Review of the Criminal

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Review of the Criminal Review of the Criminal Organisation Act 2009 15 December 2015 Alan Wilson SC 2 3 Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Why review COA? ................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Organised Crime .................................................................................................................... 11 1.3 The aims and objects of COA ............................................................................................... 14 1.4 How COA works ..................................................................................................................... 14 1.5 The Finks application ............................................................................................................ 15 1.6 The Pompano case: the Finks challenge COA in the High Court ........................................ 16 1.7 Other relevant Queensland legislation ................................................................................ 17 1.8 Legislation in other jurisdictions .......................................................................................... 18 1.9 Should COA, or some parts of it, be retained? .................................................................... 19 1.10 Effective anti-organised crime legislation ......................................................................... 19 1.11 The work behind this review .............................................................................................. 19 1.12 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 20 2 Organised Crime ................................................................................................................................ 21 2.1 What is organised crime? ..................................................................................................... 21 2.2 OMCGs as organised crime .................................................................................................. 26 2.3 OMCGs and organised criminal activity in Queensland – a statistical view ...................... 30 3 Aims and Objects of COA ................................................................................................................... 33 3.1 The background to the introduction of COA and its primary focus upon OMCGs ............. 33 3.2 The anticipated uses of COA ................................................................................................ 34 3.3 The aims and objects of COA ............................................................................................... 35 4 The operation of COA ......................................................................................................................... 39 4.1 Criminal Intelligence ............................................................................................................. 39 4.2 Issues arising from the use of criminal intelligence ........................................................... 43 4.3 Criminal Organisations ......................................................................................................... 63 4.4 Control, Public Safety and Anti-Fortification orders ............................................................ 74 4.5 The operation of COA’s substantive provisions ................................................................... 81 4.6 Corresponding orders and other features ........................................................................... 82 4.7 Accountability mechanisms .................................................................................................. 83 5 The Finks Application ...................................................................................................................... 101 5.1 The progress of the Finks case .......................................................................................... 101 5.2 The criminal intelligence declaration proceedings ........................................................... 102 5.3 The substantive application ............................................................................................... 104 4 5.4 Why was the Finks application discontinued by the Queensland Police Service? ......... 105 5.5 Queensland Police Service observations about the COA process, CI and substantive applications ................................................................................................................................ 106 5.6 The role of the COPIM ......................................................................................................... 106 5.7 Court management of applications ................................................................................... 107 5.8 Summary.............................................................................................................................. 108 6 High Court challenge to COA ........................................................................................................... 111 6.1 The Finks proceedings ........................................................................................................ 111 6.2 The High Court’s decision ................................................................................................... 112 6.3 Summary of why COA does not infringe the Kable principle ............................................ 115 6.4 What the High Court did not decide ................................................................................... 117 7 Other Queensland legislation aimed at criminal organisations .................................................... 123 7.1 COA’s future is interwoven with the full package of legislation aimed at criminal organisations ............................................................................................................................. 123 7.2 Criminal Code (Qld) and Drugs Misuse Act 1986 (Qld) .................................................... 123 7.3 Criminal confiscation legislation ........................................................................................ 124 7.4 The 2013 suite of laws ....................................................................................................... 126 7.5 The High Court challenge to the 2013 suite of laws: Kuczborski v Queensland ............ 130 7.6 Remaining doubts about the constitutional validity of the 2013 suite ........................... 