DOCSLIB.ORG

Scorpions and Their Human Mortality Report in Iran: a Review Article

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Iran J Public Health, Vol. 48, No.12, Dec 2019, pp.2140-2153 Review Article Scorpions and Their Human Mortality Report in Iran: A Review Article Faranak FIROOZFAR 1, *Abedin SAGHAFIPOUR 2, Nahid JESRI 3 1. Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran 2. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 3. Remote Sensing & GIS Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected] (Received 21 Aug 2018; accepted 12 Oct 2018) Abstract Background: The scorpions have enjoyed medical importance from ancient times because of their morpholog- ical structure and venom. The identification of the species of these arthropods has been more emphasized than any other aspects. The purpose of this study was to determine scorpion’s fauna and mortality rates of their victims as reported in Iran. Methods: In this review, published documents during 1966–2018 related to medically important scorpions and mortality reports due to scorpionism were searched in the data bases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and etc., using key words including scorpion, species, classification, Iran, family, species, and the names of all 31 provinces of Iran. Results: Overall, 169 sources were found. Based on the STROBE checklist, the quality of the documents was also considered, and ultimately, 95 sources were selected. Sixty-four species of scorpions have been identified in Iran and 86% of the species belong to the Buthidae family, and the rest (9.5%, 4.5%) belong to the Hemiscorpi- idae and Scorpionidae families, respectively. These species live mostly in tropical regions of Iran. The dangerous scorpions and their mortality reports are often recorded from southern regions such as Khuzestan and Hor- mozgan provinces. Conclusion: Due to the significant increase in the abundance of scorpions in Iran over the past 30 years, it is expected that this trend will continue by researchers, and the fauna of scorpions is regularly reconsidered. Keywords: Scorpions; Mortality; Spacial distribution; Iran Introduction Scorpions have been living on the earth for more Scorpions are hazardous to humans as they have than 450 million years. These creatures belong to toxic and deadly stings. The highest human mor- the class: Arachnida; Lamarck, 1801. They have al- tality rate due to poisonous arthropods in the ways been considered by humans because their world is related to scorpionism (4, 5). painful and deadly stings. Scorpions are nocturnal The scorpions are distributed in the world be- arthropods. They have venom stings that are used tween the latitudes 23°N and 38°S of the equator to feed upon insects and self-defense (1,2). Their (6, 7). In 1997, Kovarik categorized Iran's scorpi- breeding places are mostly in the desert and in ons into three families: Buthidae, Scorpionidae, non-residential areas, but if their nests are de- and Diplocentridae (8). Other researchers have stroyed, they also enter human dwellings (3). mentioned four families of scorpions in Iran: 2140 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir Firoozfar et al.: Scorpions and Their Human Mortality Report in Iran … Buthidae, Scorpionidae, Hemiscorpiidae, and Dip- Materials and Methods locentridae (9). Nevertheless, in 2016, Dehghani et al. reported three families for this anthropode in Study area Iran: Buthidae, Hemiscorpiidae and Scorpionidae Iran is located in southwest Asia and the Middle (10). East with an area of 1.648 million km² and a pop- The scorpion sting (scorpionism) is considered as ulation of 79, 926, 270, based on the last census in one of the health problems in tropical and sub- 2016. This country is divided geographically into tropical countries, such as Iran (11-14). Due to the 31 provinces. Iran has a high climatic diversity. diversity of scorpion species in the vast zone of From the north to the south, it has different cli- Iran, from the southern islands in the Persian Gulf mate zones. The four climates of Iran are as fol- to the northernmost regions, scorpion stings lows: 1) the moderate and humid climate (north- (scorpionism) have always been considered as one ern Iran), 2) the warm and dry climate (considera- of the medical issues in most areas of Iran (10,15). ble parts of central regions), 3) the cold and moun- Many victims of these venomous arachnids have tainous climate (west and northwest of Iran) and been reported from different regions of Iran (16). 