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Scorpions and Their Human Mortality Report in Iran: a Review Article

Scorpions and Their Human Mortality Report in Iran: a Review Article

Iran J Public Health, Vol. 48, No.12, Dec 2019, pp.2140-2153 Review Article

Scorpions and Their Mortality Report in : A Review Article

Faranak FIROOZFAR 1, *Abedin SAGHAFIPOUR 2, Nahid JESRI 3

1. Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran 2. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 3. Remote Sensing & GIS Center, Shahid Beheshti University, , Iran

*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]

(Received 21 Aug 2018; accepted 12 Oct 2018)

Abstract Background: The have enjoyed medical importance from ancient times because of their morpholog- ical structure and venom. The identification of the species of these has been more emphasized than any other aspects. The purpose of this study was to determine ’s fauna and mortality rates of their victims as reported in Iran. Methods: In this review, published documents during 1966–2018 related to medically important scorpions and mortality reports due to scorpionism were searched in the data bases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and etc., using key words including scorpion, species, classification, Iran, family, species, and the names of all 31 . Results: Overall, 169 sources were found. Based on the STROBE checklist, the quality of the documents was also considered, and ultimately, 95 sources were selected. Sixty-four species of scorpions have been identified in Iran and 86% of the species belong to the family, and the rest (9.5%, 4.5%) belong to the Hemiscorpi- idae and families, respectively. These species live mostly in tropical . The dangerous scorpions and their mortality reports are often recorded from southern regions such as Khuzestan and Hor- mozgan provinces. Conclusion: Due to the significant increase in the abundance of scorpions in Iran over the past 30 years, it is expected that this trend will continue by researchers, and the fauna of scorpions is regularly reconsidered.

Keywords: Scorpions; Mortality; Spacial distribution; Iran

Introduction

Scorpions have been living on the earth for more Scorpions are hazardous to as they have than 450 million years. These creatures belong to toxic and deadly stings. The highest human mor- the class: Arachnida; Lamarck, 1801. They have al- tality rate due to poisonous arthropods in the ways been considered by humans because their world is related to scorpionism (4, 5). painful and deadly stings. Scorpions are nocturnal The scorpions are distributed in the world be- arthropods. They have venom stings that are used tween the latitudes 23°N and 38°S of the equator to feed upon insects and self-defense (1,2). Their (6, 7). In 1997, Kovarik categorized Iran's scorpi- breeding places are mostly in the and in ons into three families: Buthidae, Scorpionidae, non-residential areas, but if their nests are de- and (8). Other researchers have stroyed, they also enter human dwellings (3). mentioned four families of scorpions in Iran:

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Buthidae, Scorpionidae, Hemiscorpiidae, and Dip- Materials and Methods locentridae (9). Nevertheless, in 2016, Dehghani et al. reported three families for this anthropode in Study area Iran: Buthidae, Hemiscorpiidae and Scorpionidae Iran is located in southwest Asia and the Middle (10). East with an area of 1.648 million km² and a pop- The scorpion sting (scorpionism) is considered as ulation of 79, 926, 270, based on the last census in one of the health problems in tropical and sub- 2016. This country is divided geographically into tropical countries, such as Iran (11-14). Due to the 31 provinces. Iran has a high climatic diversity. diversity of scorpion species in the vast zone of From the north to the south, it has different cli- Iran, from the southern islands in the Persian Gulf mate zones. The four climates of Iran are as fol- to the northernmost regions, scorpion stings lows: 1) the moderate and humid climate (north- (scorpionism) have always been considered as one ern Iran), 2) the warm and dry climate (considera- of the medical issues in most areas of Iran (10,15). ble parts of central regions), 3) the cold and moun- Many victims of these venomous have tainous climate (west and northwest of Iran) and been reported from different regions of Iran (16). 4) the warm and humid climate (southwest to- According to statistics released by CDC of the Ira- wards southwest of Iran) (21). nian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran has the second rank of venomous Study design bites in the world by a recording of about 250,000 The present study is a review on medically im- bites, following Mexico (17). In addition, many portant scorpions, as well as their mortality reports deaths caused by scorpions occur in Iran, espe- from all 31 provinces of Iran. The results of this cially in southern and southern tropical regions of study were obtained by searching related docu- the country (18). For instance, scorpionism inci- ments in scientific databases including Web of Sci- dence rates and mortality of scorpionism were es- ence, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Systematic Re- timated to be 54.8 to 66/100000 populations in view, SID, Iran Medex, and Google Scholar. The Iran during 2002-2011, respectively (13). Further- manuscripts related to the present study were more, the mortality of scorpion stings in Iran is searched and extracted by two researchers inde- about 10 times greater than snakebites as one of pendently using MeSH keywords such as Scor- the health problem related to other Iranian dan- pion, Classification, Iran, Identification, Study, gerous and the human deaths associated Mortality, Family and Species, from 1966 to 2018 to scorpion stings are about one third to one sec- (Fig. 1). Moreover, MSc theses and Ph.D. disser- ond of the snakebites (19, 20). tation for those students who graduated in Medi- It seems that having enough information on med- cal Entomology, Vector Control, and Medical En- ically important scorpions, their geographical dis- tomology were reviewed from the libraries of tribution in different regions of the country, and medical universities of Iran, such as Tehran, Shi- the mortality reports of scorpionism can help raz, , , , , health policy makers plan for the prevention of Tarbiat Modares, and others. Data categorization scorpion sting cases and design effective interven- was performed by searching articles related to tions to reduce scorpion sting cases. Provinces, Scorpions, Medicaly important scorpi- Therefore, we aimed to determine the medically ons, and mortality reports of scorpionism from important scorpions and their mortality report in different parts of Iran. Iran, using Geographical Information System.

