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Social Media As a Tool for Native American Activists to Generate Support for Their Social Movements From Isolation to Visibility: Social Media as a Tool for Native American Activists to Generate Support for their Social Movements The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Leverston, John Brenton. 2021. From Isolation to Visibility: Social Media as a Tool for Native American Activists to Generate Support for their Social Movements. Master's thesis, Harvard University Division of Continuing Education. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37369147 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA From Isolation to Visibility: Social Media as a Tool for Native American Activists to Generate Support for their Social Movements John B. Leverston A Thesis in the Field of Anthropology & Archaeology for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2021 Copyright 2021 [John B. Leverston] Abstract For years social media has become an ever more central component of daily life, especially in the United States. It is a communication tool that allows people to have social interactions on a global scale. Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter have been widely adopted even beyond personal use to include business, government, education, and advocacy. Activism is an arguably important part of the American Democratic experience, allowing people and groups to express their concerns or frustrations with institutions, social norms, and government action, etc. The pursuit of activism via social media has been both rapid and impactful in the United States and abroad. Movements such as Occupy Wallstreet and Black Lives Matter have utilized social media platforms to put their central issues at the forefront of American consciousness. This thesis explores how Native American activists have utilized and benefitted from the use of social media to both garner attention for their causes and generate support for them. We will examine three separate Native American led movements and what impact social media may have had on the public attention and engagement each movement received over a two-year period. Dedication To the tireless efforts of the people who fight for freedom, acknowledgement, and safety. It is those that are few and far in-between that ignite us to action and inspire us to be our best selves. Time and again we owe them debts more than we can repay. I am because we are. “If I have been able to see further, it was only because I stood on the shoulders of giants.” -Sir Isaac Newton Acknowledgments I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis director, Dr. Peter Marsden. Your comments guided me in the right direction and were extremely encouraging. I cannot thank you enough for your support, patience, and flexibility. Thank you, Gail Dourian, from the office of ALM Advising for your great insight, advice, and for being a breath of fresh air. You and the entire staff have really made me feel supported and it means a great deal. Also, I must express thanks to my wonderful friends who have been sources of both knowledge and reinforcement throughout the writing process. Table of Content Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................v List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Chapter I. Introduction .........................................................................................................1 Chapter II. Background ........................................................................................................4 Social Movements and Digital Activism .................................................................4 Making the Case: Modern Social Media Movements as a Consideration .............12 The Arab Spring .........................................................................................12 #Occupy .....................................................................................................15 Black Lives Matter .....................................................................................16 Chapter III. Research and Methods ..................................................................................25 Measurements ........................................................................................................30 Limitations .............................................................................................................33 Chapter IV Social Media and Social Movements: Generate Attention then Support ........34 #NoDAPL: One Million Check-ins .......................................................................34 #LandBack: Getting Native Lands into Native Hands ..........................................41 #StopLine3: A Continued Struggle for Environmental Conservation ...................45 Chapter V ...........................................................................................................................49 Discussion ..............................................................................................................49 Conclusion .............................................................................................................61 Appendix A. Tables ...........................................................................................................64 References ..........................................................................................................................65 List of Tables Table 1. Social Media Profile Selection. ...........................................................................64 Table 2. Hashtag Influence. ...............................................................................................64 List of Figures Figure 1. News media mentions: George Floyd ................................................................17 Figure 2. News media mentions: Dakota Access Pipeline (2016) .....................................36 Figure 3. Twitter influencer posts compared to news coverage and web searches: Dakota Access Pipeline. .................................................................................................................39 Figure 4. Twitter influencer posts compared to news coverage and web searches: Land Back. ..................................................................................................................................42 Figure 5. Twitter influencer posts compared to Public Engagement: Land Back protests. ............................................................................................................................................44 Figure 6. Twitter influencer posts compared to news coverage and web searches: Stop Line 3. ................................................................................................................................46 Figure 7. Twitter influencer posts compared to Public Engagement: Stop Line 3 protests. ............................................................................................................................................48 Chapter I. Introduction Through social platforms, digital representations of ourselves and the groups to which we subscribe have become important media for expressing our opinions and participating in society at large. The evolution of the public space has evolved to include the world wide web, and people around the world have assembled to become citizens of this new domain. In this thesis, I explore the concept of digital story telling through social media as a means of sparking participation in social movements. With a single post from a handheld device, it is possible today to spark outrage and action through access and virality. The focus of this exploration is on American Indigenous groups because of their long history of activism coupled with a lack of visibility in mainstream American media. I will investigate how Native-American groups are leveraging social media platforms for visibility of social issues and any impacts this has on participation. My research question is large and encompassing of both usage of social media platforms and their effect. How is information technology being used to protect human rights, hold government accountable, and promote general social wellbeing? Are American indigenous tribes using social media to raise awareness of their pressing issues? Additionally, how has their digital presence affected the way they approach raising awareness? Have there been any shifts in public support, engagement, or access after starting their digital presence? My hypothesis is that social movements originating from marginalized communities generate more exposure and public support by utilizing social media platforms and tools. Social media have allowed for the creation of a shared narrative by the Native American community, helping to generate a larger pool of support for social issues through the unifying attributes of socially
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