4) the warm and humid climate (southwest to- According to statistics released by CDC of the Ira- wards southwest of Iran) (21). nian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran has the second rank of venomous animal Study design bites in the world by a recording of about 250,000 The present study is a review on medically im- bites, following Mexico (17). In addition, many portant scorpions, as well as their mortality reports deaths caused by scorpions occur in Iran, espe- from all 31 provinces of Iran. The results of this cially in southern and southern tropical regions of study were obtained by searching related docu- the country (18). For instance, scorpionism inci- ments in scientific databases including Web of Sci- dence rates and mortality of scorpionism were es- ence, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Systematic Re- timated to be 54.8 to 66/100000 populations in view, SID, Iran Medex, and Google Scholar. The Iran during 2002-2011, respectively (13). Further- manuscripts related to the present study were more, the mortality of scorpion stings in Iran is searched and extracted by two researchers inde- about 10 times greater than snakebites as one of pendently using MeSH keywords such as Scor- the health problem related to other Iranian dan- pion, Classification, Iran, Identification, Study, gerous animals and the human deaths associated Mortality, Family and Species, from 1966 to 2018 to scorpion stings are about one third to one sec- (Fig. 1). Moreover, MSc theses and Ph.D. disser- ond of the snakebites (19, 20). tation for those students who graduated in Medi- It seems that having enough information on med- cal Entomology, Vector Control, and Medical En- ically important scorpions, their geographical dis- tomology were reviewed from the libraries of tribution in different regions of the country, and medical universities of Iran, such as Tehran, Shi- the mortality reports of scorpionism can help raz, Ahvaz, Urmia, Bandar Abbas, Hamadan, health policy makers plan for the prevention of Tarbiat Modares, and others. Data categorization scorpion sting cases and design effective interven- was performed by searching articles related to tions to reduce scorpion sting cases. Provinces, Scorpions, Medicaly important scorpi- Therefore, we aimed to determine the medically ons, and mortality reports of scorpionism from important scorpions and their mortality report in different parts of Iran. Iran, using Geographical Information System. Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir 2141 Iran J Public Health, Vol. 48, No.12, Dec 2019, pp.2140-2153 Fig. 1: Historical trend of published documents in relation with scorpions, scorpionism and their reported mortality in Iran. Inclusion criteria were as follows: documents that 12 dangerous and medically important scorpions mentioned scorpion fauna or indicated on mortal- of Iran. ArcGIS software ver. 9.3 ity of scorpion stings from each of the 31 prov- (http://www.esri.com/arcgis) was employed to inces of Iran; identification of scorpions based on provide the special distribution maps of scorpions valid keys, mortality reports from the Center for and their mortality reports. Disease Control of the Ministry of Health in the form of an epidemiological survey forms that ap- Results proved by the General physicians. In addition, the case reports on the scorpion deaths published in Overall, 169 potentially related documents were Persian or English journals were considered. Arti- found. According to the inclusion and exclusion cles and theses that were not related to the subject criteria and the qualitative evaluation of docu- of this study and faunistic studies of scorpions ments, 74 sources were eliminated. Ultimately, 95 with incomplete sample size or invalid identifica- related sources were extracted and included in the tion keys were excluded from the study. study (Fig. 1). Iranian scorpions can be classified At this stage, the Strengthening the Reporting Ob- as three families: Buthidae, Scorpionidae, and servational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE); Hemiscorpiidae, including 64 species and 20 gen- the standard STROBE checklist, which has 22 era. Of these scorpions, 55 species (86%) belong items, was used to assess the quality of the docu- to the Buthidae family, six (9.5%) and three (4.5%) ments. This checklist evaluates all aspects of meth- species were reported to belong to the Hemiscor- odology including the study design, sampling piidae and Scorpionidae families, respectively. methods, measurement of variables, data analysis, I. Family Buthidae (C. L. Koch, 1837) and so on (22). The minimum score for entering 1.1 Genus Androctonus articles in the study was considered to be 15 .5 1. Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) (Note 1, points. The studies with scores less than 15.5 were Fig.2) excluded. Distribution: Bushehr, Semnan, Khuzestan, High and medium-quality documents, which re- Ilam, Kurdistan, Razavi Khorasan, South Khora- ceived minimum 16 points out of 44 points in the san, Kermanshah, Kerman, Sistan and Ba- checklist, were included in the present study. luchestan, Qom, West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan Thus, the data collected from these documents and Ardabil (7, 9, 12, 23- 31). were entered into Microsoft Office Excel 2010 for 2142 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir Firoozfar et al.: Scorpions and Their Human Mortality Report in Iran … Fig. 2: Presence of Androctonus crassicauda (left) and Apistobuthus pterygocercus (right) and their mortality report in Iran at the county 2. Androctonus baluchicus (Lournco 2005) 1.3 Genus Buthacus Distribution: Sistan and Baluchestan (9, 24).
Recommended publications
  • A New Species of the Genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 from the United Arab Emirates