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Fig. 1: Historical trend of published documents in relation with scorpions, scorpionism and their reported mortality in Iran.

Inclusion criteria were as follows: documents that 12 dangerous and medically important scorpions mentioned scorpion fauna or indicated on mortal- of Iran. ArcGIS software ver. 9.3 ity of scorpion stings from each of the 31 prov- (http://www.esri.com/arcgis) was employed to inces of Iran; identification of scorpions based on provide the special distribution maps of scorpions valid keys, mortality reports from the Center for and their mortality reports. Disease Control of the Ministry of Health in the form of an epidemiological survey forms that ap- Results proved by the General physicians. In addition, the case reports on the scorpion deaths published in Overall, 169 potentially related documents were Persian or English journals were considered. Arti- found. According to the inclusion and exclusion cles and theses that were not related to the subject criteria and the qualitative evaluation of docu- of this study and faunistic studies of scorpions ments, 74 sources were eliminated. Ultimately, 95 with incomplete sample size or invalid identifica- related sources were extracted and included in the tion keys were excluded from the study. study (Fig. 1). Iranian scorpions can be classified At this stage, the Strengthening the Reporting Ob- as three families: Buthidae, Scorpionidae, and servational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE); Hemiscorpiidae, including 64 species and 20 gen- the standard STROBE checklist, which has 22 era. Of these scorpions, 55 species (86%) belong items, was used to assess the quality of the docu- to the Buthidae family, six (9.5%) and three (4.5%) ments. This checklist evaluates all aspects of meth- species were reported to belong to the Hemiscor- odology including the study design, sampling piidae and Scorpionidae families, respectively. methods, measurement of variables, data analysis, I. Family Buthidae (C. L. Koch, 1837) and so on (22). The minimum score for entering 1.1 Androctonus articles in the study was considered to be 15 .5 1. Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) (Note 1, points. The studies with scores less than 15.5 were Fig.2) excluded. Distribution: , Semnan, Khuzestan, High and medium-quality documents, which re- Ilam, Kurdistan, Razavi Khorasan, South Khora- ceived minimum 16 points out of 44 points in the san, , , Sistan and Ba- checklist, were included in the present study. luchestan, Qom, West , East Azerbaijan Thus, the data collected from these documents and Ardabil (7, 9, 12, 23- 31). were entered into Microsoft Office Excel 2010 for 2142 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir

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Fig. 2: Presence of Androctonus crassicauda (left) and Apistobuthus pterygocercus (right) and their mortality report in Iran at the county

2. Androctonus baluchicus (Lournco 2005) 1.3 Genus Buthacus Distribution: Sistan and Baluchestan (9, 24). 6. Buthacus leptochelys (Hemprich & Ehrehnberg, 3. Androctonus robustus (Kovařík & Ahmed, 2013) 1829) Distribution: Sistan and Baluchestan (24). Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr and Hor- 1.2 Genus Apistobuthus mozgan (24). 4. Apistobuthus pterygocercus (Finnegan, 1932) (Fig.2) 7. Buthacus macrocentrus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Fig.3) Distribution: Khuzestan (24). Distribution: Bushehr, Khuzestan, Hormozgan 5. Apistobuthus susanae (Lourenço, 1998) and Ilam (7, 9, 31, 33, 35). Distribution: Khuzestan, Lorestan (9, 32- 34).

