. Typological parallels for this type of change, as well as evidence from IE daughter languages, enable us to identify it as a shift from pre-glottalised voiceless stop to glottal stop. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Alwin Kloekhorst for guiding me through the writing process, helping me along when I got stuck and for his general encouragement. I also want to thank the LUCL lecturers for sharing their knowledge all these years and helping me identify and research my own linguistic interests; my family for their love and support throughout this project; my friends – with a special mention of Bahuvrīhi: Laura, Lotte and Vera – and Martin, also for their love and support, for the good times in between writing and for being willing to give elaborate advice on even the smallest research issues. -
A Sociophonetic Study of the Metropolitan French [R]: Linguistic Factors Determining Rhotic Variation a Senior Honors Thesis
A Sociophonetic Study of the Metropolitan French [R]: Linguistic Factors Determining Rhotic Variation A Senior Honors Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Sarah Elyse Little The Ohio State University June 2012 Project Advisor: Professor Rebeka Campos-Astorkiza, Department of Spanish and Portuguese ii ABSTRACT Rhotic consonants are subject to much variation in their production cross-linguistically. The Romance languages provide an excellent example of rhotic variation not only across but also within languages. This study explores rhotic production in French based on acoustic analysis and considerations of different conditioning factors for such variation. Focusing on trills, previous cross-linguistic studies have shown that these rhotic sounds are oftentimes weakened to fricative or approximant realizations. Furthermore, their voicing can also be subject to variation from voiced to voiceless. In line with these observations, descriptions of French show that its uvular rhotic, traditionally a uvular trill, can display all of these realizations across the different dialects. Focusing on Metropolitan French, i.e., the dialect spoken in Paris, Webb (2009) states that approximant realizations are preferred in coda, intervocalic and word-initial positions after resyllabification; fricatives are more common word-initially and in complex onsets; and voiceless realizations are favored before and after voiceless consonants, with voiced productions preferred elsewhere. However, Webb acknowledges that the precise realizations are subject to much variation and the previous observations are not always followed. Taking Webb’s description as a starting point, this study explores the idea that French rhotic production is subject to much variation but that such variation is conditioned by several factors, including internal and external variables. -
Building a Universal Phonetic Model for Zero-Resource Languages
Building a Universal Phonetic Model for Zero-Resource Languages Paul Moore MInf Project (Part 2) Interim Report Master of Informatics School of Informatics University of Edinburgh 2020 3 Abstract Being able to predict phones from speech is a challenge in and of itself, but what about unseen phones from different languages? In this project, work was done towards building precisely this kind of universal phonetic model. Using the GlobalPhone language corpus, phones’ articulatory features, a recurrent neu- ral network, open-source libraries, and an innovative prediction system, a model was created to predict phones based on their features alone. The results show promise, especially for using these models on languages within the same family. 4 Acknowledgements Once again, a huge thank you to Steve Renals, my supervisor, for all his assistance. I greatly appreciated his practical advice and reasoning when I got stuck, or things seemed overwhelming, and I’m very thankful that he endorsed this project. I’m immensely grateful for the support my family and friends have provided in the good times and bad throughout my studies at university. A big shout-out to my flatmates Hamish, Mark, Stephen and Iain for the fun and laugh- ter they contributed this year. I’m especially grateful to Hamish for being around dur- ing the isolation from Coronavirus and for helping me out in so many practical ways when I needed time to work on this project. Lastly, I wish to thank Jesus Christ, my Saviour and my Lord, who keeps all these things in their proper perspective, and gives me strength each day. -
Prestopped Bilabial Trills in Sangtam*