    A New Species of the Genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 from the United Arab Emirates

    A new species of the genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 from the United Arab Emirates (Scorpiones: Buthidae) Wilson R. Lourenço, Elise-Anne Leguin Abstract. Since the revision of the genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 given by LOURENÇO (2006), fur- ther new species have been recorded from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. One new species, collected in United Arab Emirates, is described here. It was collected in the region of Fujairah, in sandy de- sert with sparse bushes. It is associated with Buthacus buettikeri Hendrixson, 2006, recently de- scribed from Saudi Arabia, and Buthacus tadmorensis (Simon, 1892), described from Syria. The new species is distinguished by its smaller overall size, a smaller number of pectinial teeth, and an aculeus that is only slightly longer than vesicle. Key words. Scorpion, Buthacus, United Arab Emirates, Middle East, new species. Introduction The taxonomic difficulties that stimulated the revision of the genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 have previously been explained, especially in the revision by LOURENÇO (2006). In attempt- ing to clarify the status of various species in the genus, attention was focused mainly on the North African fauna (LOURENÇO 2006). Those distributed throughout most of the countries of the Middle East were largely disregarded in the initial stages of these studies, although at least some new species have been described from these regions (LOURENÇO 2004, LOURENÇO & QI 2006, HENDRIXSON 2006). However, the chaotic situation that still exists in the taxonomy of certain species requires that consideration be given to other species in the genus. One of these, from the United Arab Emirates, is described here as new. It is associ- ated with Buthacus buettikeri Hendrixson, 2006, recently described from Saudi Arabia.
  • A Brief Overview on Karabakh History from Past to Today

    A Brief Overview on Karabakh History from Past to Today

    Volume: 8 Issue: 2 Year: 2011 A Brief Overview on Karabakh History from Past to Today Ercan Karakoç Abstract After initiation of the glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) policies in the USSR by Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union started to crumble, and old, forgotten, suppressed problems especially regarding territorial claims between Azerbaijanis and Armenians reemerged. Although Mountainous (Nagorno) Karabakh is officially part of Azerbaijan Republic, after fierce and bloody clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, the entire Nagorno Karabakh region and seven additional surrounding districts of Lachin, Kelbajar, Agdam, Jabrail, Fizuli, Khubadly and Zengilan, it means over 20 per cent of Azerbaijan, were occupied by Armenians, and because of serious war situations, many Azerbaijanis living in these areas had to migrate from their homeland to Azerbaijan and they have been living under miserable conditions since the early 1990s. Keywords: Karabakh, Caucasia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Russia and Soviet Union Assistant Professor of Modern Turkish History, Yıldız Technical University, [email protected] 1003 Karakoç, E. (2011). A Brief Overview on Karabakh History from Past to Today. International Journal of Human Sciences [Online]. 8:2. Available: http://www.insanbilimleri.com/en Geçmişten günümüze Karabağ tarihi üzerine bir değerlendirme Ercan Karakoç Özet Mihail Gorbaçov tarafından başlatılan glasnost (açıklık) ve perestroyka (yeniden inşa) politikalarından sonra Sovyetler Birliği parçalanma sürecine girdi ve birlik coğrafyasındaki unutulmuş ve bastırılmış olan eski problemler, özellikle Azerbaycan Türkleri ve Ermeniler arasındaki sınır sorunları yeniden gün yüzüne çıktı. Bu bağlamda, hukuken Azerbaycan devletinin bir parçası olan Dağlık Karabağ bölgesi ve çevresindeki Laçin, Kelbecer, Cebrail, Agdam, Fizuli, Zengilan ve Kubatlı gibi yedi semt, yani yaklaşık olarak Azerbaycan‟ın yüzde yirmiye yakın toprağı, her iki toplum arasındaki şiddetli ve kanlı çarpışmalardan sonra Ermeniler tarafından işgal edildi.
  • Sheikh Safi Al-Din Ensemble in Ardabil