Fig. 3: Presence of Compsobuthus matthiesseni (left) and Buthacus macrocentrus (right) and their mortality report in Iran at the county

8. Buthacus tadmorensis (Simon, 1829) Distribution: Ilam (24).

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1.4 Genus Compsobuthus 14. Compsobuthus persicus (Navidpour et al, 2008) 9. Compsobuthus garyi (Lourenço et al Vachon, Distribution: Fars, Bushehr (9, 23, 51). 2001) 15. Compsobuthus petriolii (Vignoli, 2005) Distribution: Khuzestan (9, 33, 36). Distribution: Fars (9, 52). 10. Compsobuthus jakesi (Kovařík, 2003) 16. Compsobuthus plutenkoi (Kovařík, 2003) Distribution: Bushehr, Khuzestan, and Ilam (9, Distribution: Hormozgan (9, 37). 23, 33, 37, 38). 17. Compsobuthus acutecarinatus (Simon, 1882) 11. Compsobuthus kafkai (Kovařík, 2003) Distribution: Fars, Bushehr (24). Distribution: Sistan and Baluchestan (37). 18. Compsobuthus rugosulus (Pocock, 1900) 12. Compsobuthus kaftani (Kovařík, 2003) Distribution: Fars, Bushehr (37, 46, 53). Distribution: , and Kerman (9, 37, 19. Compsobuthus sobotniki (Kovařík, 2003) 39- 41). Distribution: Hormozgan (9, 37). 13. Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905) (Fig.3) 1.5 Genus Hottentotta Distribution: Bushehr, Chaharmahal and 20. Hottentotta zagrosensis (Kova řík, 2003) (Fig.4) Bakhtiari, Fars, Hamedan, Kerman, Kohgiluyeh Distribution: Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, and Boyer-Ahmad, Kurdistan, Lorestan, Markazi, Khuzestan, Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Qom, Khuzestan, Hormozgan, Khorasan, Ker- Lorestan and West Azarbaijan (9, 24, 33, 34, 44, manshah, Ilam, Kurdistan, West Azarbaijan, Isfa- 54, 55). han and Sistan and Baluchestan (4, 9, 23, 24, 27, 29, 33, 37, 38, 42- 50).

Fig. 4: Presence of Buthotus (Hottentotta) saulcyi (left) and Hottentotta zagrosensis (right) and their mortality report in Iran at the county

21. Hottentotta schach (Birula, 1905) manshah, Hormozgan, Ilam, Sistan and Ba- Distribution: Fars, Khuzestan (9, 31, 33, 42). luchestan, Kurdistan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ah- 22. Hottentotta saulcyi (Simon, 1880) (Fig.4) mad, Fars, Isfahan, Kerman and Ardabil, Qom (4, Distribution: Lorestan, Hamedan, Chaharmahal 7, 8, 12, 24, 29, 31, 33, 44, 45, 49, 56-62). and Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, West Azarbaijan, Ker- 23. Hottentotta lorestanus (Navidpour et al, 2010) Distribution: Lorestan (34). 2144 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir

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24. Hottentotta khoozestanus (Navidpour et al, 2008) 1.8 Genus Liobuthus Distribution: Khuzestan (63). 29. Liobuthus kessleri (Birula, 1898) 25. Hottentotta jayakari (Pocock, 1895) Distribution: Razavi Khorasan (57). Distribution: Qom, Hormozgan, Fars and Sistan 1.9 Genus Mesobuthus and Baluchestan (4, 12, 24). 30. Mesobuthus eupeus (C. L. Koch, 1839) (Fig.5) 26. Hottentotta alticola (Pocock, 1895) Distribution: Ardabil, Kerman, Isfahan, Markazi, Distribution: Khuzestan, Lorestan, Hormozgan, Mazandaran, Sistan and Baluchestan, Yazd, Koh- Sistan and Baluchestan, Kermanshah (24). giluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Semnan, Fars, 1.6 Genus Iranobuthus Khuzestan, Hormozgan, Golestan, Tehran, Kur- 27. Iranobuthus krali (Kova řík, 1997) distan, Kermanshah, Ilam, West Azarbaijan, Ra- Distribution: Fars and Isfahan (8, 39, 51). zavi Khorasan, South Khorasan, West Azerbaijan, 1.7 Genus Kraepelinia East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Qom (4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 24, 28. Kraepelinia palpator (Birula, 1903) 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 39, 40, 41, 47, 60, 61, 62, 65- 71). Distribution: Kerman and Yazd (40, 42, 57, 64).