PRESTOPPED BILABIAL TRILLS IN SANGTAM* Alexander R. Coupe Nanyang Technological University, Singapore [email protected] ABSTRACT manner of articulation in an ethnographic description published in 1939: This paper discusses the phonetic and phonological p͜͜ w = der für Nord-Sangtam typische Konsonant, sehr features of a typologically rare prestopped bilabial schwierig auszusprechen; tönt etwa wie pw oder pr. trill and some associated evolving sound changes in Wird jedoch von den Lippen gebildet, durch die man the phonology of Sangtam, a Tibeto-Burman die Luft so preßt, daß die Untelippe einmal (oder language of central Nagaland, north-east India. zweimal) vibriert. (Möglicherweise gibt es den gleichen Konsonanten etwas weicher und wird dann Prestopped bilabial trills were encountered in two mit b͜ w bezeichnet). dozen words of a 500-item corpus and found to be in Translation: pw = the typical consonant for the North phonemic contrast with all other members of the Sangtam language, very difficult to pronounce; sounds plosive series. Evidence from static palatograms and like pw or pr. It is however produced by the lips, linguagrams demonstrates that Sangtam speakers through which one presses the air in a way that the articulate this sound by first making an apical- or lower lip vibrates once (or twice). (Possibly, the same laminal-dental oral occlusion, which is then consonant exists in a slightly softer form and is then 1 explosively released into a bilabial trill involving up termed bw). to three oscillations of the lips. In 2012 a similar sound was encountered in two The paper concludes with a discussion of the dozen words of a 500-word corpus of Northern possible historical sources of prestopped bilabial Sangtam, the main difference from Kauffman’s trills in this language, taking into account description being that the lip vibration is preceded phonological reconstructions and cross-linguistic by an apical- or laminal-dental occlusion. -
Saudi Speakers' Perception of the English Bilabial
Sino-US English Teaching, June 2015, Vol. 12, No. 6, 435-447 doi:10.17265/1539-8072/2015.06.005 D DAVID PUBLISHING Saudi Speakers’ Perception of the English Bilabial Stops /b/ and /p/ Mohammad Al Zahrani Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia Languages differ in their phoneme inventories. Some phonemes exist in more than one language but others exist in relatively few languages. More specifically, English Language has some sounds that Arabic does not have and vice versa. This paper focuses on the perception of the English bilabial stops /b/ and /p/ in contrast to the perception of the English alveolar stops /t/ and /d/ by some Saudi linguists who have been speaking English for more than six years and who are currently in an English speaking country, Australia. This phenomenon of perception of the English bilabial stops /b/ and /p/ will be tested mainly by virtue of minimal pairs and other words that may better help to investigate this perception. The paper uses some minimal pairs in which the bilabial and alveolar stops occur initially and finally. Also, it uses some verbs that end with the suffix /-ed/, but this /-ed/ suffix is pronounced [t] or [d] when preceded by /p/ or /b/ respectively. Notice that [t] and [d] are allophones of the English past tense morpheme /-ed/ (for example, Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2007). The pronunciation of the suffix as [t] and [d] works as a clue for the subjects to know the preceding bilabial sound. Keywords: perception, Arabic, stops, English, phonology Introduction Languages differ in their phoneme inventories. -
Phones and Phonemes
NLPA-Phon1 (4/10/07) © P. Coxhead, 2006 Page 1 Natural Language Processing & Applications Phones and Phonemes 1 Phonemes If we are to understand how speech might be generated or recognized by a computer, we need to study some of the underlying linguistic theory. The aim here is to UNDERSTAND the theory rather than memorize it. I’ve tried to reduce and simplify as much as possible without serious inaccuracy. Speech consists of sequences of sounds. The use of an instrument (such as a speech spectro- graph) shows that most of normal speech consists of continuous sounds, both within words and across word boundaries. Speakers of a language can easily dissect its continuous sounds into words. With more difficulty, they can split words into component sounds, or ‘segments’. However, it is not always clear where to stop splitting. In the word strip, for example, should the sound represented by the letters str be treated as a unit, be split into the two sounds represented by st and r, or be split into the three sounds represented by s, t and r? One approach to isolating component sounds is to look for ‘distinctive unit sounds’ or phonemes.1 For example, three phonemes can be distinguished in the word cat, corresponding to the letters c, a and t (but of course English spelling is notoriously non- phonemic so correspondence of phonemes and letters should not be expected). How do we know that these three are ‘distinctive unit sounds’ or phonemes of the English language? NOT from the sounds themselves. A speech spectrograph will not show a neat division of the sound of the word cat into three parts. -
Sonority As a Primitive: Evidence from Phonological Inventories