    Sheikh Safi Al-Din Ensemble in Ardabil

    Weaver, M.E., Preliminary study on the conservation problems of five Iranian monuments, UNESCO, Paris, 1970. Sheikh Safi al-Din Ensemble in Weaver, M.E., Iran. The conservation of the Shrine of Sheik Safi Ardabil (Iran) at Ardabil: second preliminary study July-August 1971, No 1345 UNESCO, Paris, 1971. Technical Evaluation Mission: 18-22 October 2009 Additional information requested and received from the Official name as proposed by the State Party: State Party: A letter was sent to the State Party on 15 December 2009, requesting the following: Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble in Ardabil • Information about the timeframe for the approval and implementation of the Ardabil Master Plan; Location: • Description of how the provisions for the core, buffer, and landscape zones relate to the Master Province of Ardabil Plan; Islamic Republic of Iran • Further information on the structure and implementation of the Management Plan for the Brief description: nominated property; • Progress on the implementation without delay of The Sheik Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble in ICHHTO’s plans to relocate the brick workshop; Ardabil was built as a microcosmic city of bazaars, public • Detailed information about the underground baths and squares, religious facilities, houses, and multi-level parking which is being built to the west offices. It was the largest khānegāh (Sufic place for of the museum and related measures to mitigate spiritual retreat) in Iran. During the reigns of the Safavid impact on the nominated property; rulers, this ensemble was of special political and national • Steps being taken to develop a Landscape Plan significance as the most prominent shrine of the founder for the entire nominated property; of the dynasty.
  • The First Data on the Fauna and Geographical Distribution of Medically Important Scorpions in Golestan Province, Northeast of Iran

    The First Data on the Fauna and Geographical Distribution of Medically Important Scorpions in Golestan Province, Northeast of Iran

    The First Data on the Fauna and Geographical Distribution of Medically Important Scorpions in Golestan Province, Northeast of Iran Aioub Sozadeh Golestan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Ehsan Allah Kalteh Golestan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Shahin Saeedi Golestan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Mulood Mohammmadi Bavani ( [email protected] ) Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences Research note Keywords: Scorpion, fauna, spatial distribution, Iran, Golestan Posted Date: December 3rd, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-117232/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/14 Abstract Objectives: this study was conducted to determine the medically relevant scorpion’s species and produce their geographical distribution in Golestan Province for the rst time, to collect basic information to produce regional antivenom. Because for scorpion treatment a polyvalent antivenom is use in Iran, and some time it failed to treatment, for solve this problem govement decide to produce regional antivenom. Scorpions were captured at day and night time using ruck rolling and Ultra Violet methods during 2019. Then specimens transferred to a 75% alcohol-containing plastic bottle. Finally the specimens under a stereomicroscope using a valid identication key were identied. Distribution maps were introduced using GIS 10.4. Results: A total of 111 scorpion samples were captured from the province, all belonging to the Buthidae family, including Mesobuthus eupeus (97.3%), Orthochirus farzanpayi (0.9%) and Mesobuthus caucasicus (1.8%) species.
  • Karyotypes of Southeastern Turkish Scorpions Hottentotta Saulcyi and Buthacus Macrocentrus (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

    Karyotypes of Southeastern Turkish Scorpions Hottentotta Saulcyi and Buthacus Macrocentrus (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