Fig. 5: Presence of Mesobuthus eupeus (left) and Mesobuthus caucasicus (right) and their mortality report in Iran at the county

31. Mesobuthus macmahoni (Navidpour et al 2011) 34. Mesobuthus vesiculatus (Pocock, 1899) Distribution: Sistan and Baluchestan, Kerman Distribution: Tehran, Isfahan, Yazd (39, 40, 74). (24, 41). 35. Mesobuthus caucasicus (Nordmann, 1840) (Fig.6) 32. Mesobuthus phillipsii (Mirhashemi et al 2011) Distribution: Sistan and Baluchestan, Isfahan, Distribution: Khuzestan, Hormozgan (33, 72, Khorasan, Tehran, Markazi, Semnan, West Azer- 73). baijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil (27, 39, 42, 53, 57, 33. Mesobuthus zarudnyi (Birula, 1900) 60, 61, 65, 71). Distribution: Khuzestan, Hormozgan (24).

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Fig. 6: Presence of Orthochirus scrobiculosus (left) and Odontobuthus doriae (right) and their mortality report in Iran at the county

1.10 Genus Odontobuthus 43. Orthochirus gruberi (Kovařík et al 2006) 36. Odontobuthus bidentatus (Lourenço et Pézier, Distribution: Kerman (41, 83). 2002) 44. Orthochirus iranus (Kovařík, 2004) Distribution: Lorestan, Hormozgan and Distribution: Lorestan, Khuzestan, Ilam, Koh- Khuzestan (24, 75). giluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Hamedan and Bushehr 37. Odontobuthus doriae (Thorell, 1876) (Fig.6) (7, 23, 33, 38, 44, 48, 62, 84). Distribution: Hormozgan, Khuzestan, Razavi 45. Orthochirus scrobiculosus (Birula, 1900) (Note 2, Khorasan, Kerman, Yazd, Isfahan, Markazi, Fig.6) , Tehran, Alborz, Semnan, West Azarbai- Distribution: Khuzestan, Hormozgan, Tehran, jan, Kermanshah, Bushehr, Hamedan, Hor- Sistan and Baluchestan, Qom, Isfahan, Razavi mozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Qom (4, 8, 12, Khorasan, South Khorasan, Gilan, Semnan, Ker- 24, 28, 29, 31, 68, 70, 76- 82). manshah, Ilam (4, 8, 9, 12, 24, 27, 29, 49, 56, 64, 38. Odontobuthus odonturus (Pocock, 1897) 65, 71, 84). Distribution: Khuzestan, Fars, Bushehr, Ker- 46. Orthochirus stockwelli (Lourenço et Vachon, manshah, Ilam, Yazd, Sistan and Baluchestan, 1995) Qom (12, 24, 29, 46, 68). Distribution: Khuzestan, Ilam, Hormozgan and 39. Odontobuthus tavighiae (Navidpour et al. 2013) Bushehr (23, 33, 83, 85). Distribution: Hormozgan (24, 77). 47. Orthochirus varius (Kovařík, 2004) 40. Odontobuthus tirgari (Mirhashemi et al 2012) Distribution: Hormozgan (24). Distribution: South Khorasan and Razavi Khora- 48. Orthochirus zagrosensis (Kovařík, 2004) san (24). Distribution: Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer- 1.11 Genus Orthochirus Ahmad, Isfahan, Yazd and Kerman (40, 41, 44, 41. Orthochirus farzanpayi (Vachon et Farzanpay, 84). 1987) Distribution: Bushehr, Kerman, Hormozgan, 1.12 Genus Anomalobuthus Khuzestan, South Khorasan (4, 23, 24, 33, 41, 57, 49. Anomalobuthus talebii (Teruel et al 2014) 70, 83). Distribution: South Khorasan (24, 86). 42. Orthochirus fuscipes (Pocock, 1900) 1.13 Genus Polisius Distribution: Sistan and Baluchestan (53, 84). 50. Polisius persicus (Fet, Capes et Sissom, 2001)

