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Home , Determiner, Personal pronoun, Possessive determiner

EX–18 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY

5. , inanimate, common, count The Beardstown Ladies overestimated the annual return on their stocks. 6. , predicative, not attributive The door was ajar when got home last night. ?*The ajar door alarmed me. 7. noun, proper, noncount, inanimate Chinese Communism is different from Russian Communism. 8. adjective, attributive, but not predicative My main reason for being here was to get a glimpse of the President. *My reason was main.

CHAPTER 5 – STRUCTURE-CLASS

Exercise 5.1 1. The (definite ) the (definite article) second (ordinal number) a (indefinite article) this () the (definite article) children’s () 2. many (indefinite) the (definite article) 5. the (definite article) third (ordinal number) 3. several (indefinite) this (demonstrative) the (definite article) sufficient (indefinite) last (ordinal number) his (possessive) three (cardinal number) (Neither of the uses of that in this is 4. Our (possessive) as a . The first that stands alone as enough (indefinite) a , and the second that is a connector.) next (ordinal number)

Exercise 5.2 This exercise can best be done in class with the instructor monitoring student efforts. 1. several options

2. someone’s hat EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–19

3. all their effort

4. Mary’s only other friend

Exercise 5.3 1. must have been 4. has, can 2. Do, should (be is the main ) 5. does (second do is the main verb) 3. Has (had is the main verb)

Exercise 5.4 (No answers provided for this exercise)

Exercise 5.5 1. Several - determiner (indefinite) the - determiner the - determiner has - auxiliary rather - qualifier been - auxiliary last - determiner (ordinal) rather - qualifier night’s - determiner (possessive) that - determiner (demonstrative) had - auxiliary the - determiner last - determiner (ordinal) 2. Does - auxiliary Margaret’s - determiner (possessive) 4. Since many more packages means many packages have - auxiliary more [than thought], many seems more a less - qualifier determiner of packages than a qualifier of more. George’s - determiner (possessive) But is a borderline example. might - auxiliary 5. Ought to is more like a modal than a verb. It have - auxiliary will not accept verb , and it appears 3. somewhat - qualifier first in the verb ; in fact, the modal a - determiner should could substitute for it. EX–20 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY

Exercise 5.6 1. about, into, inside, after = prepositions To crawl is an : to plus a verb. 2. by, of, in, through = prepositions Down is a verb particle (note that it can move: decided they should close Interstate 670 down). 3. Aside from, of, on, without, in, before, to = prepositions Out and back are . 4. in, at, on, before, before, on = prepositions Out is a verb particle that combines with figure: figure something out; figure out something. Together is an . To assemble and to figure out are .

Exercise 5.7 1. Her is the of the verb (show her). 2. I is the of the verb arrive. 3. Him is the object of the preposition to; and are the subjects of the verb left. 4. Her is the object of the preposition with. 5. Me is the object of the preposition from.

Exercise 5.8 1. All students must have their registration forms stamped by the Bursar’s office. 2. No had remembered to bring a blue book for the final exam. All the students had forgotten to bring their blue books for the final exam. 3. The ending of that movie surprised both Eleanor and me. 4. None of the residents on our side of the street had their house numbers painted on the curb. 5. Anyone wants to make a personal phone call during the day should use one of the pay phones in the lobby. 6. Someone’s schoolbooks were left on the lunchroom counter at noon.

Exercise 5.9 1. when - subordinating into, from, about, with - prepositions and, yet - coordinating conjunctions EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–21

2. although, after, when - subordinating conjunctions to, about, on - prepositions consequently - Off in laid off is a verb particle. 3. because, before - subordinating conjunctions but - coordinating conjunction meanwhile - conjunctive adverb for, of, of, to (in to the meal) - prepositions To in to make creates an infinitive. Down in sat down is a verb particle. 4. if, unless - subordinating conjunctions about, to (in to himself), about - prepositions or - coordinating conjunction To in to keep creates an infinitive.

Exercise 5.10 This is a good exercise for small group work, followed by a discussion of results. Students might choose which alternative they prefer and discuss why (based, perhaps, on logic or ). Our suggestions do not exhaust the possible appropriate revisions. 1. run-on a. punctuation: The early bird gets the worm. The second mouse gets the cheese. b. coordinator: The early bird gets the worm, but the second mouse gets the cheese. c. subordinator: Although the early bird gets the worm, the second mouse gets the cheese. d. conjunctive adverb: The early bird gets the worm; however, the second mouse gets the cheese. 2. comma splice a. punctuation: John couldn’t study for the exam; he had bought the wrong text for the course. b. coordinator: John couldn’t study for the exam, for he had bought the wrong text for the course. c. su b o rd i n a t o r : Jo hn couldn’t study for the exam because he had bought the wrong text for the course. d. conjunctive adverb: John had bought the wrong text for the course; therefore, he couldn’t study for the exam. 3. comma splice a. pu n c t u a t i on : Last sprin g ’s storms caused flooding throughout the midwest; the drought cont i n u e d in the southwest. b. coordinator: Last spring’s storms caused flooding throughout the midwest, yet the drought continued in the southwest. c. subordinator: Although last spring’s storms caused flooding throughout the midwest, the drought continued in the southwest. d. conjunctive adverb: Last spring’s storms caused flooding throughout the midwest; nevertheless, the drought continued in the southwest. EX–22 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY

