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Sockeye Salmon Investigations and Limnological Sampling on Tustumena Lake

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Sockeye Salmon Investigations and Limnological Sampling on Tustumena Lake SOCKEYE SALMON INVESTI(;ATIONS AND LIMNOL( )(;ICAL SAMPLIN(; ON TUSTUMENA LAKE: 1995 ANNUAL REPORT G. L. Todd G. B. Kyle REGIONAL INFORMATION REPORT' NO. 5596-06 Alaska Department of Fish and ('~ame Division of Commercial Fisheries Manzgernent 2nd De~e!opment P.O. Bou 25526 Juneau, Alaska 99802-5526 February 1996 AUTHORS Gary L. Todd is the project biologist for the Tustumena Lake sockeye salmon investigations for the Alaska Depart~nentof Fish and Game, Lirnnology Unit, Division of Commercial Fisheries Management and Development, 34828 Kalifomsky Beach Road, Suite B, Soldotna Ak 99669. Gary B. Kyle is the south-central Regional Lirnnologist for the Alaska Department of Fish and Gane. Lirnnology Unit, Division of Commercial Fisheries Management and Development, 34828 Kalifomsky Beach Road, Suite B, Soldotna Ak 99669. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Ken Tarbox (ADF&G) and his staf€for adult salmon fishery information, and Pat Shields, Al Helminski, Richard Dederick, and Shawn Rogers (ADF&G) for assisting in data collection. Fundine for this project was provided by the Exvon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. TABLE OF CONTENTS Section ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................- 7 Study Site Description ........................................................................................................2 METHODS ................................................................................................................................. 3 . Adult Hatchery Contrlbutlon.............................................................................................. 3 Hydroacoustic~TownetSurveys ......................................................................................... 3 S~noltEnumeration and Sampling ...................................................................................... 4 Lirnnological Surveys ........................................................................................................ 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................................. 5 . Adult Hatchery Contr~but~on............................................................................................. 5 Fall Fry Abundance. Size. and Age ................................................................................... 6 Srnolt Abundance. Size. and Age ...................................................................................... 6 Li~nnologicalSurveys ....................................................................................................... 7 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF TABLES Table -Pace I. Estimated number and percentage of hatchery-produced sockeye salmon in the escapement and total return for Tustumena Lake in 1995, and comparison to the mean for 1984- 1994. 10 2. Densities and population estimates of juvenile fish rearing in Tustumena Lake by transect based on the 22 September 1995 hydroacoustic survey, and comparison to the mean estimate for 198 1- 1994. 3. Mean size and age composition of juvenile sockeye salmon fry caught in surface net tows by basin during 1995 in Tustumena Lake, and comparison to the means for 1980- 1994. 4. Daily population estimates of sockeye salmon smolts emigrating Tusturnena Lake, 1995. 5. Size and age of Tustumena Lake sockeye salmon smolts by sample period, 1995. 6. Size and age of Tusturnena Lake sockeye salmon smolts that were dyed and recaptured by sample period, 1995. 7. Population estimate (in thousands) of sockeye salmon smolts emigrating Tustumena Lake by age and sample period, 1995. X. Lirnnolo~icalcharacreristics within the epilinmion (1 rn) of Tustumena Lake during 1995 by basin, and comparison to the means for 1980-1994. 9. Summary of zooplankton seasonal mean density and biomass within Tustumena Lake during 1995, and comparison to the means for 1980- 1994. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. hlol-pho~netricmap of Tustumena Lake showing the location of lirnnolo~ical sample stations and the nine transects used during the 22 September 1995 hydroacoustic survey. 2. Map of Tustumena Lake showing the distribution (density) of juvenile sockeye salmon for the 22 September 1995 hydroacoustic survey. 3. Juvenile sockeye salmon distribution by depth stratum for the three basins in Tustumena Lake based on the 22 September 1995 hydroacoustic survey. 4. Migration. timing for sockeye salmon smolts emigrating Tustumena Lake, 1995. 5. Density of Diuptonzus by sample date and station in Tustumena Lake, 1995. 