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Distribution: Ilam, Sistan and Baluchestan, Isfa- 2.1 Genus Scorpio han and Kerman (7, 38, 39, 41, 87). 55. Scorpio maurus townsendi (Pocock, 1900) 1.14 Genus Razianus Distribution: Khuzestan, Isfahan, Khorasan, 51. Razianus zarudnyi (Birula, 1903) Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh Distribution: Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Sistan and Boyer-Ahmad, Kurdistan, Gilan, Fars, West and Baluchestan, Lorestan, Khuzestan, Hor- Azarbaijan, Qazvin, Alborz, Semnan, Bushehr, mozgan, Ilam, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad (7, Kermanshah, Ilam, Sistan and Baluchestan and 33, 34, 38, 42, 44, 45, 47, 57, 62). Ardabil (9, 12, 23, 24, 31, 33, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 48, 1.15 Genus Sassanidotus 59, 60, 62, 81). 52. Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900) 2.2 Genus Nebo Distribution: Sistan and Baluchestan, Hor- 56. Nebo henjamicus (Franck, 1980) mozgan, Kerman (24, 41, 42, 83). Distribution: Hormozgan (24). 53. Sassanidotus zarudnyi (Birula, 1903) 57. Nebo n. sp (Dehghani 2008) Distribution: Sistan and Baluchestan, Hor- Distribution: Kerman (28). mozgan, Tehran (24, 42, 57, 83). III. Family Hemiscorpiidae 1.16 Genus Vachoniolus 1.3 Genus Hemiscorpius 54. Vachoniolus iranus (Navidpour et al., 2008) 58. Hemiscorpius acanthocercus (Monod et Lourenço, Distribution: Khuzestan (33). 2005) (Note 3, Fig. 7) II. Family Scorpionidae Distribution: Hormozgan (24, 88).

Fig. 7: Presence of Hemiscorpius lepturus (left) and Hemiscorpius acanthocercus (right) and their mortality report in Iran at the county

59. Hemiscorpius enischnochela (Monod et Lourenço, Distribution: Khuzestan, Semnan, Fars, Kurdi- 2005) stan, Hormozgan, Bushehr, Ilam, Lorestan, Ker- Distribution: Hormozgan, Khuzestan (24, 88). manshah, Isfahan, Hamedan, Kohgiluyeh and 60. Hemiscorpius gaillardi (Vachon, 1974) Boyer-Ahmad and Kerman (4, 7, 23- 25, 28, 31, Distribution: Sistan and Baluchestan, Kerman 33, 38, 41, 44- 49, 58, 59, 62, 70, 72, 88, 89). (27, 60, 88). 62. Hemiscorpius persicus (Birula, 1903) 61. Hemiscorpius lepturus (Peters, 1862) (Note 4, Distribution: Sistan and Baluchestan (42, 88). Fig.7)

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63. Hemiscorpius kashkayi (Karataş and Gharkheloo According to the latest studies, the checklist of 2013) scorpions in Iran consists of three families: Buthi- Distribution: Khuzestan (24, 90). dae, Scorpionidae, and Hemiscorpionidae with 20 In addition, spatial distribution of medicaly im- genera and 64 species. The last change occurred in portant scorpions and their mortality report in the genus Nebo, an unknown new species was re- Iran has presented with geographical maps (Fig 2- ported in Jiroft County, (98). At 7). present, the number of species of the genus Odon- 64. Hemiscorpius shahii tobuthus has reached five species (75, 77). Distribution: Hormozgan (91). Several species of the scorpions have a toxic and Note 1: Androctonus crassicauda is known as the fatal sting and others have a painful sting. These medically important scorpion species in the Mid- species are more likely to be in contact with hu- dle East (92). Mortality report due to Androctonus mans and their dwellings; that is why they are clas- crassicauda stings have been recorded in Khuzestan, sified as medically important scorpions. In Iran, 12 North West of Iran, West Azerbaijan, and East species of eight genera are as follows: Hemiscorpius, Azerbaijan (60, 93, 94). Androctonus, Odontobuthus, Apistobuthus, Compsobu- Note 2: Orthochirus scrobiculosus: Mortality report of thus, Hottentotta, Orthochirus, and Mesobuthus (99). Orthochirus scrobiculosus has been recorded only in Blood hypotension, accelerated heart rate, seizure, , southwest of Iran (5). anesthesia, distraction, agitation and anxiety, he- Note 3: The death report of Hemiscorpius acantho- molysis, ulcers and skin necrosis, and renal failure cercus has been recorded in , have been reported with medically important scor- south of Iran (95). pion sting (100). In the scorpion breeding places Note 4: Hemiscorpius lepturus: The death of this in Iran, especially in the hot areas of the scorpion species has been reported in Khuzestan Khuzestan and Isfahan provinces in central and and Hormozgan provinces; southwest and south southwest of the country, there are a number of of Iran (96, 97). animals that feed on scorpions and are considered their predators (101, 102). The scorpion sting of Discussion the family Buthidae is painful (103). After being stung by these scorpions, swelling and numbness Of the three scorpion families reported in Iran are observed at the stung area and the pain that (Buthidae, Scorpionidae, and Hemiscorpiidae), the feels most at night. Some species of this family are family Buthidae has the highest frequency (86%). noticeable because of their medical importance. The classification of species, genera, families, and One of the most harmful and fatal species of this superfamilies of reported scorpions in Iran has family in Iran is Androctonus crassicauda. Mortality been expanded and modified in a relatively short reports of this species have been reported in the period. In addition, considering the use of new West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, and Khuzestan identification techniques in classification science, provinces (60, 95, 96). The Orthochirus scrobiculosus this instability is expected to continue in the clas- is another toxic scorpion of familiy Buthidae, sification of scorpions, and in the future, the which is one of the most medically important scor- movement of species among the families will oc- pions in Iran. A mortality report from this species cur. One of the main reasons for the instability of was recorded in Khuzestan province in southwest the classification of these arthropods is the of Iran (5). The Hemiscorpius lepturus of family changes in faunistic species structure in different Hemiscorpiidae has high medical importance and climatic and geographic regions of Iran. Solving is the most dangerous scorpions in Iran, which an- this problem involves conducting studies using nually causes a number of mortalities among chil- new species identification methods, such as mo- dren and adults in the southern (Hormozgan prov- lecular and genetic methods that can solve the ince) and southwest (Khuzestan province) regions classification of scorpions.