132 8 Legislative attempts to combat organised crime in other jurisdictions ....................................... 135 8.1 Lessons learned from other jurisdictions .......................................................................... 135 8.2 New South Wales ................................................................................................................ 138 8.3 South Australia .................................................................................................................... 145 8.4 Western Australia ................................................................................................................ 159 8.5 Northern Territory ................................................................................................................ 165 8.6 Victoria ................................................................................................................................. 169 8.7 Tasmania ............................................................................................................................. 175 8.8 Australian Capital Territory ................................................................................................. 178 8.9 Commonwealth of Australia ............................................................................................... 180 8.10 United States .................................................................................................................... 183 8.11 Canada .............................................................................................................................. 190 8.12 New Zealand ..................................................................................................................... 193 8.13 United Kingdom ................................................................................................................ 194 8.14 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 203 8.15 Timeline of declaration and control order legislation ..................................................... 205 8.16 Table comparing key tests under declaration and control order legislation ................ 206 5 9 Policy Options ................................................................................................................................... 213 9.1 Criminal intelligence ........................................................................................................... 213 9.2 Criminal organisation declarations and control orders .................................................... 213 9.3 Public Safety Orders ...........................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Riding at the Margins
    Riding at the Margins International Media and the Construction of a Generic Outlaw Biker Identity in the South Island of New Zealand, circa 1950 – 1975. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Cultural Anthropology By David Haslett University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand 2007 Abstract New Zealand has had a visible recreational motorcycle culture since the 1920s, although the forerunners of the later ‘outlaw’ motorcycle clubs really only started to emerge as loose-knit biker cliques in the 1950s. The first recognised New Zealand ‘outlaw club’, the Auckland chapter of the Californian Hell’s Angels M.C., was established on July 1961 (Veno 2003: 31). This was the Angels’ first international chapter, and only their fifth chapter overall at that time. Further outlaw clubs emerged throughout both the North and the South Island of New Zealand from the early 1960s, and were firmly established in both islands by the end of 1975. Outlaw clubs continue to flourish to this day. The basic question that motivated this thesis was how (the extent to which) international film, literature, media reports and photographic images (circa 1950 – 1975) have influenced the generic identity adopted by ‘outlaw’ motorcycle clubs in New Zealand, with particular reference to the South Island clubs. The focus of the research was on how a number of South Island New Zealand outlaw bikers interpreted international mass media representations of ‘outlaw’ biker culture between 1950 – 1975. This time span was carefully chosen after considerable research, consultation and reflection. It encompasses a period when New Zealand experienced rapid development of a global mass media, where cultural images were routinely communicated internationally in (relatively) real time.
    [Show full text]
  • One Percent Motorcycle Clubs: Has the Media Constructed a Moral Panic in Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia? Dr Kira J Harris, Charles Sturt University
    Charles Sturt University From the SelectedWorks of Dr Kira J Harris 2009 One Percent Motorcycle Clubs: Has the Media Constructed a Moral Panic in Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia? Dr Kira J Harris, Charles Sturt University Available at: https://works.bepress.com/kira_harris/20/ One Percent Motorcycle Clubs: Has the Media Constructed a Moral Panic in Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia? Kira Jade Harris BA(Psych), GradCertCrimnlgy&Just, GradDipCrimnlgy&Just, MCrimJus Faculty of Business and Law Edith Cowan University 2009 ii USE OF THESIS This copy is the property of Edith Cowan University. However, the literary rights of the author must also be respected. If any passage from this thesis is quoted or closely paraphrased in a paper or written work prepared by the user, the source of the passage must be acknowledged in the work. If the user desires to publish a paper or written work containing passages copied or closely paraphrased from this thesis, which passages would in total constitute an infringing copy for the purpose of the Copyright Act, he or she must first obtain the written permission of the author to do so. iii Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate an instrument designed to assess the influence of the media on opinions regarding the one percent motorcycle clubs in Kalgoorlie-Boulder, establishing whether the media had incited a moral panic towards the clubs. The concept of the moral panic, developed by Stanley Cohen (1972), is the widespread fear towards a social group by events that are overrepresented and exaggerated. Exploring the concept of a moral panic towards the one percent sub-culture, this study compares the perceptions from two groups of non-members in Kalgoorlie-Boulder.