    RESEARCH ARTICLE Eur J Biol 2019; 78(2): 111-116 Karyotypes of Southeastern Turkish Scorpions Hottentotta saulcyi and Buthacus macrocentrus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) Halil Koc1 , Ersen Aydin Yagmur2 , Frantisek Šťáhlavský3 1Sinop University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Sinop, Turkey 2Celal Bayar University, Alaşehir Vocational School, Manisa, Turkey 3Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Prague, Czech Republic ORCID IDs of the authors: H.K 0000-0003-0429-2824; E.A.Y. 0000-0002-0396-3975; F.Š. 0000-0002-8520-9166 Please cite this article as: Koc H, Yagmur EA, Šťáhlavský F. Karyotypes of Southeastern Turkish Scorpions Hottentotta saulcyi and Buthacus macrocentrus (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Eur J Biol 2019; 78(2): 111-116. DOI: 10.26650/EurJBiol.2019.0008 ABSTRACT Objective: The species Hottentotta saulcyi is widely distributed from Mardin to Hakkari while the distribution of Buthacus macrocentrus is limited to the south-east of Turkey (only Şanlıurfa). The aim of this study is to analyze the cytogenetic structure of Hottentotta saulcyi and Buthacus macrocentrus. Materials and Methods: The specimens were collected during the night from Şırnak and Şanlıurfa using a UV lamp. The male Hottentotta saulcyi were collected from Şırnak and male and female Buthacus macrocentrus from Şanlıurfa. Chromosome preparations were made using cells from the male testes and the female ovariuteri of the species studied. Chromosome preparations were made using the classical spreading method. Results: The diploid chromosome number for Hottentotta saulcyi was 2n=14, and 2n=28 for Buthacus macrocentrus. Conclusion: The karyotypes of Hottentotta saulcyi and Buthacus macrocentrus have been presented for the first time.
  • Fluoride Concentration of Drinking-Water of Qom, Iran

    Fluoride Concentration of Drinking-Water of Qom, Iran

    Iranian Journal of Health Sciences 2016; 4(1): 37-44 http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir Original Article Fluoride Concentration of Drinking-Water of Qom, Iran Ahmad Reza Yari 1 *Shahram Nazari 1 Amir Hossein Mahvi 2 Gharib Majidi 1, Soudabeh Alizadeh Matboo 3 Mehdi Fazlzadeh 3 1- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 2- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran *[email protected] (Received: 4 Jul 2015; Revised: 22 Oct 2015; Accepted: 27 Dec 2015) Abstract Background and Purpose: Fluoride is a natural element essential for human nutrition due to its benefits for dental enamel. It is well-documented that standard amounts of fluoride in drinking- water can decrease the rate of dental caries. This study was conducted with the aim of measuring fluoride concentration of drinking-water supplies and urban distribution system in Qom, Iran. Materials and Methods: Results were subsequently compared against national and international standards. All sources of drinking-water of rural and urban areas were examined. To measure fluoride, the standard SPADNS method and a DR/4000s spectrophotometer were used . Results: Results showed that the mean of fluoride concentration in rural areas, mainly supplied with groundwater sources, was 0.41 mg/L, that of the urban distribution system 0.82 mg/L, that of Ali-Abad station 0.11 mg/L, and that of the private water desalination system 0.24 mg/L.
  • A Redescription and Family Placement of Uintascorpio Perry, 1995 from the Parachute Creek Member Of

    A Redescription and Family Placement of Uintascorpio Perry, 1995 from the Parachute Creek Member Of

    ARTÍCULO: A REDESCRIPTION AND FAMILY PLACEMENT OF UINTASCORPIO PERRY, 1995 FROM THE PARACHUTE CREEK MEMBER OF THE GREEN RIVER FORMATION (MIDDLE EOCENE) OF COLORADO, USA (SCORPIONES: BUTHIDAE) Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Michael E. Soleglad & Victor Fet Abstract: The monotypic genus Uintascorpio Perry, 1995 from the Parachute Creek Member of ARTÍCULO: the Uinta Basin in the Green River Formation, Colorado, USA (Middle Eocene; ap- A redescription and family proximate age 48 Ma) is redescribed and placed in the family Buthidae (parvorder placement of Uintascorpio Perry, Buthida). The placement of this fossil in the Buthidae is supported by the diagnostic 1995 from the Parachute Creek carination of the pedipalp, metasoma, and other morphological details. This fossil is the Member of the Green River most ancient known record of the Buthidae in the New World and the oldest North Formation (Middle Eocene) of American scorpion fossil since Carboniferous. The existence of Uintascorpio halandra- Colorado, USA sorum reflects a long Cenozoic history of buthid evolution in North America. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) Key words: Scorpiones, Buthidae, Uintascorpio, Uintascorpio halandrasorum, Middle Eocene, morphology, Uinta Basin, Green River Formation, Colorado, USA. Jorge A. Santiago-Blay Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 Redescripción y asignación familiar de Uintascorpio Perry, 1995 del and Department of Entomology, Eoceno Medio de Colorado, EEUU (Scorpiones: Buthidae) National Museum of Natural History, Resumen: Smithsonian Institution, El género monotípico Uintascorpio Perry, 1995 de Parachute Creek, en la Cuenca de P.O. Box 37012, Uinta, localizada en la Formación Green River, Colorado, Estados Unidos (Eoceno Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA Medio; edad aproximada 48 Ma) se redescribe y se asigna a la familia Buthidae (par- [email protected] vorder Buthida).
  • Neotype Designation for Pectinibuthus Birulai Fet, 1984 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Turkmenistan, with Remarks on Pectine Teeth of Psammophile Scorpions

