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Native Larval Parasitoids of Fall Armyworm Spodoptera Frugiperda

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Native Larval Parasitoids of Fall Armyworm Spodoptera Frugiperda Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2021), 4 (1): 84 -96 Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net Native larval parasitoids of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the recent invasive pest on maize in Egypt and its some biological aspects Ahmed, Abd Elmageed; Ayman, M. Ebrahim and Hosam, M.K.H. El-Gepaly Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Abstract: Article History The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Received: 13 / 1 /2021 Smith ) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the recent invasive pest Accepted: 2 / 3 /2021 species, it spreads successfully across Kom-Ombo city of Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt in May 2019. It disrupts agriculture, Keywords particularly smallholder grain production such as maize Fall armyworm, cultivation. This study was undertaken to document two Spodoptera frugiperda parasitoids, Exorista sorbillans (Wiedemann) and Pseudogonia parasitoid, rufifrons (Wiedemann) (Diptera; Tachinidae) and one parasitoid Exorista sorbillans species Microplitis sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), were Pseudogonia rufifrons, detected from infected FAW larvae which, were collected from Microplitis sp. and maize fields during August, September, and October. The highest biological aspects. parasitism rate was recorded on 1st October in two locations at Aswan by 30.77%. Moreover, some biological aspects of FAW were recorded, which an average of 156.13 ±16.57 eggs/mass were emerged after an average of 3.47 days, with hatchability of 89.18%. Larval and pupal average duration were 20.93 and 12.60 days, respectively, pre-ovipostion, oviposition and post- oviposition were 11, 5.13 and 4.93 days respectively. Introduction (Prasanna et al., 2018 and Kumela et Fall armyworm (FAW) al., 2019). Among the environmental Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) alternatives that have previously been (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) outbreak was used for combating FAW is biological recorded for the first time in early 2016 control, especially parasitoids (Sisay et in West and Central Africa and have al., 2018 and Agboyi et al., 2020). The currently become the new invasive invasive species often invade a new species in Africa (Goergen et al., 2016). environment without their natural The insect continued invasion and enemies, which promotes their spread across African countries until it multiplication and damage to crops. was registered in Kom-Ombo city of Since, the arrival of the pest to Africa, Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt in many studies have been conducted on May 2019. FAW is a polyphagous pest, its natural enemies, which have but its greatest harm in Egypt affects confirmed the presence of parasitoids of maize plants. Many governments have eggs and larvae (Koffi et al., 2020; relied on synthetic pesticides, including Castillo, 2020; Kenis et al., 2019; highly toxic ones, to control the spread Amadou et al., 2018; Sisay et al., 2018 of the insect, such as Ethiopia and and Agboyi et al., 2020). The invasive Kenya, and the effect differs in both FAW is close to several of local pests 84 Abd Elmageed et al. , 2021 on maize and sorghum by family Governorate. Fertilizers and weed Noctuidae such as Eublemma gayneri control were applied in all fields during Hübner and Helicoverpa armigera planting and hilling. Forty FAW larvae (Hübner), or close in terms of the genus, (20 ≤ 3rd larval instar and 20≥ 4th larval Spodoptera such as Spodoptera instar) were collected during August, littoralis (Boisd.) and S. exigua (Hübner) September, and October 2020. Each (El-Gepaly, 2019 and Youssef, 2018), larva was reared in a transparent plastic those local pests have a rich array of container tightly sealed with a silk cloth indigenous natural enemies, which have (50 ml capacity) under an average an opportunity to fight S. frugiperda. temperature of 26±2 ºC and RH. Hence, there is a need to identify the %=50±5%. Daily, the transparent adapting natural enemies of fall container was examined from the armyworm in Egypt, which could be outside to ensure the presence of used for its IPM in the future. parasites, data were recorded, Castor Tachinidae of Diptera and leaves were introduced daily as a feed, Braconidae of Hymenoptera are and jars get cleaned till parasitoid important parasitoid families that attack emergence or normal pupation. Dead a wide range of agricultural pests pupae due to unknown reasons or bad around the world. El-Hawagry (2018) handling were subtracted from totals. summarized the distribution of Exorista The percentage of parasitism was sorbillans (Wiedemann) and calculated according to the occurrence Pseudogonia rufifrons (Wiedemann) of parasitism (Emergence of larval around the world, African countries, parasitoids from FAW larvae), even if and Egypt. Sharanabasappa et al., the parasitoid adults not occurred. (2019) recorded negligible levels of Samples were preserved appropriately parasitism of FAW by E. sorbillans in and transferred to