    [Show full text]
  • Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs and Organized Crime
    Klaus von Lampe and Arjan Blokland Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs and Organized Crime ABSTRACT Outlaw motorcycle clubs have spread across the globe. Their members have been associated with serious crime, and law enforcement often perceives them to be a form of organized crime. Outlaw bikers are disproportionately engaged in crime, but the role of the club itself in these crimes remains unclear. Three scenarios describe possible relations between clubs and the crimes of their members. In the “bad apple” scenario, members individually engage in crime; club membership may offer advantages in enabling and facilitating offending. In the “club within a club” scenario, members engage in crimes separate from the club, but because of the number of members involved, including high-ranking members, the club itself appears to be taking part. The club can be said to function as a criminal organization only when the formal organizational chain of command takes part in organization of the crime, lower level members regard senior members’ leadership in the crime as legitimate, and the crime is generally understood as “club business.” All three scenarios may play out simultaneously within one club with regard to different crimes. Fact and fiction interweave concerning the origins, evolution, and prac- tices of outlaw motorcycle clubs. What Mario Puzo’s (1969) acclaimed novel The Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola’s follow-up film trilogy did for public and mafiosi perceptions of the mafia, Hunter S. Thompson’s Electronically published June 3, 2020 Klaus von Lampe is professor of criminology at the Berlin School of Economics and Law. Arjan Blokland is professor of criminology and criminal justice at Leiden University, Obel Foundation visiting professor at Aalborg University, and senior researcher at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Thesis
    Bond University Faculty of Law MASTER THESIS ORGANISED CRIME IN THE 21ST CENTURY: ARE THE STATES EQUIPPED TO FACE THE GLOBAL CRIME THREAT? Frederic Libert Supervisor: Prof. John Farrar Student ID: 13041746 August 2010 - Semester 102 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my truthful gratitude to my supervisor, Professor John Farrar, whose guidance and support from the preliminary to the concluding level enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. I wish to express my warm and sincere thanks to Nadine Mukeba Ntumba for her continued encouragement. I am indebted to my parents, Claude Nepper and Eric Libert, for their unconditional support. I owe many thanks to my friends Marco le Carolo and Jean-Claude. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 9 1. THE CONCEPT OF ORGANISED CRIME ................................................................................ 11 1.1. Understand the Threat Posed by OC ........................................................................................................ 11 1.2. Historical Perspectives on the Concept of Organised Crime ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Unknown, Unloved Or Unloved, Unknown
    EASY TO RECOGNIZE, DIFFICULT TO COMPREHEND A MULTI-AGENCY APPROACH TOWARD 1%-MOTORCYCLE CLUBS: CHARACTERISTICS AND DIFFICULTIES Teun van Ruitenburg 1923536 Masterscriptie Criminologie Profiel: Strafrechtelijke handhaving in de praktijk & Research track Criminology Scriptiebegeleider: Prof. dr. E.R. Kleemans Tweede lezer: Dr. V. van der Geest 6 december, 2013 Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid T. van Ruitenburg, Vrije Universiteit Easy to Recognize, Difficult to Comprehend A Multi-agency approach toward 1%-Motorcycle clubs: Characteristics and Difficulties (2013). Easy to Recognize, Difficult to Comprehend A Multi-agency approach toward 1%-Motorcycle Clubs: Characteristics and Difficulties1 T. van Ruitenburg, Master Candidate Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Abstract __________________________________________________________________ This article highlights the problem that Law enforcement agencies are not always able to fight Outlaw Motorcycle clubs in a successful way. Scientific literature combined with documentation of Police investigations were used to describe different characteristics of 1%- Motorcycle clubs that impede the multi-agency approach toward 1%-MCs. These characteristics explain why tackling 1%-MCs has been troublesome on several occasions. To fight Outlaw Motorcycle clubs in the Netherlands, the Ministry of Security and Justice prioritized a multi-agency approach toward 1%-MCs. However, despite the need for cooperation, it seems that partners have not fully integrated this procedure into their demeanour yet. Interviews with different partners revealed insightful information about the key bottlenecks for the multi-agency approach toward Outlaw Motorcycle clubs. This research exposes these kind of problems in order to improve the multi-agency approach. Simply stated, better cooperation between different partners may contribute to a more effective way of preventing organized crime.