6. Density of Cyclops by sample date and station in Tustumena Lake, 1995. ABSTRACT The I995 adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynch~rsrlerka escapement into Tustumena Lake based on sonar counts in the Kasilof River was estimated at 205,903. The hatchery contribution of adult sockeye salmon in the escapement for 1995 was 10,256 (5%). An estimated 3 1,197 hatchery-produced fish contributed to the total Tustumena Lake sockeye salmon return in 1995. A total of 10.5 million + 2.0 million sockeye salrnon juveniles were estimated in Tustu~nenaLake based on a hydroacoustic/townet survey conducted in September of 1995. The age composition of sockeye salmon fiy collected was 84.6% age-0 and 15.4% age- 1. The mean length of age-0 fiy was 64 mrq which was larger than all previous years since 1980, and the mean weight was 2.8 g, which was larger than all previous years except for 1993. The estimated number of sockeye salrnon smolts that emigrated Tustumena Lake in 1995 was 7.3 million + 2.2 million. The dady peak emigration occurred on 8 June when an estimated 1.6 million srnolts emigrated. The smolt population was comprised of 4.8 million (66.1%) age-1 smolts and 2.5 million (33.9%) age-2 smolts. The mean size of age-1 and age-2 smolts was 71.5 rnm and 2.8 g, and 84.2 mrn and 4.3 g, respectively. L Limnological surveys in 1995 indicated a higher seasonal mean water temperature, lower concentrations of key nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen), and lower algal biomass (chlorophyll UJ than the means for 1980-1994. The euphotic zone depth was greater at all three stations in 1995 than the 1980-1994 means. The density of Diaptom~lsin 1995 was 16% geater than the mean during 1980-1994, while Cyclops density was 40% lower compared to the 1980-1994 means. KEY WORDS: sockeye, f?y stocking, smolt and adult production, glacial lake, limnology INTRODUCTION The Tusturnena Lake s0ckej.e sahnon Otzcot-hytzch~~stzerlicl investigation project was initiated in 198 1 to assess juvenile and adult sockeye salmon populations relative to the efFects of stocking hatchery fry. The primary goals of this project are to determine in-lake factors affecting productivity and to assess the stochg program relative to averting negative impacts to the natural production of sockeye salmon. htially, the working hypothesis of sockeye salmon production in Tustumena Lake was that this system operated in a typical density-dependent fashion, where the variability in smolt production (juvenile- rearing success) is related to fluctuations in freshwater trophic levels (Foerster 1944; Johnson 1965: Brocksen et al. 1970; Koenings and Burkett 19x7; Kyle et al. 1988). However, if juvenile fish density is not sufficient to challenge the lirnnetic forage base, and trophic-level responses become uncoupled from fLsh density, observed trophic changes may be correlated to environmental variables (density- independent). In Tustumena Lake, Kyle (1992) reported that trophlc-level responses were inconsktenr with unconditional density-dependent sockeye salrnon production. A prelirmnary analysis in Tustu~nenaLake suggests that sockeye sahnon production is density-independent, as environmentally dependent variables were responsible for a majority of the annual variation in the production of ~5 ild age- 1 smolts (Koenings et al. 1988). This report summarizes hheries and limnological data collected during 1995. This infor~nationB used to assess juvenile and adult sockeye salmon production and changes in lirnnolo~icalparameters in Tustumena Lake for comparison to Skilak and Kenai lakes (Schdt et al. 1995). Sockeye salrnon investigations in Tustumena Lake have been on-going since 1980. In 1974 sockeye sahnon e,,"0s were first taken from Glacier Flats Creek. Since then, sockeye salmon eggs have been taken each year fom Glacier Flats Creek, Bear Creek, or both, and fry have been stocked in Tustumena Lake (with the exception of 1994. when the fry were infected with infectious hernatopoietic necrosis (THN virus and destroyed) at levels ranging from 6-17 million. Previous years of information on thks project are reported in Ragg et al. (1984; 1987), federal-aid (Anadro~nousFish Conservation) annual reports ( 1987- 1992) by various authors, a summary report for years 1980- 199 1 by Kyle (1992), and annual reports by Todd and Kyle (1994, 1995). Study Site Description Tustumena Lake (60' 10' N, 150" 55' W) is located on the Kenai Peninsula, approximately 25 lun south of Soldotna, Alaska. This lake has a surface area of 294.5 km2 (73,942 acres), a mean and muirnum depth of 24 m and 320 m, and is approximately 40-km long and 8-km wide (Figure 1). Tustu~nenaLake is fed by clearwater creeks as well as glacial creeks that originate in the Harding Icefield. The lake outlet (Kasilof River)
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