    Neotype Designation for Pectinibuthus Birulai Fet, 1984 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Turkmenistan, with Remarks on Pectine Teeth of Psammophile Scorpions

    Neotype designation for Pectinibuthus birulai Fet, 1984 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Turkmenistan, with remarks on pectine teeth of psammophile scorpions Victor Fet, František Kovařík & Graeme Lowe August 2019 — No. 286 Euscorpius Occasional Publications in Scorpiology EDITOR: Victor Fet, Marshall University, ‘[email protected]’ ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Michael E. Soleglad, ‘[email protected]’ Euscorpius is the first research publication completely devoted to scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Euscorpius takes advantage of the rapidly evolving medium of quick online publication, at the same time maintaining high research standards for the burgeoning field of scorpion science (scorpiology).Euscorpius is an expedient and viable medium for the publication of serious papers in scorpiology, including (but not limited to): systematics, evolution, ecology, biogeography, and general biology of scorpions. Review papers, descriptions of new taxa, faunistic surveys, lists of museum collections, and book reviews are welcome. Derivatio Nominis The name Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 refers to the most common genus of scorpions in the Mediterranean region and southern Europe (family Euscorpiidae). Euscorpius is located at: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/ Archive of issues 1-270 see also at: http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/Euscorpius (Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755-2510, USA) ICZN COMPLIANCE OF ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS: Electronic (“e-only”) publications are fully compliant with ICZN (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) (i.e. for the purposes of new names and new nomenclatural acts) when properly archived and registered. All Euscorpius issues starting from No. 156 (2013) are archived in two electronic archives: • Biotaxa, http://biotaxa.org/Euscorpius (ICZN-approved and ZooBank-enabled) • Marshall Digital Scholar, http://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/.
  • Invertebrate Fauna of Wadi Al-Quff Protected Area, Palestine

    Invertebrate Fauna of Wadi Al-Quff Protected Area, Palestine

    80 Jordan Journal of Natural History Invertebrate Fauna of Wadi Al-Quff Protected Area, Palestine Mazin Qumsiyeh Palestine Museum of Natural History and Palestine Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability, Bethlehem University ABSTRACT We report results of a preliminary survey of the invertebrate fauna of Wadi Al-Quff area (occupied Palestine). We recorded 23 species of butterflies in 5 families. Moths were a difficult group to classify but we have at least 45 species. Dragon flies and damsel flies were noted in the Wadi Hasaka area. Four mantids in three families, two species of stick insects, one earwig species (Dermeptera) and at least seven species of Orthoptera were noted. There were at least 13 species of Hemiptera (true bugs) and 5 species of Neuroptera (netwing insects). We noted at least 13 species in ten families of the Order Diptera (the flies). We also collected/observed at least 17 species of Hymenoptera in eight families. In the Order Blattoidae (roaches), we noted two species only but the Order Coleoptera (Beetles) was very richly represented with at least 23 species in 10 families. Among parasitic arthropods we collected two species of fleas and three species of ticks (Ixodidae), one of the latter involved in transmittal of spotted fever. Five species of scorpions were noted, the largest being the Jericho or Mt. Nebo scorpion Nebo hierichonticus and the smallest being the brown scorpion Compsubuthus werneri. Two species of pseudoscorpions and two species of camel spiders were collected. A more difficult group was the regular spiders (Araneae) and we noted over two dozen species in at least 8 families.
  • A Global Accounting of Medically Significant Scorpions