identify. South India. Gözüaçik et al. (2007) 2. Taxonomic Studies: found P. rufifrons as a larval- pupal Insect specimens that were used parasitoid of Acantholeucania loreyi for the taxonomic study were collected (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). from the injured Maize plants in four Also, Braconidae of Hymenoptera locations in Kom-Ombo (Munihah, El- recorded on Lepidoptera hosts Bayyarah, Iqlit and El-Sapeel), Aswan, including S. littoralis in many countries Egypt during the 2020 maize season. including Egypt (Hammad et al., 1965; Material examined were; one parasitoid Shalaby, 1968; Ibrahim, 1974 and Abou from one late larva at Munihah, El- Zeid et al., 1978). Bayyarah and El-Sapeel areas on 1st This study was undertaken to Oct, three parasitoids from one late document three parasitoids of fall larva at Iqlit area on 1st Oct and 16 armyworm and record the field parasitoids from one early larva at Iqlit parasitism in Kom-Ombo, Aswan, area on 2nd Sept. The specimens were Egypt. Also, highlight some biological killed by Ethyl acetate, and then pinned aspects of FAW. or preserved in vials or drier Eppendorf Materials and methods by freezing at -4Сº till used for easily 1. Larval parasitoid detection: dissection and study their parts for Natural enemies of fall explained taxonomic characters. An armyworm larvae were surveyed by illustrated key to the subfamilies, tribe, collecting host larvae from maize fields genera, and species is presented. The in four farmer fields located around Identification occurs at the Kom-Ombo (Munihah, El-Bayyarah, classification Department, Plant Iqlit, and El-Sapeel), Aswan Protection Research Institute. Each 85 Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2021), 4 (1): 84 -96 identified species measured by an stages, life cycle, longevity, sex ratio, ocular micrometer after calibration generation, and life span were recorded, attached to the dissecting microscope 4. Statistical analysis: Olympus (Stereomicroscope) for Standard error for each photography of the specimens. The biological parameter of FAW was identified specimens were deposited in calculated to declare data dispersal data the side Collection of the Classification around the means. Department – Plant Protection Research Parasitism ratio was calculated Institute. according to the following formula: 3. Biological aspects of fall 퐏퐚퐫퐚퐬퐢퐭퐬퐢퐦% 푵풐. 풐풇 풑풂풓풂풔풊풕풊풛풆풅 풍풂풓풗풂풆 ∗ ퟏퟎퟎ armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda: = 풙ퟏퟎퟎ 푻풐풕풂풍 풄풐풍풍풆풄풕풆풅 풏풐. −(풑풂풓풂풔풊풕풊풛풆풅 + 풅풆풂풅) Biological aspects of FAW were Results and discussion carried out in Shandaweel Bio-control 1. Parasitism ratio: Lab., Bio-Control Department, Plant The percentage of parasitism on Protection Research Institute, fall armyworm larvae was measured as Agricultural Research Center, at soon as any of the parasitoid stages Shandaweel Research Station, Sohag were observed during the breeding of Governorate, Egypt. (Latitude 26˚ 38ˉ the collected FAW larvae. Only 6 of 36 05˭ N, Longitude 31˚ 39ˉ 31˭ E) under samples of parasitoid stages were an average temperature of 26±2 ºC and developed into the adults, which will be 50±5% RH. in October and November accurately described in the next section. 2020. Fifteen egg clusters were Data in Table (1) discuss the parasitism obtained from existing colony for the ratio on FAW larvae (≥3rd instar and ≤ study of some biological aspects of 4th instar) during the last three months FAW. The experiment was carried out of maize season, 2020 in four locations at controlled temp. (25±2 ºC) and RH.% at Kom-Ombo, Aswan, Egypt. (55±5%) room, in early October 2020. Parasitism starts to appear on Data were recorded every day; the 2nd August sample of El-Bayyarah newly hatched larvae were transferred location on late larvae, where one pupa immediately upon hatches to avoid their of the parasitoid was exited from larvae predation of the remaining eggs. Each with 5.56% parasitism from pupated ten newly hatched larvae (For each egg larvae. Parasitized larvae were cluster) were kept together in a 2-liter continued to record at a relatively plastic jar covered with fine close higher rate during the last three fabric. Cutting of castor leaves were examination dates (for large larvae), used for feed 1st – 3rd larval instars and and the highest parasitism rates were replaced daily, the oldest instars were recorded in the last examination date in supplied with five castor leaves, so that Iqlit and El- Sapeel locations by the ten larvae were distributed between 30.77%. Only two of the small larvae the leaves to avoid cannibalism. Daily that were collected showed signs of observations were made, and larval parasitism (Without the adults leaving development and duration were the parasite for unknown reasons) in all estimated. Pupal periods were sites and often in the last two estimated by isolated each pupa in a examinations, with 11.76% parasitism plastic tube (2 X7 cm) covered with a as the highest rate in Iqlit on 2nd piece of cotton until the adults emerged. September. Some biological aspects such as, incubation period, total immature 86 Abd Elmageed et al. , 2021 Table (1): Parasitoids and parasitism rates resulting from incubation of 40 larvae from four sites in Kom-Ombo, Aswan, Egypt in 2020 maize season.
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