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Geologic Influence on Indoor Radon Concentrations and Gamma Radiation Levels in Norwegian Dwellings

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Geologic Influence on Indoor Radon Concentrations and Gamma Radiation Levels in Norwegian Dwellings K/O oOøoH^te Aud Venke Sundal Geologic influence on indoor radon concentrations and gamma radiation levels in Norwegian dwellings A? 0 1 M STØ©? </>\ Doctor scientiarum thesis Department of Earth Science, University of'Bergen September 2003 Aud Venke Sundal Geologic influence on indoor radon concentrations and gamma radiation levels in Norwegian dwellings Doctor scientiarum thesis Department of "Earth Science, University of'Bergen September 2003 Contents Preface and acknowledgements Summary Introduction • Background • Presentation of papers • Synthesis • Future work • References Paper I Sundal AV, Henriksen H, Soldal O «fe Strand T The influence ofgeological factors on indoor radon concentrations in Norway. Submitted to The Science of the Total Environment, 2003. Paper II Sundal AV, Henriksen H, Lauritzen SE, Soldal O, Strand T & Valen V. Geological and geochemical factors affecting radon concentrations in dwellings located on permeable glacial sediments - a case study from Kinsarvik, Norway. Submitted to Environmental Geology, 2003. Paper III Sundal AV & Strand T. Indoor gamma radiation and radon concentrations in a Norwegian carbonatite area. Submitted to the Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 2003. Preface and acknowledgements The work presented in this thesis was financed by a three years doctoral scholarship from the Research Council of Norway. The project was carried out at the Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, with Professor Stein-Erik Lauritzen as supervisor and Professor Terje Strand (Department of Physics, University of Oslo and the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority), Oddmund Soldal (Interconsult ASA) and Vidar Valen (Sørlandskonsult A/S) as co-supervisors. The work has benefited from several stays at the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Oslo, and a 3 months visit at the Department of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Australia. I would like to thank my supervisors for the help and encouragement 1 have received during the preparation of this thesis. 1 am also indebted to the laboratory staff at the Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen and the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority for their assistance during the laboratory work. Associated professor Julia James organised my stay at the University of Sydney, and the discussions and comments from her and her colleagues are highly appreciated. I would also like to thank Helge Henriksen (Sogn og Fjordane University College) for teaching me about statistics and fellow students and colleagues at the Department of Earth Science for providing a great social environment. Finally, I am especially grateful for all the support I have received from my family. Bergen, September 2003 Aud Venke Sundal Summary Indoor radon levels in 1618 Norwegian dwellings located in different geological settings were compared with geological information in order to determine potential correlations between geological factors and indoor radon concentrations in Norway and to establish whether geological information is useful in radon risk analysis. In two geographically limited areas, Kinsarvik and Fen, detailed geological and geochemical investigations were carried out in order to explain their elevated natural radiation environment. Significant correlations between geology and indoor radon concentrations in Norway are found when the properties of both the bedrock and the overburden are taken into account. Areas of high radon risk in Norway include 1) exposed bedrock with elevated levels of radium (mainly alum shale and granites) and b) highly permeable unconsolidated sediments derived from all rock types (mainly glaciofluvial and fluvial deposits) and moderately permeable sediments containing radium rich rock fragments (mainly basal till). More than 20 % of Norwegian dwellings located in the high risk areas can be expected to contain radon levels exceeding 200 Bq/m3. The elevated radon risk related to permeable building grounds is illustrated in Kinsarvik where the highly permeable sediments and the large vadose zone underlying the Huse residential area enable the transport of radon from large volumes into the dwellings resulting in enhanced indoor radon concentrations. Subterranean air-flows caused by temperature/pressure differences between soil air and atmospheric air and elevations differences within the Huse area are shown to strongly affect the annual variations in indoor radon concentrations. The marked contrasts in radon risk potential between different types of building grounds are clearly illustrated in the Fen area where outcrops of the radium rich Fen