4. run-on a. punctuation: Chapter 1 introduces to fifteen separate characters. The death of fourteen of them in Chapter 2 comes as quite a shock. b. coordinator: Chapter 1 introduces you to fifteen separate characters, and the death of fourteen of them in Chapter 2 comes as quite a shock. c. subordinator: After Chapter 1 introduces you to fifteen separate characters, the death of fourteen of them in Chapter 2 comes as quite a shock. d. conjunctive adverb: Chapter 1 introduces you to fifteen separate characters; subsequently, the death of fourteen of them in Chapter 2 comes as quite a shock. 5. run-on a. punctuation: Eleanor loves to get good grades; she always asks ingratiating questions in class. b. coordinator: Eleanor loves to get good grades, so she always asks ingratiating questions in class. c. su b o rd i n a t o r : Since Eleanor loves to get good grad e s , she alwa ys asks ingratiating questions in cla s s . d. conjunctive adverb: Eleanor loves to get good grades; consequently, she always asks ingratiating questions in class. 6. run-on a. punctuation: Our television set smells like burning rubber; it sets off the smoke alarm. b. coordinator: Our television set smells like burning rubber, and it sets off the smoke alarm. c. subordinator: When our television set smells like burning rubber, it sets off the smoke alarm. d. con j u n c t i v e adverb : Our televi s i o n set smells like burning rub b e r ; in fact, it sets off the smoke alarm.

Exercise 5.11 Antecedents are in parentheses. 1. (The car) that [relative]; (an outrageous amount) which [relative] 2. (The computer repairman) whom [relative]; (the lightweight laptop) that [relative] [The first that is a function – but not a relative – introducing a that-, a subject to be discussed in Chapter 10.] 3. When is a subordinating conjunction; (the debts) that [relative] 4. (a good reason) why [relative] 5. (your suggestion) that [relative] [That in that driving test is a demonstrative.] 6. (the summer) when [relative]

Exercise 5.12 1. What [interrogative] [When is a subordinator.] 2. Whose [interrogative]; (those) that [relative]; (the desk) where [relative] 3. (The Internal Revenue Service agent) who [relative]; (reasons) why [relative] 4. whom [interrogative]; (the chain letter) that [relative] 5. (Someone) who [relative]; who [interrogative]; (my web page) which [relative]; why [interrogative] EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–23

Review Exercises Missing Structure Words Students may discover other ways of cla ri f y ing the ambiguous headlines in addition to what suggest. 1. Either Ca n a dian or Ca n a dian Seals could be the subject of this sentence; either seals or deal could be the main verb. Adding clears up both ambiguities: A Canadian Seals A Deal With Creditors. 2. Appeal could be a verb (makes something appeal to) or a noun (makes an appeal). Adding a determiner clarifies the meaning: Clinton Makes A Domestic Violence Appeal to Men. 3. Being shot could modify either deer or jets.Adding the auxiliary makes clear which is intended: Deer Interfering with Jets Are Being Shot at Philly Airport. 4. It appears that the mad cow might have been the speaker at the arts center. A determiner helps: A Mad Cow Speaker at Arts Center. The result is still slightly ambiguous. Does mad modify cow or speaker? Inserting disease and rewriting the headline might clarify it further: Speaker on Mad Cow Disease at Arts Center. Or one could use a determiner to make the other meaning unambiguous: Mad Cow a Speaker at Arts Center. 5. This could mean that the killer is being given a bike. Inserting an auxiliary makes the meaning clear: Teen Is Guilty of Killing to Get Bike. 6. This seems to suggest that narcolepsy is more prevalent than thought is. Inserting the auxiliary helps: Narcolepsy May Be More Prevalent in Women Than Was Thought.

Pronouns 1. I personal 5. Ours possessive our possessive anyone indefinite her possessive 6. we personal 2. its possessive one another reciprocal everyone indefinite ourselves reflexive we personal 3. one indefinite ourselves reflexive oneself reflexive 4. their possessive each other reciprocal themselves reflexive EX–24 EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY

Structure Identification This exercise provides the opportunity to review structure class/form class distinctions. 1. When - subordinator into - a verb particle; part of phrasal verb break into him - two - determiner, cardinal number up - a verb particle; part of phrasal verb turned up at - preposition his - determiner, possessive more than - phrasal qualifier 2. up - a verb particle, part of phrasal verb gathered up all - predeterminer, indefinite his - determiner, possessive pronoun enough - qualifier them - personal pronoun from - preposition one - determiner, cardinal number but - coordinating conjunction neither ... nor - correlative conjunction he - personal pronoun his - determiner, possessive pronoun could - modal auxiliary why - relative adverb the - determiner, definite article was - be auxiliary with - preposition so - qualifier much - determiner, indefinite

3. That1 - determiner, demonstrative that2 - was - verb; not an auxiliary here right - qualifier across ... from - preposition must - modal auxiliary have - have auxiliary down - verb particle, part of phrasal verb closed down very - qualifier Did - do auxiliary

that3 - demonstrative pronoun because - subordinating conjunction EX ERCISE ANSWER KEY EX–25

out - verb particle, part of phrasal verb ran out of - preposition or - coordinating conjunction away - verb particle, part of phrasal verb take away too - qualifier much - of - preposition his - determiner, possessive pronoun 4. Our - determiner, possessive pronoun whose - relative pronoun and was - verb just - qualifier a bit - qualifier about - preposition therefore - conjunctive adverb quite - qualifier his - determiner, possessive pronoun most - qualifier him - personal pronoun with - preposition a - determiner, indefinite article at - preposition of - preposition all - predeterminer, indefinite our - determiner, possessive pronoun 5. On - preposition her - determiner, possessive pronoun

first1 - postdeterminer, ordinal number after - subordinating conjunction a - determiner, indefinite article the - determiner, definite article had - have auxiliary her - determiner, possessive pronoun consequently - conjunctive adverb she - personal pronoun was - be auxiliary

first2 - determiner, ordinal number for - preposition her - determiner, possessive pronoun whole - adjective, not a structure word here