Sonority as a Primitive: Evidence from Phonological Inventories Ivy Hauser University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1. Introduction The nature of sonority remains a controversial subject in both phonology and phonetics. Previous discussions on sonority have generally been situated in synchronic phonology through syllable structure constraints (Clements, 1990) or in phonetics through physical correlates to sonority (Parker, 2002). This paper seeks to examine the sonority hierarchy through a new dimension by exploring the relationship between sonority and phonological inventory structure. The investigation will shed light on the nature of sonority as a phonological phenomenon in addition to addressing the question of what processes underlie the formation and structure of speech sound inventories. This paper will examine a phenomenon present in phonological inventories that has yet to be discussed in previous literature and cannot be explained by current theories of inventory formation. I will then suggest implications of this phenomenon as evidence for sonority as a grammatical primitive. The data described here reveals that sonority has an effect in the formation of phonological inventories by determining how many segments an inventory will have in a given class of sounds (voiced fricatives, etc.). Segment classes which are closest to each other along the sonority hierarchy tend to be correlated in size except upon crossing the sonorant/obstruent and consonant/vowel boundaries. This paper argues that inventories are therefore composed of three distinct classes of obstruents, sonorants, and vowels which independently determine the size and structure of the inventory. The prominence of sonority in inventory formation provides evidence for the notion that sonority is a phonological primitive and is not simply derived from other aspects of the grammar or a more basic set of features. -
Acoustic Characteristics of Aymara Ejectives: a Pilot Study
ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AYMARA EJECTIVES: A PILOT STUDY Hansang Park & Hyoju Kim Hongik University, Seoul National University [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Comparison of velar ejectives in Hausa [18, 19, 22] and Navajo [36] showed significant cross- This study investigates acoustic characteristics of linguistic variation and some notable inter-speaker Aymara ejectives. Acoustic measurements of the differences [27]. It was found that the two languages Aymara ejectives were conducted in terms of the differ in the relative durations of the different parts durations of the release burst, the vowel, and the of the ejectives, such that Navajo stops are greater in intervening gap (VOT), the intensity and spectral the duration of the glottal closure than Hausa ones. centroid of the release burst, and H1-H2 of the initial In Hausa, the glottal closure is probably released part of the vowel. Results showed that ejectives vary very soon after the oral closure and it is followed by with place of articulation in the duration, intensity, a period of voiceless airflow. In Navajo, it is and centroid of the release burst but commonly have released into a creaky voice which continues from a lower H1-H2 irrespective of place of articulation. several periods into the beginning of the vowel. It was also found that the long glottal closure in Keywords: Aymara, ejective, VOT, release burst, Navajo could not be attributed to the overall speech H1-H2. rate, which was similar in both cases [27]. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.2. Aymara ejectives 1.1. Ejectives Ejectives occur in Aymara, which is one of the Ande an languages spoken by the Aymara people who live Ejectives are sounds which are produced with a around the Lake Titicaca region of southern Peru an glottalic egressive airstream mechanism [26]. -
LING 220 LECTURE #8 PHONOLOGY (Continued) FEATURES Is The
LING 220 LECTURE #8 PHONOLOGY (Continued) FEATURES Is the segment the smallest unit of phonological analysis? The segment is not the ultimate unit: features are the ultimate units of phonology that make up segments. Features define natural classes: ↓ classes consist of sounds that share phonetic characteristics, and undergo the same processes (see above). DISTINCTIVE FEATURE: a feature that signals the difference in meaning by changing its plus (+) or minus (-) value. Example: tip [-voice] dip [+voice] Binary system: a feature is either present or absent. pluses and minuses: instead of two separate labels, such as voiced and voiceless, we apply only one: [voice] [+voice] voiced sounds [-voice] voiceless sounds THE FEATURES OF ENGLISH: 1. Major class features 2. Laryngeal features 3. Place features 4. Dorsal features 5. Manner features 1 1. MAJOR CLASS FEATURES: they distinguish between consonants, glides, and vowels. obstruents, nasals and liquids (Obstruents: oral stops, fricatives and affricates) [consonantal]: sounds produced with a major obstruction in the oral tract obstruents, liquids and nasals are [+consonantal] [syllabic]:a feature that characterizes vowels and syllabic liquids and nasals [sonorant]: a feature that refers to the resonant quality of the sound. vowels, glides, liquids and nasals are [+sonorant] STUDY Table 3.30 on p. 89. 2. LARYNGEAL FEATURES: they represent the states of the glottis. [voice] voiced sounds: [+voice] voiceless sounds: [-voice] [spread glottis] ([SG]): this feature distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated consonants. aspirated consonants: [+SG] unaspirated consonants: [-SG] [constricted glottis] ([CG]): sounds made with the glottis closed. glottal stop [÷]: [+CG] 2 3. PLACE FEATURES: they refer to the place of articulation.