carbonatites represent areas of high radon risk while only low levels of both indoor radon concentrations and indoor gamma dose rates are measured in the areas covered by nearly impermeable silt and clay deposits. Indoor gamma dose rates as high as 620 nGy/h are obtained in the areas of exposed carbonatites, primarily due to enhanced thorium concentrations in these rock types. The observed correlations between geological factors and indoor radon concentrations in Norway indicate that geological information is a useful tool in radon risk analysis. Resources can be concentrated to regions of high geologic radon potential when screening programs are planned, and efficient follow-up surveys can be established based on geological data in combination with radon measurements in a representative sample of the building stock. The observed contrasts in radon risk potential between different types of building grounds also enable the prediction of radon risk in areas which are not currently inhabited. 1 Introduction Geologic influence on indoor radon concentrations and gamma radiation levels in Norwegian dwellings Background Norwegian housing stock was calculated to 88 Bq/m3 (Strand et al., 2001). In accordance with international recommendations, Natural ionising radiation is the largest Norwegian householders are advised to contributor to the radiation dose received undertake simple and inexpensive remedial by the world's population (UNSCEAR, measures in dwellings where the annual mean 1993). The radiation dose from natural radon concentration in the living area ranges sources is generated by radioelements in from 200 Bq/m3 to 400 Bq/m3 (NRPA, 1995). diet and inhaled radon and radon progenies If the radon levels exceed 400 Bq/m3, remedial (internal exposure) as well as cosmic rays work is recommended until the levels have and gamma rays emitted from potassium-40 been brought below 200 Bq/m3. The results and members of the uranium and thorium from the national study showed that 9 % of decay chains in the crust of the earth and in Norwegian dwellings have annual average building materials (external exposure). radon concentrations exceeding 200 Bq/mJ, Doses from the inhalation of radon and its and 3 % of the dwellings have radon levels in decay products in dwellings are much excess of 400 Bq/m3 Out of a housing stock greater than those from all other of 1,8 million units, these figures correspond to components of natural radiation 160 000 and 50 000 dwellings, respectively. (UNSCEAR, 1993). Based on numerous studies of lung Some of the world's highest cancer in radon-exposed underground miners average indoor radon concentrations have in several countries, radon is classified as a been registered in Norway and other Nordic human carcinogen (IARC, 1988). Inhalation countries (Swedjemark et al., 1993; Arvela of radon and radon decay products is et al., 1993; Strand et al., 2001). Based on considered to be the leading cause of lung the results from the most recent national cancer after tobacco smoking. Exposure to study of indoor radon levels in Norway, radon and its progenies is estimated to be including nearly 29 000 dwellings, the responsible for 100-300 lung cancer cases (5- annual mean radon concentration in the 2 15 % of the total) annually in Norway carried out by the Norwegian Radiation (NRPA, 1996). Protection Authority (NRPA), and so far Sources of radon gas in indoor air information on indoor radon levels in are the building ground, building materials approximately 50 000 Norwegian dwellings and household water. Studies have has been compiled in the national radon revealed that the entry of radon from the database at NRPA (Strand et al., 1992; Strand building ground through the building et al., 2001). A number of publicity construction is the dominant source of campaigns have been developed to improve indoor radon in Norwegian dwellings radon awareness amongst the general (Stranden, 1987). Norwegian dwellings are population and professional bodies involved in primarily made from wooden materials the housing market, and in 1999, a financial which have low concentrations of support arrangement was established in order radionuclides, and concrete and brick to encourage householders to remediate high manufactured in Norway have also been radon levels. Still, a major proportion of reported to contain low levels of Norwegian dwellings with unacceptably high radioactivity (Stranden, 1979). Since 87 % radon levels are yet to be identified, and of the Norwegian population is supplied by remedial work has so far only been undertaken water from surface water sources with low in a small proportion of the registered housings levels of radon, the contribution to indoor with enhanced radon levels. air from household water is also generally The only way to determine radon low. Significant amounts of radon to levels accurately in individual homes is by indoor air can, however, arise from making measurements
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