    A Global Accounting of Medically Significant Scorpions

    Toxicon 151 (2018) 137–155 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Toxicon journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon A global accounting of medically significant scorpions: Epidemiology, major toxins, and comparative resources in harmless counterparts T ∗ Micaiah J. Ward , Schyler A. Ellsworth1, Gunnar S. Nystrom1 Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Scorpions are an ancient and diverse venomous lineage, with over 2200 currently recognized species. Only a Scorpion small fraction of scorpion species are considered harmful to humans, but the often life-threatening symptoms Venom caused by a single sting are significant enough to recognize scorpionism as a global health problem. The con- Scorpionism tinued discovery and classification of new species has led to a steady increase in the number of both harmful and Scorpion envenomation harmless scorpion species. The purpose of this review is to update the global record of medically significant Scorpion distribution scorpion species, assigning each to a recognized sting class based on reported symptoms, and provide the major toxin classes identified in their venoms. We also aim to shed light on the harmless species that, although not a threat to human health, should still be considered medically relevant for their potential in therapeutic devel- opment. Included in our review is discussion of the many contributing factors that may cause error in epide- miological estimations and in the determination of medically significant scorpion species, and we provide suggestions for future scorpion research that will aid in overcoming these errors. 1. Introduction toxins (Possani et al., 1999; de la Vega and Possani, 2004; de la Vega et al., 2010; Quintero-Hernández et al., 2013).
  • History of Azerbaijan (Textbook)

    History of Azerbaijan (Textbook)

    DILGAM ISMAILOV HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN (TEXTBOOK) Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University Methodological Council of the meeting dated July 7, 2017, was published at the direction of № 6 BAKU - 2017 Dilgam Yunis Ismailov. History of Azerbaijan, AzMİU NPM, Baku, 2017, p.p.352 Referents: Anar Jamal Iskenderov Konul Ramiq Aliyeva All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means. Electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. In Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, the book “History of Azerbaijan” is written on the basis of a syllabus covering all topics of the subject. Author paid special attention to the current events when analyzing the different periods of Azerbaijan. This book can be used by other high schools that also teach “History of Azerbaijan” in English to bachelor students, master students, teachers, as well as to the independent learners of our country’s history. 2 © Dilgam Ismailov, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword…………………………………….……… 9 I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan 10 II Theme: The Primitive Society in Azerbaijan…. 18 1.The Initial Residential Dwellings……….............… 18 2.The Stone Age in Azerbaijan……………………… 19 3.The Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages in Azerbaijan… 23 4.The Collapse of the Primitive Communal System in Azerbaijan………………………………………….... 28 III Theme: The Ancient and Early States in Azer- baijan. The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms.. 30 1.The First Tribal Alliances and Initial Public Institutions in Azerbaijan……………………………. 30 2.The Kingdom of Manna…………………………… 34 3.The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms………….
  • PDF Fulltext

    PDF Fulltext

    Electronic Physician (ISSN: 2008-5842) http://www.ephysician.ir July 2018, Volume: 10, Issue: 7, Pages: 7138-7145, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19082/7138 Scorpion composition and scorpionism in a high-risk area, the southwest of Iran Jalil Nejati1, Abedin Saghafipour2, Javad Rafinejad3, Ehsan Mozaffari3, Amir Keyhani4, Ali Abolhasani5, Amir Tavakoli Kareshk6 1 Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran 2 Ph.D. in Medical Entomology, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 3 Professor, Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran 4 Department of Medical Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 5 Department of Disease Control, Health Center of Andimeshk, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 6 Ph.D. in Medical Parasitology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran Type of article: Original Abstract Background: Scorpions are usually defined as predatory arachnids having venomous and painful stings. Scorpionism is considered as one of the health and medical problems in undeveloped tropical and subtropical countries in the world that endangers thousands of people annually. Objective: This study was done for identification of scorpion fauna and scorpionism location in a high-risk area in southwest of Iran. Methods: This study was carried out in Andimeshk district located in Khuzestan province which has the highest frequency of scorpionism in Iran. In total, 4 urban and 15 rural areas with various climates and topography were selected for monthly scorpion collection in 2016.