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Survey of Dioxin and Furan Compounds in Sediments of Florida Panhandle Bay Systems

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Survey of Dioxin and Furan Compounds in Sediments of Florida Panhandle Bay Systems Survey of Dioxin and Furan Compounds in Sediments of Florida Panhandle Bay Systems Publication No. PCFO-EC 02-01 Jon M. Hemming, Ph.D. Environmental Contaminants Specialist Michael S. Brim Coastal Program Coordinator Robert B. Jarvis Biological Aide U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Ecological Services Panama City Field Office 1601 Balboa Avenue Panama City, Florida 32405 2002 ABSTRACT A sediment quality survey was conducted in the Florida Panhandle (Panhandle) over a period of 10 years (1992 to 2001). The survey examined which dioxin and furan compounds may be present in sediments of the bay systems, their locations, and concentrations. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) collected and analyzed 29 sediment samples from 6 bay systems across the Panhandle. Risk associated with dioxin and furan contamination was estimated after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity equivalents (TEQs) were calculated for 17 dioxin/furan chemical analytes as per the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1989). Total dioxin TEQ sediment concentrations ranged from 0.51ng/kg dry weight in Apalachicola Bay to 77.51 ng/kg dry weight in sediments from the Perdido Bay system. Pulp and paper processing facilities were near sampling locations where TEQ concentrations were over 20 ng/kg dry weight with the exception of one site in the Pensacola Bay system. Overall, the concentrations of dioxin TEQs in sediments of Panhandle bay systems were relatively low compared to similar surveys in the Great Lakes area and other bay systems worldwide. However, even sediment dioxin levels in the low range have been associated with biomagnification in the food web that increases risk to birds, fish, and sensitive mammal species. Additionally, there may be a relationship between the volume of freshwater input or the depth and width of Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) to bay passages (inlets) that influences dioxin TEQ concentrations in bay system sediments. The foremost goal of this survey was to provide baseline data necessary to evaluate the current status of, and future research needs for, the protection of fish and wildlife species, especially Federally threatened and endangered species, migratory birds, and anadromous fish. The next step in the evaluation of the bay systems of the Panhandle will be to examine food web effects such as biomagnification, dioxin compound affinity for organic carbon substrates, freshwater input effects, Gulf flushing influence, sediment contamination trends, and current or pending dioxin compound input sources to the bay systems. The relationship between sediment dioxin TEQ concentrations and risk to FWS trust resources can be inferred, but has not been established. Investigation into relationships between contaminated sediments, food fishes, and piscivorous fish and bird species may determine risk to FWS trust resources in the bay systems of the Florida Panhandle. KEYWORDS: Florida Panhandle, sediment, dioxin, furan, TEQs, bays. -ii- Preface This report was written primarily for scientific and management purposes. An attempt has been made to present the data in a format that is readily usable by managers who have not had formal training in ecotoxicology. Extensive literature has been reviewed and cited to make clear the subtle impacts and complexities of chemical contaminant interactions with fish and wildlife species. The primary objective of the authors has been to make a positive contribution to the management of bay systems of the Florida Panhandle. Acknowledgments Many people played important roles in the completion of this project. To all of them, we are most grateful. In particular we thank: Jim Barkuloo, Florida Wildlife Federation; Gail Carmody, Panama City Field Office Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Tom Dillon, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Ed Keppner, St. Andrew Bay Environmental Study Team; David Burris, Integrated Science & Technology, Inc.; Tom Augspurger, Environmental Contaminants Specialist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Karen Salomon, Environmental Contaminants Specialist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Foster L. Mayer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division; Mike Lewis, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division; James Harvey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division; Steve McLellan, Tyndall Air Force Base; Jack Anderson, Columbia Analytical Services, Inc.; Marshall Hyatt, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4; Wayne Isphording, University of South Alabama; Jim McCarthy, Florida Department of Environmental Protection; Dwain Winters, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC; Phil Cook, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory; Karen Keenleyside, Environment Canada, Water Quality Branch; Dick Snyder, University of West Florida; and Robert Turpin, Escambia County, Florida Neighborhood and Environmental Services Department for their assistance, support and/or peer review of this document. A special thanks to the numerous volunteers who assisted the environmental quality program during evaluations of Perdido, St. Andrew, and St. Joseph bays. -iii- CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 Florida Panhandle .......................................................................... 1 Trust Resources .............................................................................. 3 Dioxins ........................................................................................... 5 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................................... 9 Collection of Sediment Samples .................................................... 9 Particle Size and Total Organic Carbon Analyses ....................... 19 Dioxin Compound Analyses ........................................................ 19 Calculation of Toxicity Equivalents (TEQs) ............................... 19 Results .............................................................................................................................. 21 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 32 Trust Resource Implications ........................................................ 38 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 40 Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 41 References ........................................................................................................................ 42 Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 49 -iv- TABLES TABLE 1: Sample information for sediment samples taken by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the Florida Panhandle: sampling locations in bay systems, collection date, sample identification number, and sampling site latitude and longitude (degrees, minutes, hundredths of minute). .......... 10 TABLE 2: Excerpt from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Interim Report on Data and Methods for Assessment of 2,3,7,8-Teterachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin Risk to Aquatic Life and Associated Wildlife, 1993. ......................... 22 TABLE 3: Sample information for sediment samples taken by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the Florida Panhandle: nominal sampling area, sample identification number, sample moisture, percent total organic carbon (TOC), percent sand, percent silt, percent clay, and total toxicity equivalents (TEQs) relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorobibenzodioxin in ng/kg dry weight or parts per trillion (ppt). ............................................................ 30 Table 4: Sediment total toxicity equivalents (TEQs) concentrations relative to 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzodioxin in ng/kg dry weight or parts per trillion (ppt) for surveys similar to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service survey in the Florida Panhandle: water body, location, year, sediment TEQs range in ppt.. ............... 38 -v- FIGURES FIGURE 1: Counties and Bay Systems of the Florida Panhandle. .................................... 2 FIGURE 2: Dioxin and furan molecular structure showing possible chlorination points and corresponding assigned numbering. ......................... 7 FIGURE 3: Distant perspective of the 32 sampling locations in the Florida Panhandle.. ......................................................................................... 12 FIGURE 4: Sampling sites in the Perdido Bay system.. ................................................. 13 FIGURE 5: Sampling sites in the Pensacola Bay system.. .............................................. 14 FIGURE 6: Sampling site in the Choctawhatchee Bay system. .................................... 15 FIGURE 7: Sampling sites in the St. Andrew Bay system .. ........................................... 16 FIGURE 8: Sampling sites in the St. Joseph Bay system .. ............................................. 17 FIGURE 9: Sampling site in the Apalachicola Bay system (St. George Sound) .. ......... 18 FIGURE 10: Dioxin toxicity equivalents (TEQs) calculated for 17 dioxin and furan metabolic analytes found in sediment samples collected from 32 sites in the Florida Panhandle .. ........................................................................
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