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Organized Labor, Business, and the State in Post-Tlatelolco Mexico Joseph Umberto Lenti

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Organized Labor, Business, and the State in Post-Tlatelolco Mexico Joseph Umberto Lenti University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2-1-2012 Collaboration and Conflict: Organized Labor, Business, and the State in Post-Tlatelolco Mexico Joseph Umberto Lenti Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Recommended Citation Lenti, Joseph Umberto. "Collaboration and Conflict: Organized Labor, Business, and the State in Post-Tlatelolco Mexico." (2012). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/45 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Joseph U. Lenti Candidate History Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Linda B. Hall, Chairperson Dr. Judy Bieber Dr. Manuel García y Griego Dr. John Mason Hart i COLLABORATION AND CONFLICT: ORGANIZED LABOR, BUSINESS, AND THE STATE IN POST-TLATELOLCO MEXICO by JOSEPH UMBERTO LENTI B.S., History, Northeastern University, 2001 M.A., History, University of New Mexico, 2005 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy History The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December, 2011 ii DEDICATION To my family, old and new. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It has become almost cliché to say that a scholar accrues many debts when researching and writing, although in my case the adage seems to apply. (Except for, perhaps, the scholar part.) This project, and more broadly, my education, was completed only through the generosity of droves of people who’ve supported me during the span of my student career at Northeastern University then the University of New Mexico. Originating from a seminar paper written in the Fall of 2005, this project grew and saw its development nurtured and often corrected by Linda Hall, she who has been a true friend and mentor to me since my arrival at UNM nearly a decade ago. Through her edits and revisions of my work, her advice and ideas, our countless excursions, sporting events, and lunches in the U.S. and Mexico, and her endless generosity in writing letter after support letter on my behalf, Linda guided me along the academic path and made my journey to the ranks of the professional historian a rich, fulfilling, and joyful experience. My work, as well as my sanity, has also benefited from a revision or two offered by Brad Shreve, Erik Loomis, Colin Snider, Katie McIntyre, Margarita Ochoa, Brian Stauffer, Will Veeder, Yann Kerevel, Chris Vigil, Meg Frisbee, Lisa Brown, Glenn Butler, and others at UNM, some of whom read parts of the dissertation but, more generally, were the kind of friends any human being needs to endure. Judy Bieber, Manuel García y Griego, Greg Crider, Jürgen Buchenau, Michael Snodgrass, Amelia Kiddle, and the late Adrian Bantjes – all of whose work I admire greatly – offered valuable comments on selected chapters. John Hart, to whose fan club I also subscribe, read the entire manuscript and offered important revisions. It was John’s known hatred of “acrobabble,” i.e. the overuse of acronyms, and his commitment to producing great literature as well as good history that informed my writing since the start of this project. Thank yous are also due to friends and colleagues at Alliant International Univeristy in Mexico City, namely Monique Taylor, Stephen Murray, David Hawkyard, Piero Moscuzza, and the incomparable Señorita Angelitos, who supported the completion of this project in one way or another. The same can be said for each and every member of the history department at Eastern Washington University – an incredibly warm and congenial group of which I’ve had the pleasure of working alongside for the past fifteen months. In particular, a great debt is owed to Bill Youngs, Ed Slack, Ann Lebar, Bonnie iv Bazemore, Bob Dean, Larry Cebula, and Mike Conlin, as well as to Esteban and Elisa Rodríguez and John and Barb Ballester – who are not colleagues but have been my best friends in Cheney – for the warmth they’ve provided during this past year. Their support has been invaluable. With Linda’s assistance, I was fortunate to win financial backing for this project via several grants including a Ph.D. Fellowship from the Latin American and Iberian Institute at UNM. These awards funded two extended stays in Mexico filled with adventures, missteps, and triumphs worthy of their own book-length studies. Year after year researching in Mexico City has blessed me with the opportunity of getting to know people there quite intimately. To all of you, but especially to Raúl, Ritchie, Paulina, Juan, Noemi, Fabiola, Magali, and all of the extended members of the Flores family in Santa María la Ribera and Ciudad Neza, thank you immensely for helping me navigate the streets and norms of Mexico City. I will always remember the way you invited me into your homes and entertained my many rants about the eccentricities and