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of Iran (96, 97). Ultimately, there is a mortality re- The great appreciation goes to Dr. Rohollah port of the H. acanthocercus of family Hemiscorpi- Dehghani from University of Medical Sci- idae in southern Iran (Hormozgan province) (95). ences for his scientific help during the writing of The family Scorpionidae in Iran with having three this present manuscript. species has little medical importance. Of family Scorpionidae, Nebo henjamicus was reported for the Conflict of interests first time by Francke (1980), from the Hengam Is- land in the Persian Gulf (98). After that, few sam- The authors declare no conflict of interest. ples of this species have been reported from the Iranian plateau in Kerman Province, south east of References Iran, which needs to be investigated further (98). The southern and southwestern regions of the 1. Dehghani R, Ghannaee Arani M (2015). Scorpion country are rich concerning scorpion species (26, sting prevention and treatment in ancient Iran. 34, 94, 104). Scorpions, such as other arthropods J Tradit Complement Med, 5(2):75-80. and animals, are the major health pests that cause 2. Chippaux JP, Goyffon M (2008). Epidemiology discomfort among people in different areas of the of scorpionism: a global appraisal. Acta Trop, country (105, 20). 107(2):71-79. Therefore, applying the control methods, includ- 3. Ramires EN, Navarro-Silva AM, Assis Marques F ing the use of chemical pesticides, are also consid- (2011). Chemical Control of Spiders and Scor- ered, although the issue of resistance and environ- pions in Urban Areas, Pesticides in the Mod- ern World, Margarita Stoytcheva, IntechOpen, mental pollution is a major problem in the use of DOI: 10.5772/16562. pesticides, which applies to all arthropods, such as 4. Shahi M, Azizi K, Ansarian N (2009). Study on scorpions. The use of pesticides to control these Scorpion Fauna in endanger area of Hor- creatures should be carefully and accurately mozgan province 2006-2007. J Hormozgan Univ planned (106, 107). Med Sci,12: 207-214. 5. Dehghani R, Fathi B (2012). Scorpion sting in Conclusion Iran: Areview.Toxicon, 60(5):919-933. 6. Polis GA (1990). The biology of scorpions. Stan- The highest diversity and abundance of scorpion ford University Press, Stanford, Calif, 587 species are in southern and southwest regions in pages. Iran, especially Hormozgan and Khuzestan prov- 7. Sharifinia N, Gowhari I, Hoseiny-Rad M et al inces. However, the diversity of scorpions is less, (2017). Fauna and Geographical Distribution from the southwest to the north and northwest of of Scorpions in Ilam Province, South Western the country. However, the completion of infor- Iran. J -Borne Dis, 11(2): 242–248. mation on scorpion species in Iran requires more 8. Kovařík F (1997). Results of the Czech Biological Expedition to Iran. Part 2. Arachnida: Scorpi- effort by the researchers. ones, with descriptions of Iranobuthus krali

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