    [Show full text]
  • Report: Inquiry Into the Legislative Arrangements to Outlaw Serious And
    Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission Inquiry into the legislative arrangements to outlaw serious and organised crime groups August 2009 © Commonwealth of Australia ISBN 978-1-74229-163-5 This document was prepared by the Secretariat of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on the Australian Crime Commission and printed by the Senate Printing Unit, Parliament House, Canberra The Committee Members: Senator Steve Hutchins (Chair) Senator Sue Boyce (Deputy Chair) (from 23 February 2009) Mr Jason Wood MP (Deputy Chair) (to 23 February 2009) Senator Stephen Parry Senator Helen Polley Senator Steve Fielding Senator Guy Barnett (to 11 February 2009) Mr Nicholas Champion MP Mr Stephen Gibbons MP Mr Christopher Hayes MP The Hon. Sussan Ley MP Secretariat Dr Jacqueline Dewar, Secretary Dr Robyn Clough, Principal Research Officer Mrs Nina Boughey, Senior Research Officer Mrs Danielle Oldfield, Executive Assistant Parliament House CANBERRA Telephone: (02) 6277 3419 Facsimile: (02) 6277 5866 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.aph.gov.au/senate_acc iii iv Table of Contents The Committee .................................................................................................. iii Acronyms and abbreviations list ...................................................................... ix Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................. 1 The conduct of the inquiry ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Skulls, Wings & Outlaws – Motorcycle Club Insignia & Cultural
    3Skulls, Wings & Outlaws – Motorcycle Club Insignia & Cultural Identity George Drewery In Objects of Desire: Design and Society 1750-1980, Adrian Forty notes that “organisations which extend over a large geographical area, perhaps across different countries and languages, have always had difficulties in maintaining their cohesion” (Forty, 1986, p. 223). An outside observer may assume that outlaw motorcycle groups from around the world are claiming exactly such cohesion through the recognisable similarities in the designs of their “colours” – the patches worn on the back of their leather jackets. Whilst all such groups wish to buy into a common worldview, the desire for (internal) demarcation is clearly also at stake. In the case of outlaw motorcycle club insignia, Forty’s principle of cohesion through design can be seen to be held in permanent tension by a basic tenet of fashion, as extrapolated by Georg Simmel in his well-known essay of 1904 – fashionable people will seek to change their look as soon as it is copied by other aspiring groups. In the world of fashion, it is the social elite (the aristocracy) that remains at the forefront of fashion. The leading outlaw motorcycle gangs do not change, however; their dominance is reflected in the design of their insignia, and it is this design that other groups wish to copy. Far from, changing to keep ahead, the elite group allows others only a limited access to its look. From an historical perspective the case of outlaw motorcycle club insignia lies at the intersection of various icons and artefacts of an intercultural nature: film and myth mix with American military heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulating Bikie Gangs
    Queensland Parliamentary Library Regulating Bikie Gangs Since what has become known as the ‘Milperra Massacre’ in the New South Wales town of Milperra in 1984, there have been newsworthy spates of violence and fatalities involving bikie gang members, particularly over the past few years. A fatal brawl at Sydney Airport in March 2009 involving members of rival motorcycle gangs (the Hell’s Angels and Comancheros), during which a man was bashed to death, again refocused the community’s and governments’ concerns about these organisations. This Research Brief will begin with a brief discussion of bikie ‘culture’, the apparent involvement of bikie gang members in serious and organised criminal activities, and the background to the recent outbreaks of violence between rival gangs, particularly in NSW. The Brief will then turn to a detailed discussion of South Australia’s Serious and Organised Crime (Control) Act 2008, enacted to effectively restrict the activities of bikie gangs in that State, and the recent legislative measures taken in NSW with the passage of the Crimes (Criminal Organisations Control) Act 2009 (NSW). A short comparison of the SA and NSW laws then follows. Brief mention will be made of the Northern Territory’s Serious Crime Control Bill 2009, introduced in recent weeks. Legislative measures and law enforcement action in Queensland and in other Australian and overseas jurisdictions in response to the bikie gang issue are touched on, including a discussion of a proposed national approach to bikie gang issues. Nicolee Dixon Research
    [Show full text]
  • This May Be the Author's Version of a Work That Was Submitted/Accepted for Publication in the Following Source: Lauchs, Mark (
    This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Lauchs, Mark (2020) A global survey of outlaw motorcycle gang formation. Deviant Behavior, 41(12), pp. 1524-1539. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/130675/ c Consult author(s) regarding copyright matters This work is covered by copyright. Unless the document is being made available under a Creative Commons Licence, you must assume that re-use is limited to personal use and that permission from the copyright owner must be obtained for all other uses. If the docu- ment is available under a Creative Commons License (or other specified license) then refer to the Licence for details of permitted re-use. It is a condition of access that users recog- nise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. If you believe that this work infringes copyright please provide details by email to [email protected] Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record (i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub- mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear- ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2019.1630217 A Global Survey of Outlaw Motorcycle Gang Formation Mark Lauchs Queensland University of Technology, Australia [email protected] Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs are receiving increased attention by academics around the world.
    [Show full text]