marvels of la onda chilanga. Call it cliché again for those who research abroad, but the most beautiful gift I’ve taken away from my Mexico experience has been a new family, a wife and son, Jennyfer and Sebastián. We began our life together in Mexico under circumstances that seem now, from the relative comfort of our new home, exceedingly difficult but nevertheless wonderful. Jennyfer and Sebastián have given more than anyone toward the completion of this project. Jackie, our family dog, has also followed and comforted me every step of the way. Their love and support is something I will always seek to return. Finally, I thank my parents and brothers – Helen and Umbe, Frank and Andrew – and other beloved family members, my Uncle John and Auntie Ann in particular, for the enduring support they’ve shown me over the years. To each of you and to so many great, great family members and friends in Southbridge and elsewhere: I love you and miss you all very much. None of this was possible without you. v COLLABORATION AND CONFLICT: ORGANIZED LABOR, BUSINESS, AND THE STATE IN POST-TLATELOLCO MEXICO by JOSEPH UMBERTO LENTI B.S., History, Northeastern University, 2001 M.A., History, University of New Mexico, 2005 Ph.D., History, University of New Mexico, 2011 ABSTRACT 1968 was a year of opportunities and challenges for the Mexican state. While some in government busied themselves with preparations for the Games of the XIX Olympiad to commence in October, others focused on diffusing student unrest that had festered on the nation’s campuses and was threatening to spread to the streets. In the interest of preserving civil order and conveying an international image of stability in Mexico, authorities opted to confront dissent firmly. Skirmishes between student-led groups and government forces escalated until culminating in the killing of hundreds of protestors in the Tlatelolco district of Mexico City on October 2, 1968. Tlatelolco, henceforth, would be considered by many as a parteaguas, or watershed moment, for the way it exposed the authoritarian nature the Mexican ruling regime. This dissertation challenges the status of Tlatelolco as watershed by examining changes witnessed in tripartite (state, organized labor, and business) relations in Mexico during the period 1969-1976, or the years that immediately followed the massacre of October 2, 1968. Here it is contended that after that seminal moment it was not students but organized workers, those from the civil sector most ascribed with historical symbolism and that deemed most capable of destabilizing the regime, that became the chief target of state rhetoric and primary beneficiary of vi public policy. This hypothesis is tested by investigating periodicals, union literature, ministerial records, and labor suits in order to: a. deduce what factors motivated the Mexican state in the creation of labor policy; b. understand the major labor disputes of the era while giving attention to internal rifts within the sectors; and c. analyze the behavior exhibited by state authorities in their functions as mediators between the forces of labor and capital. Moreover, this dissertation shows how organized workers after Tlatelolco reaped real benefits from a history-conscious executive and a reformed labor establishment. The New Federal Labor of 1970, conceptualized and implemented in this period, is assessed for the ways it impacted workers’ lives in substantive ways. Other political reforms of the era that galvanized unionists to push for democracy and oppose state control are also considered, yet this analysis demonstrates that state goals were multifaceted and not mutually exclusive. While politicians like Luis Echeverría preached democratic reform and showed themselves more permissive of rank-and-file dissent among workers vis-à-vis their predecessors, they also coveted the chance to revive a form of “collaborationism,” meaning a symbiotic, reciprocal relationship that strengthened their respective positions with top union brass reminiscent of an earlier time. On the whole, this dissertation weighs the merits of rhetoric as presented in state and union missives against reality as exposed in economic data and the records of labor conciliation and arbitration boards. Tripartite relations are evaluated herein inside a larger state campaign to pay the political costs of 1968 by solidifying traditional values and making grand overtures to an original constituent of the Mexican Revolution. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………... 1 CHAPTER 1 THE COLLABORATIONIST PIPELINE: THE EVOLUTION OF THE MEXICAN LABOR ESTABLISHMENT …………………….…………. 24 CHAPTER 2 COLLABORATIONISM REWARDED: STATE AND ORGANIZED LABOR RECIPROCITY …………………………………………………. 55 CHAPTER 3 COMBATING THE CRISIS OF LEGITIMACY ………………..... 86 CHAPTER 4 “THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC THUS PAYS ITS DEBT…”: PATRIMONY AND ECONOMIC NATIONALISM IN STATE- ORGANIZED LABOR RELATIONS …………………………………….
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